Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 3585 4095758 3813248 2022-08-24T13:45:31Z Enn.man 3400072 /* Identification exercise */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dutch/Navigation|type=les|n=1|suff=|head2=Eenvoudige Gesprekken ~ Simple Conversations|t1=Simple conversations|t2=Grammar: Pronouns: I, me etc.|t3=Polite and clitic forms}} ==Grammatica 1-1 ~ Grammar versus what children do== ===Why grammar?=== [[File:Toothbrush 20050716 004.jpg|thumb|200px|de {{knp2|tandenborstel}}]] Children learn their mother tongue without knowing the parts of speech such as verbs, nouns and phrases. However these are helpful for anyone attempting to learn a second language from a book or a website. Of course the children have it right: the ''best'' way to learn a language is to listen to a mother tongue speaker and simply repeat. Then just use the word in a similar situation and see how people react. Children are masters at acquiring language this way and are generally smiled at when they use a word incorrectly. Being an adult, people are often not so forgiving to you and you feel foolish when people laugh and point out to you that you just said "toothbrush" while you meant "toothpick". Besides, native speakers may not always be available to you. Or if they are they are not eager to spend time playing 'child' with you. This book will try to compensate this by addition of audio files and visual information, -as the figure to the right- but that is still only a cumbersome substitute. We do recommend that you use them as much as you can. Firefox seems to give easier access to them than other browsers. So, please go ahead, push that arrow and learn to say 'toothbrush' properly. Your first Dutch word? Congrats. Although clearly children are superior in language acquisition, grown ups do have an advantage: they can analyze language better in terms of its grammar. This course therefore uses both approaches: it will deal with grammar, but it will also ask you to be a child and listen and repeat or look at some pictures while playing a sound clip. Don't be afraid to be a bit childish! It serves a purpose. One important observation about children should be mentioned: they always learn language ''in a certain context''. ===Is it all just grammar here then?=== '''No!''' There is much more. Audio files are inserted into the main lessons as much as possible, even though they aim at gradually introducing grammar and syntax. The parallel series of practice lessons (1A, 2A etc.) provide additional practice, vocabulary building, sound material and quizzes. The example pages (Vb. 1 etc.) follow the contextual path of learning like children do and involve nursery rhymes, poems, stories, songs and the like. And there are [[Dutch/Vocabulary|audio-visual vocabulary pages]] to help you learn more words. ===What is the best way?=== So, what is the best way to learn a language? The best way is to '''''do something everyday'''''. What you do is often less important than simply doing it. Children are champions in language acquisition and they never worry about what they do. Oh, and what you do, may very well be doing that same exercise again. Children love doing things "again". Ever watched the Teletubbies? ''Repeating'' is an important key to language acquisition. Being "efficient" and saying: "oh, I have done that before, let me skip that!" is a bad adult habit that children would never stoop to, until they get really bored with something. (Which is when they already know it). So, push that button below the toothbrush again! And tomorrow come back here and do the same. ===Other assets=== Another thing to exploit is the other languages you already know. English speakers will find many strong parallels between their language and Dutch. German speakers even more so, but there are also differences. Where possible we will try to point out the similarities and the differences and exploit them. However, as noted in the [[Dutch/Introduction|introduction]], Dutch grammar is more complex than English grammar, and identifying the meaning of words in a Dutch sentence is difficult without understanding the clues to word function that come from the grammatical rules. The basic lessons of this textbook are set up to first introduce the parts of speech, and then bring in the rules that govern these. Pay particular attention to sentence word order as you progress through the lessons. ===Some tricks this course uses=== ====Hovering==== Some words will be {{C|underlined|this is cribbing of course, but if you don't know a word you may}}. Try to hover your mouse over such words. ====Topics and vocabulary==== There are pages to help you build [[Dutch/Vocabulary|vocabulary]] in a visual / auditive way. ====Audio files==== Whenever you see one of the following: *[[file:nl-Nederlander.ogg]] Or: *{{knop|Vlaming}} Please click and listen! (If you do not see any buttons now: try a different browser. Firefox and Chrome seem to work. Internet Explorer does not.)<br/> After listening, pronounce the word the best you can and then click again. Keep doing that till you are satisfied with your own result. It is useful to then leave it be for, say 20 minutes and do it again. Then perhaps once more the next day. ====Vocabulary / Pronunciation boxes==== {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" |- !colspan="3"|Vocabulary |- |de {{Nlwikt|uitspraak}}||[[file:nl-uitspraak.ogg]]||pronunciation |- |de {{Nlwikt|woordenschat}}||[[file:nl-woordenschat.ogg]]||vocabulary |} For many texts there is a box on the right that you can open to look at the vocabulary being trained and listen to the pronunciations. Click it to open it and start listening and reading. ===Using other sites=== ====Wiktionary==== Throughout the texts and in the vocabulary lists there are blue links that take you to the Dutch version of [http://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hoofdpagina our sister project Wiktionary]. It is called WikiWoordenboek. Of course the layout is in Dutch and you may not immediately understand everything, but that is not a disaster. If you want to learn a language you also should learn to be a bit of a detective: you often need to get the gist of something with a few pieces of the puzzle missing. Don't let that scare you off! Here are a few useful topics used on WikiWoordenbook: #There usually is an English translation of a word under the heading '''''Vertalingen''''', marked '''Engels''' #There is also a ''geluidsopname'' (sound recording) or a phonetic description under '''''Uitspraak'''''. #There are tables, usually to the right giving the various forms of the word, say, the plural or the past tense. #There are usually example sentences putting the word in context #There are usually antonyms, synonyms, derivatives or related terms If you are really lost use the interwiki link to the English version (or any other language you know) as back up, but don't give in to it too easily! Use it to figure out what you did not quite get on the Dutch version. We encourage you to use the links to expand your vocabulary. First guess what a word means, then click! Just try it on the verb {{Nlwikt|slapen}}; look at the box with three forms on the right. What is the past tense? (It is the middle one in the box) ====Quizlet and Memrise==== There are plenty other sites that allow you to expand your growing knowledge of Dutch. They all have their pros and cons. For example [http://www.memrise.com/home/ Memrise] and [https://quizlet.com/ Quizlet] have an interesting way to boost vocabulary, but teach zero syntax or grammar and usually little other context. But if you want a vocabulary boost it's great and we are in the process of creating practice sets dedicated to the material of the lessons here. Some already have a quizlet link on the bottom of the page. It is therefore recommended to register for '''Quizlet'''. (It is for free). ====YouTube==== YouTube has a plethora of videos, that we will even send you to at times. Again: good for listening, vocabulary building, often less so on grammar and syntax, but plenty of other context. ====But do come back: the context==== There is a pertinent Dutch proverb: ''Verandering van spijs doet eten'' - ''Change of food makes you eat''. Children also vary what they play with. Variety of learning is healthy. Besides children never learn a word outside context. When they learn a new word, it always goes together with the context of: # the words around it (semantic context), # the way they interrelate (the grammatical context), # the order in which they are used (the syntactic context), # whether convey anger, sweetness, seriousness (the emotional context), # in what kind situations it is used: a school squabble, a church service (social context), # in which time period they are/were used (temporal context), # by what kind of people: punks, managers, construction workers, kings, pimps, doctors (register context). One aim of this book is to provide as much of that context as possible. This is why conversations, stories, texts, poems and songs are important: they give context to the words you are learning. So, enough talk! Let's get started. And we'll start in the context of a simple conversation ==Gesprek 1-1 ~ Vrienden: Jan en Karel== We will put such text material in a colored box. What you are supposed to do with such material is the following. #First click on the arrow button to ''listen'' to the story and try to read along. #Then use the hover method to see an instant translation of a certain word and try to piece together the meaning of the story. #Then use the ''Vocabulary'' box on the right to concentrate on single words and start memorizing. #Once you have an idea of the gist of the story you can open up the drop down box and read the ''translation'' to see if you were right. #Then click the arrow again and see if you understand what is being said, first while reading along, then with your eyes closed. When learning a new language it is very important to be able to deduce meaning from limited information, because you will often not know all the words used. Picking up their meaning from context is an important skill. This is why the hovering is important. You may notice that Dutch sometimes strings words together a bit differently than English. Dutch word order is quite different and a difficult aspect of the language, but we will revisit that many times. So don't worry about it for the moment, just observe. {{Dutch/Textbox| [[Image:Dutch_Lesson1_vrienden.OGG|40px|noicon]] ;{{C|Vrienden|Friends}} :{{C|Jan|John}} {{C|komt|komt tegen: run into}} {{C|Karel|Charles}} {{C|op|on, in}} {{C|straat|street}} tegen. {{C|Ze|They}} {{C|zijn|are}} {{C|vrienden|friends}}. ::''Jan'': {{C|Hoi|Hi}}, Karel! {{C|Hoe|how}} {{C|gaat|goes}} {{C|het|it}} {{C|met|with}} {{C|je|you}}? :::''Karel'': Hoi! {{C|Dank je|Thank you}}, {{C|met|with}} {{C|mij|me}} gaat het {{C|goed|good, well}}. {{C|En|And}} met {{C|jou|you}}? ::''Jan'': Dank je, met mij gaat het {{C|ook|also}} goed. '''''{{C|Tot ziens|See you later}}'''''. :::''Karel'': Tot ziens, Jan! }} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" |- !colspan="3"|Vocabulary |- !Word!!Audio!!Meaning |- |{{Nlwikt|tegenkomen}}||[[file:nl-tegenkomen.ogg]]||to encounter |- |de {{Nlwikt|straat}}||[[file:nl-straat.ogg]]||street |- |{{Nlwikt|ze}}||[[file:nl-ze.ogg]]||they, them, she, her |- |{{Nlwikt|zijn}}||[[file:nl-zijn.ogg]]||to be; his |- |{{Nlwikt|vrienden}}||[[file:nl-vrienden.ogg]]||friends |- |{{Nlwikt|hoe}}||[[file:nl-hoe.ogg]]||how |- |{{Nlwikt|gaat}}||[[file:nl-gaat.ogg]]||goes |- |{{Nlwikt|met}}||[[file:nl-met.ogg]]||with |- |{{Nlwikt|mij}}||[[file:nl-mij.ogg]]||me |- |{{Nlwikt|jou}}||[[file:nl-jou.ogg]]||you (obj.) |- |{{Nlwikt|dank}}||[[file:nl-dank.ogg]]||thanks, gratefulness |- |{{Nlwikt|goed}}||[[file:nl-goed.ogg]]||good, well |} [[File:Dutch people speaking on the street.jpg|thumb|200px|{{knop|vrienden}} Vrienden]] {{Dutch/Translation|Gesprek 1-1| ::Friends :::John runs into Charles in the street. They are friends. :::''John'': Hello Charles. How are you? :::''Charles'': Hi, thank you, I'm fine. And you? :::''John'': Thank you, I'm doing fine as well. Goodbye. :::''Charles'': Goodbye John! }} ===Pronunciation=== Dutch pronunciation varies with region and speaker, and you may have been shocked at some of the sounds of the language. You can visit [[Dutch/Alfabet]] if that is the case. Dutch spelling is not really phonetic, but pretty systematic (much more so than English) and once you learn the system you should be able to pronounce an unknown word on sight pretty well. It is not easy to render the sounds in writing, but the following rendition in IPA gives a reasonable idea. Try running the sound file again while reading the IPA version. :{{IPA|'vrin.də(n)}} :{{IPA|'jɑn.kɔmt.'ka.rəl.ɔp.'stra.'te.ɣə(n) zə.zɛɪn.vrin.də(n)}} ::{{IPA|ɦɔj,'ka.rəl.ɦu.'ɣat.ət.'mɛ.cə}} ::{{IPA|ɦɔj,dɑŋ.k^jə,mɛt.'mɛɪ.'ɣat.ət.xut.ʔɛn.'mɛ.'cɑʊ}} ::{{IPA|dɑŋ.k^jə,mɛt.mɛɪ.'ɣat.ət.'ok.xut. tɔ.'tsins}} ::{{IPA|tɔ.'tsins.jɑn}} :Notice sounds like {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}}? And how t+j run together into {{IPA|[c]}}? And how about {{IPA|[ɦ]}}? Or the vowel {{IPA|[u]}}? :Notice also that vowels often occur in two varieties: {{IPA|a/ɑ, e/ɛ, o/ɔ}}. They are often called 'long' and 'short', but those names are misleading: they are really different sounding vowels.<ref>This is particularly a point of difficulty for speakers of Slavic languages like Russian or Czech.</ref> The length difference is rather secondary, if there is any. If you prefer other renditions than IPA try [[Dutch/Gesprek 1-1|this page]] ==Grammatica 1-2 ~ Forms== We will use the material in the colored boxes to point at grammatical phenomena and introduce the grammar that way, step by step. ===Clitic forms=== {|style="float:right" |{{knop|jou}} jou||{{knop|je}} je |} Did you notice the difference between "Hoe gaat het '''met ''je'''''"? and "En '''met ''jou'''''?" in the conversation? Both translate literally into '''with ''you''''', but there is a difference in emphasis. ''Jou'' carries emphasis, ''je'' does not. In Dutch, there are often two forms of the same pronoun: a strong one and a weak ('clitic'<ref>There are other languages that show similar differences. Gaelic e.g. has ''tu'' and ''tusa''. French also has the difference between ''tu'' and ''toi'' but the usuage is a bit different than in Dutch.</ref>) one. This is particularly true in spoken, colloquial Dutch. In the written language the clitic ones are not always shown as such. *The full forms have full vowels or diphthongs (like in j'''ou''') and can either carry stress or not. *The clitic forms cannot have emphasis and the vowel in a clitic is often reduced to a neutral 'schwa' [ə] (like in j''e''') or omitted entirely. In colloquial English the same thing can be heard at times: ''seeya!'' instead of ''see you!''. In Dutch the use of clitics is very common; it already was in the Middle Dutch period before 1500. For now remember: '''never stress a clitic''' ===Polite forms=== The above conversation was between two good friends. It utilizes the '''familiar''' form of the personal pronoun (''je'', ''jou'') where English uses ''you''. However, Dutch also has a '''polite''' or formal form of the personal pronoun for the second person (you), '''[[wikt:u#Dutch|u]]'''. Many languages have this distinction. It is e.g. comparable with {{Nlwikt|sibh}} in Gàidhlig, [[wikt:Sie|Sie]] in German, [[wikt:vous|vous]] in French, [[wikt:usted|usted]] in Spanish, [[wikt:Вы|Вы]] in Russian, or [[wikt:anata|anata]] in Japanese. When to use one or the other is not always easy to decide. Someone unknown, particularly if older, is generally ''u'', an old friend typically ''je, jou''. The latter roughly corresponds with the 'first name basis' in English. Notice the use of ''u'' in the conversation below that takes place between colleagues rather than close friends. They would never say: "hoi!" to each other. ===Regional forms=== In the South of the area where Dutch is spoken (Flanders mostly), , the familiar form when speaking in familiar fashion is ''gij'' (clitic: ''ge'', object: ''u''). ''Gij'' is mostly used when speaking dialect, although it gets used more annd more in polite situations and on tv. In the north it has become obsolete since about 1800. It is used much like ''you'' in English for both singular and plural. In the North ''gij'' is now only encountered there in archaic phrases like: ''gij zult niet stelen'' - ''thou shalt not steal''. Like ''thou'' the pronoun ''gij'' takes its own verb forms. This course is mostly based on northern usage as this is the most widely accepted, including in Suriname and the Antilles, but some important differences will be pointed out and we will see ''gij'' occasionally when we look at some older poetry. ==Gesprek 1-2 ~ Collega's: De handelaars== {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" |- !colspan="3"|Vocabulary |- |{{Nlwikt|goedendag}}||[[file:nl-goedendag.ogg]]||good day |- |de {{Nlwikt|mevrouw}}||[[file:nl-mevrouw.ogg]]||lady, mrs. |- |de {{Nlwikt|meneer}}||[[file:nl-meneer.ogg]]||sir, mr. |- |de {{Nlwikt|handelaar}}||[[file:nl-handelaar.ogg]]||merchant |- |{{Nlwikt|u}}||[[file:nl-u.ogg]]||you (polite) |- |{{Nlwikt|zeer}}||[[file:nl-zeer.ogg]]||very |- |{{Nlwikt|uit}}||[[file:nl-uit.ogg]]||out |- |{{Nlwikt|al}}||[[file:nl-al.ogg]]||already |- |{{Nlwikt|goed}}||[[file:nl-goed.ogg]]||good |- |het {{Nlwikt|bezoek}}||[[file:nl-bezoek.ogg]]||visit |- |het {{Nlwikt|Nederlands}}||[[file:nl-Nederlands.ogg]]||Dutch (language) |} Push the button and listen to the following text. It is recommended to first just listen. Then read the following conversation. It is a bit more formal than the one before. If you are not sure of the meaning of a word, hover your mouse over it, if it is underlined. A translation will pop up. Or use the vocabulary box to the right. Make sure you know the gist of the story before opening the translation box. If you cheat, you cheat yourself... Finally, listen to the recording again with your eyes closed. Can you understand what is being said? {{Dutch/Textbox| *[[Image:Dutch-Lesson1-handelaars.ogg|40px|noicon]] :Meneer Jansen [[wikt:nl:tegenkomen|komt]] [[wikt:nl:mevrouw|mevrouw]] De Vries [[wikt:nl:tegenkomen|tegen]]. Het zijn {{C|handelaars|business people, merchants}}. * ''Meneer Jansen'': {{C|Goedendag|good day}}, {{C|mevrouw|mrs}} De Vries! * ''Mevrouw De Vries'': Goedendag, {{C|meneer|mr.}} Jansen! * ''Meneer Jansen'': {{C|Hoe|how}} {{C|gaat|goes}} {{C|het|it}} {{C|met|with}} {{C|u|you (polite)}}? * ''Mevrouw De Vries'': {{C|Zeer|very}}<ref>De Vries is being rather stiff and formal by using 'zeer'. It is pretty dated. A more neutral register word would be 'heel'.</ref> {{C|goed|good, well}}, {{C|dank|thank}} u {{C|wel|well}}. {{C|En|and}} met u? * ''Meneer Jansen'': {{C|Ook|also}} goed. * ''Mevrouw De Vries'': {{C|Mooi|nice, pretty}}. {{C|Kent|know}} u [[wikt:nl:meneer|meneer]] Standish? {{C|Bent|are}} u {{C|hem|him}} {{C|al|already}} {{C|tegengekomen|encountered}}? * ''Meneer Jansen'': {{C|Uit|out of}} Engeland? {{C|Nee|no}}. Is {{C|hij|he}} {{C|op|on, at}} {{C|bezoek|visit}}? * ''Mevrouw De Vries'': {{C|Ja|yes}}. Hij {{C|spreekt|speaks}} {{C|Nederlands|Dutch}}. {{C|Tot ziens|See you}}, meneer Jansen! * ''Meneer Jansen'': Tot ziens, mevrouw De Vries. }} <br clear="all"> :Have you figured out the gist yet? Then open the translation box to see if you were right: {{Dutch/Translation|Gesprek 1-2| :::* Mr. Johnson encounters Mrs. De Vries. They are merchants. :::*''Mr. Johnson'': Good day, Mrs. de Vries! :::*''Mrs. De Vries'' Good day, Mr. Johnson! :::*''Mr. Johnson'': How do you do? :::*''Mrs. De Vries'' Very well, thank you. And how are you? :::*''Mr. Johnson'': Fine as well. :::*''Mrs. De Vries'': Good! Do you know Mr. Standish? Have you met him yet? :::*''Mr. Johnson'': From England? No, is he visiting? :::*''Mrs. De Vries'' Yes, he is. He speaks Dutch. Goodbye, Mr. Johnson. :::*''Mr. Johnson'': Goodbye, Mrs. De Vries. }} Go back to the pronunciation, close your eyes and see how much you understand now. You may have to repeat the process a few times. {{Dutch/Exercise|Waar of niet waar| :''dit is waar'' - this is true :''dit is niet waar'' - this is not true Answer the following questions with either ''waar'' or ''niet waar'' # Mevrouw De Vries is meneer Standish al tegengekomen. # Meneer Jansen en mevrouw De Vries zijn goede vrienden. # Meneer Jansen en mevrouw de Vries zeggen (they say) ''je'' en ''jou'' tegen elkaar (to each other) # De Engelsman, meneer Standish is op bezoek. # Het gaat goed met meneer Jansen. # | # Mevrouw De Vries is meneer Standish al tegengekomen. - niet waar # Meneer Jansen en mevrouw De Vries zijn goede vrienden. - niet waar, zij zijn collega's # Meneer Jansen en mevrouw de Vries zeggen (they say) ''je'' en ''jou'' tegen elkaar (to each other) - niet waar, zij zeggen ''u'' tegen elkaar # De Engelsman, meneer Standish is op bezoek. - dit is waar # Het gaat goed met meneer Jansen. - waar }} == Quiz == How are you doing so far? Do this little quiz to find out! <quiz display="simple"> { What is this? [[File:nl-tandenborstel.ogg]] | type="[]" } -toothpick -friend +toothbrush -visit { What is this? [[File:nl-jou.ogg]] | type="[]" } -me -sir +you (object) -you (subject) { Select the correct translation | type="[]" } |straat|goed|hoe|al|handelaar ---+- already +---- street ----+ merchant -+--- good --+-- how </quiz> ==Grammatica 1-3 ~ Introduction to pronouns== A '''[[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]''' is a short word that takes the place of a noun previously mentioned in the sentence, paragraph, or conversation. '''''Recall''''': Kent u ''meneer Standish''? Bent u ''hem'' al tegengekomen? ''Hem'' refers back to ''meneer Standish''. It is a ''pronoun'' that stands ''for'' (pro- !) meneer Standish. There is a variety of pronouns like personal, possessive, relative and indefinite ones. Let's look at the personal pronouns first. ===Personal pronouns=== Both English and Dutch have had a system of case endings in the past, as languages like German and Russian still do today. In English most of the system fell into disuse starting with the Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th Centuries, and especially after the Norman invasion in 1066. The collapse of the system in spoken Dutch dates mostly from the 16th century and in the written language it was scrapped as recently as 1947. That means that Dutch has more remnants of the case system left than English and we will even devote [[Dutch/Lesson 15|lesson 15]] to those remnants. The personal pronouns actually still show some case differences in both languages. Personal pronouns are quite familiar in English: They are words like I,you,he,she,we,you and they. <br>At least this is the case for the subject (nominative '''''case'''''). As object (accusative) some of them are different: ''me'',you,''him'',''us'',you,''them''. Compare: ::<span style="color:blue;">I</span> see you. ::You see <span style="color:blue;">me</span>. Notice how '''I''' turns into '''me''' when used as an object. '''You''' remains the same. Much like in English, '''ik''' (subject) turns into '''mij''' as object in Dutch, whereas '''je''' remains the same in both roles: ::<span style="color:blue;">Ik</span> zie je. ::Je ziet <span style="color:blue;">mij</span>. The system in Dutch resembles the English one quite a bit, after all the languages are close relatives: *As in English there are three '''''persons''''' in Dutch grammar: first (I), second (you) and third (he) *As in English there is a distinction in '''''number''''' between singular (I) and plural (we). *As in English there are '''''gender''''' distinctions in the third person singular (he, she, it) *As in English there are '''''case''''' distinctions between subject and object (he, him) Nevertheless the Dutch system is a little more involved, as we have seen there are: *familiar and polite forms: ''je'' versus ''u''. *weak (clitics) and strong forms: ''je'' versus ''jou''. In addition there are # Regional differences: (jij/jullie - u) (North) versus (gij/gullie - u) (South) # A growing rift between how inanimate and animate nouns are treated #:In English ''he'' and ''she'' are reserved for ''animate'' nouns -usually persons- and this is increasingly the case in Dutch as well, certainly in Northern usage. We will revisit this point later. # Pronominal replacement: the combination preposition + pronoun (e.g. with it) is usually replaced by an adverb #:We will revisit that in lesson 8 Let's leave most of these complications aside for the moment and concentrate on the forms of the pronouns. There are a few more than in English. ===Subject case (nominative)=== {|class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#FFDEAD !Person !singular !clitic !{{blue|English}} !plural !clitic !{{blue|English}} |- !1st |{{knp2|ik}}||{{knop|'k}} ('k)||{{blue|I}}||{{knp2|wij}}||{{knp2|we}}||{{blue|we}} |- !2nd (fam.) |{{knp2|jij}}||{{knp2|je}}||rowspan="3"|{{blue|you}}||{{knp2|jullie}}||-||rowspan="3"|{{blue|you}} |- !2nd (polite) |{{knp2|u}}||-||{{knp2|u}}||- |- !2nd (South) |{{knp2|gij}}||{{knp2|ge}}||{{knp2|gij}}||{{knp2|ge}} |- !3rd |{{knp2|hij}}<br/> {{knp2|zij}}<br> {{knp2|het}}||{{knop|ie}} (-ie)<br/> {{knp2|ze}}<br/>{{knop|'t}} ('t)||{{blue|he}}<br/>{{blue|she}}<br/>{{blue|it}}<br/>||{{knp2|zij}}||{{knp2|ze}}||{{blue|they}} |} ===Object case (accusative)=== {|class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#FFDEAD !person !singular !clitic !{{blue|English}} !plural !clitic !{{blue|English}} |- !1st |{{knp2|mij}}||{{knp2|me}}||{{blue|me}}||{{knp2|ons}}|| - ||{{blue|us}} |- !2nd (fam.) |{{knp2|jou}}||{{knp2|je}}||rowspan="3"|{{blue|you}}||{{knp2|jullie}}|| -||rowspan="3"|{{blue|you}} |- !2nd (polite) |{{knp2|u}}||-||{{knp2|u}}||- |- !2nd (South) |{{knp2|u}}||-||{{knp2|u}}||- |- !3rd |{{knp2|hem}}<br> {{knp2|haar}}<br> {{knp2|het}}||{{knop|'m}}('m)<br/> {{knop|d'r}}(d'r)<br/> {{knop|'t}}('t)||{{blue|him}}<br/>{{blue|her}}<br/>{{blue|it}}<br/>||{{knp2|hen}}<br/>{{knop|hun}}hun*||{{knp2|ze}}||{{blue|them}} |} ====Remarks==== # As you see not all pronouns have clitics and some of them (shown in parentheses) are not often used in the written language. # *In prescriptive grammar ''hun'' is dative and hen is ''accusative''. But in speaking, Dutch speakers generally do not make this distinction. This is because the ''hen'' form was artificially created by the grammarians of the past <ref> "Dutch" by Jan G. Kooij in ''The world's major languages'' edt. Bernard Comrie {{ISBN|0-19-520521-9}} Oxford University Press 1987</ref> and in the whole rest of the language there are no other words that make a distinction between dative and accusative. In the spoken language ''hen'' and ''hun'' are often used interchangeably (as synonyms) or people avoid the issue by opting for the clitic ''ze''. ==Exercises 1-1== ===Quizlet=== This is the point where it is '''your turn''' to put in some effort yourself, because obviously you have some memorization to do. There is a [https://quizlet.com/85109848/dutch-personal-pronouns-wikibook-lesson-1-flash-cards/ '''Quizlet practice set'''] (27 terms) to help you with memorizing the pronouns. But it is recommended to ''first'' use the above tables. Unfortunately, the pronunciation of some of the clitics with apostrophes is wrong at Quizlet. So click the arrow buttons here to listen to the pronunciation and speak it out loud yourself until you feel confident that you know them, then go to Quizlet. Do make sure you can hear sound at Quizlet.<ref>Sometimes you need to restart your browser to make it work.</ref>First scan through the cue cards, then do some of the other methods available. It should take you an hour or so and you will know some of the most frequently used words in the language. ===Pronunciation drill=== {{Dutch/Exercise|Ik, jij, wij, jullie, mij pronunciation drill | [[Image:Nl-Dutch-ch1-pronoun-drill.ogg|noicon]] Push the button, repeat in the pauses and say the requested words in Dutch | }} ===Translation exercise=== {{Dutch/Exercise|pronouns 1: translation exercise| Translate into Dutch: # How are you, Mr. Bush? # How are you, Jan? # Are you merchants? # John runs into us. # We meet John in the street # He is visiting # We are from England | # How are you, Mr. Bush? #: Hoe gaat het met u, meneer Bos # How are you, Jan? #: Hoe gaat het met je, Jan # Are you merchants? #: Zijn jullie handelaars? # John runs into us. #: Jan komt ons tegen # We meet John in the street #: Wij komen Jan op straat tegen # He is visiting #: Hij is op bezoek # We are from England #: Wij zijn* uit Engeland :(komen* to come would be better) }} ===Identification exercise=== {{Dutch/Exercise|pronouns 2: indentification exercise| Identify all personal pronouns in the two above conversations (in the colored boxes) by person, case, number polite/familiar form and weak/strong form. :Are there any cases where the case is different from what the English translation has? Why? | Jan komt Karel op straat tegen. '''Ze''' zijn vrienden. :::(3rd person plural nominative weak) :''Jan'': Goedendag, Karel. Hoe gaat het met '''je'''? :::(2nd person singular accusative weak) :''Karel'': Goedendag. Dank je, met '''mij''' gaat het goed. En met '''jou'''? :::(1st person singular accusative strong / 2nd person singular accusative strong) :''Jan'': Dank '''je''', met '''mij''' gaat het goed. Tot ziens. :::(2nd person singular accusative weak / 1st person singular accusative strong) :''Karel'': Tot ziens, Jan! In the expression ''hoe gaat het met jou'', ''jou'' is in the object case, because it follows a preposition ''met'' (with). Literally it says ''how goes it with you''. English would say: How are you? In that case ''you'' is subject, not object. :Meneer Jansen komt mevrouw De Vries tegen. '''Het''' zijn handelaars. :::(3rd person singular nominative neuter) Note that Dutch often uses 'it are' to indicate generality. ::''Meneer Jansen'': Goedendag, mevrouw De Vries! ::'Mevrouw De Vries'': Goedendag, meneer Jansen! ::''Meneer Jansen'': Hoe gaat het met '''u'''? :::(2nd person singular accusative polite) ::''Mevrouw De Vries'': Zeer goed, bedankt. En met '''u'''? :::(same) ::''Meneer Jansen'': Ook goed. ::''Mevrouw De Vries'': Mooi. Kent '''u''' meneer Standish al tegengekomen? :::(2nd person singular nominative polite) ::''Meneer Jansen'': Uit Engeland? Nee. Is '''hij''' op bezoek? :::(3rd person singular nominative) ::''Mevrouw De Vries'': Ja. Tot ziens, meneer Jansen! ::''Meneer Jansen'': Tot ziens, mevrouw De Vries }} {{Dutch/Exercise|Turn into clitics | Turn the personal pronouns into their clitic forms if possible: :Jij komt hen tegen. :Zegt hij goedendag of hoi? :Zij is ook op bezoek :Jullie zijn goede vrienden :Gij zijt uit Engeland :Gaat het goed met jou? :Zij groeten mij met "hoi". :Het gaat goed met ons :U spreekt Nederlands met hen :Wij spreken Engels | :J'''e''' komt '''ze''' tegen. :Zegt-'''ie''' goedendag of hoi? :'''Ze''' is ook op bezoek :Jullie zijn goede vrienden '''no change''' :'''Ge''' zijt uit Engeland :Gaat het goed met '''je'''? :'''Ze''' groeten '''me''' met "hoi". :''''t''' Gaat goed met ons :U spreekt Nederlands met '''ze''' :'''We''' spreken Engels Notice though that you have shifted the emphasis of each sentence by doing this replacement. E.g. in "wij spreken Engels" the emphasis is mostly on ''we'' (not: you or them), in "we spreken Engels" it is mostly on English (not: e.g. Dutch) }} ==Woordenlijst 1== You have already encountered quite a few words above. Now make sure you own them! Listen to their pronunciation, sort the table by English and read back to Dutch, check the pronunciation again. Click on the blue link to go to the Dutch wiktionary and try to figure out what you may. If you do not understand, follow the interwiki link to go to the English wiktionary. In short: there are many ways to use this table and you can try one thing one day and come back another to try something different. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; float:left; clear:right; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" ! Dutch word!!audio file!!English translation |- |de {{Nlwikt|appendix}} ||[[file:nl-appendix.ogg]] || appendix, supplement |- |het {{Nlwikt|bezoek}} ||[[file:nl-bezoek.ogg]] || visit, attendance |- |(het) {{Nlwikt|Engeland}} ||[[file:nl-Engeland.ogg]] || England |- |het {{Nlwikt|Nederlands}} ||[[file:nl-Nederland.ogg]] || Dutch |- |de {{Nlwikt|vriend}}, vrienden ||[[file:nl-vriend.ogg]] || friend, friends |- |de {{Nlwikt|handelaars}} ||[[file:nl-handelaar.ogg]] || business people, businessmen, tradesmen, merchants (''pl.'') |- |het {{Nlwikt|gesprek}}, gesprekken ||[[file:nl-gesprek.ogg]] || conversation, conversations |- |de {{Nlwikt|grammatica}} ||[[file:nl-grammatica.ogg]] || grammar |- |de {{Nlwikt|les}} ||[[file:nl-les.ogg]] || lesson |- |de {{Nlwikt|straat}} ||[[file:nl-straat.ogg]] || street |- |de {{Nlwikt|woordenlijst}} ||[[file:nl-woordenlijst.ogg]] || word list |- |de {{Nlwikt|woordenschat}} ||[[file:nl-woordenschat.ogg]] || vocabulary |- | {{Nlwikt|op}} {{Nlwikt|straat}} ||[[file:nl-straat.ogg]] || on (in) the street |- | {{Nlwikt|tot}} {{Nlwikt|ziens}} ||[[file:nl-tot ziens.ogg]] || goodbye (''lit'': see you again) |- | {{Nlwikt|uit}} Engeland ||[[file:nl-uit.ogg]] || from England |- | Met mij gaat het goed || || I am fine (''lit'': With me goes it well) |- | {{Nlwikt|goedendag}}! ||[[file:nl-goedendag.ogg]] || Good day (greeting) |- |(de) {{Nlwikt|dag}}! ||[[file:nl-dag.ogg]] || (Good) day! Hi! Hello! |- | {{Nlwikt|goed}} ||[[file:nl-goed.ogg]] || good |- | En met jou? ||[[file:nl-jou.ogg]] || And how are you? (''lit'': And with you?) |- | Hoe gaat het met jou (u)?|| || How are you (''lit'': How goes it with you?) |- | {{Nlwikt|hoe}} ||[[file:nl-hoe.ogg]] || how |- | {{Nlwikt|gaan}} ||[[file:nl-gaan.ogg]] || to go |- | {{Nlwikt|het}} {{Nlwikt|gaat}} ||[[file:nl-gaat.ogg]] || it goes |- | {{Nlwikt|met}} ||[[file:nl-met.ogg]] || with |- | is op {{Nlwikt|bezoek}} ||[[file:nl-bezoek.ogg]] || is visiting |- | {{Nlwikt|tegenkomen}} ||[[file:nl-tegenkomen.ogg]] || to meet, come across, encounter, run into |- | komt ... tegen|| || comes across , runs into, meets |- | {{Nlwikt|bezoeken}} ||[[file:nl-bezoeken.ogg]] || to visit |- | {{Nlwikt|maar}} ||[[file:nl-maar.ogg]] || but, however |- | {{Nlwikt|ook}} ||[[file:nl-ook.ogg]] || also, too, as well |- | {{Nlwikt|dank}} je, dank u.|| || thank you; |- | {{Nlwikt|bedankt}} ||[[file:nl-bedankt.ogg]] || thanks |- | {{Nlwikt|simpel}} ||[[file:nl-simpel.ogg]] || simple |- | {{Nlwikt|het}} ||[[file:nl-het.ogg]] || it (pronoun) |- | {{Nlwikt|mevrouw}} ||[[file:nl-mevrouw.ogg]] || Ms., Miss, or Mrs. |- | {{Nlwikt|meneer}} ||[[file:nl-meneer.ogg]] || Mr. |- | {{Nlwikt|mij}}||[[file:nl-mij.ogg]] || me |- | {{Nlwikt|nee}} ||[[file:nl-nee.ogg]] || no |- | {{Nlwikt|ja}} ||[[file:nl-ja.ogg]] || yes |- | {{Nlwikt|correct}} ||[[file:nl-correct.ogg]] || correct |- | {{Nlwikt|al}} ||[[file:nl-al.ogg]] || already, yet |- | {{Nlwikt|mooi}} ||[[file:nl-mooi.ogg]] || beautiful (in this case, 'nice' or 'fine') |- | {{Nlwikt|zeer}}||[[file:nl-zeer.ogg]] || very |- | {{Nlwikt|en}} ||[[file:nl-en.ogg]] || and |} <br clear="all"> ===Quizlet=== The vocabulary of this lesson can be trained at [https://quizlet.com/85125945/dutch-wikibook-vocabulary-lesson-1-flash-cards/ Quizlet]. (33 terms) ===Your turn! Building vocabulary 1=== When learning a language you need to start building up your vocabulary. There are various ways of doing that. One is to study the above conversations well. Often words are easier to remember when put in context. We will add vocabulary building exercises to each lesson to make it easier for you to memorize it all. {{Dutch/Exercise|vocabulary | Go to [[Dutch/Vocabulary/Personal pronouns/hover test]] to check your knowledge of Dutch personal pronouns.<br> Go to [[Dutch/Vocabulary/Lesson 1/hover test]] to check your knowledge of the above vocabulary. | }} {{Dutch/Exercise|Additional vocabulary| Go to the [[Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit]] to learn the 56 most important words in the Dutch language. The same set has been created at [https://quizlet.com/84964137/survival-kit-of-56-most-common-dutch-words-flash-cards/ Quizlet] if you prefer to use their methods. Once you know them all, try to translate the following: #Wil jij misschien een vrouw? #Dit is erg slecht, denk ik. #Na het leven is er de dood #Ik hoor hier mensen beneden #Er is een tijd en een plaats voor alle dingen #Goed en slecht, klein en groot, kort en lang zijn niet dezelfde dingen #Zet een klein deel voor, een ander deel achter , iets meer boven en de rest beneden | #Do you want a woman perhaps? #That is very bad, I think #After life there is death #I hear people down here #There is a time and a place for all things #Good and bad, small and big, short and long are not the same things #Put a small part in front, another part behind, a bit more on top and the rest below. }} ==Progress made== If you have studied the above well, you should #Know more about the process of language acquisition. This should allow you to tailor your own learning better to your specific needs and preferences #Started tuning your ears and your mouth to the pronunciation #Gained vocabulary: 27 pronouns, 33 terms introduced in the lesson, 56 of the most often used words in the language, '''116''' terms in total. #Learned about the use of personal pronouns, including their clitic, polite and regional forms. ==Further practice== This lesson is accompanied by two pages that are intended to practice and reinforce what you have learned above. They do that with a bit different approach * [[Dutch/Lesson 1A|Les 1A]] will give you more conversations and practice. * [[Dutch/Example 1|Voorbeeld 1]] uses the simplest pieces of literature: nursery rhymes to teach language in a playful and amusing way. It is recommended that you first work on the material in these two modules before you move on to lesson two, but of course this depends on your level of understanding and one of the nice things about the wiki-system is that one can use it whichever way you see fit. (Which is what children would do, but they are used to running into new things that they do not fully comprehend.) ==Appendix== <small><< [[Dutch/Introduction|Lesson Layout Guide]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Dutch/Alfabet|Pronunciation Guide]] >> </small> {{BookCat}} <references/> ob53yxdwxn47p5tpbwx62qfyqyc6cde 0 22280 4095788 4024656 2022-08-24T17:26:05Z 2409:4051:4E84:16C4:CEB3:BE1F:AEDA:3284 wikitext text/x-wiki C. PROGRAM TO EVALUATE SUM OF FINITE SERIES WRITE(*,*)`ENTER THE VALUE OF X' READ(*,*)X WRITE(*,*)'ENTER THE VALUE OF N' READ(*,*)N SUM=0.0 DO 10I=1,N TERM=((-1)**I)*(X**(I*0.5))/I*(I+1)) SUM=SUM+TERM 10 CONTINUE WRITE (*,*)`SUM OF SERIES'=,SUM PAUSE STOP END == Default output == A Fortran program reads from [[w:standard input|standard input]] or from a file using the '''read''' statement, and it can write to [[w:standard output|standard output]] using the '''print''' statement. With the '''write''' statement one can write to standard output or to a file. Before writing to a file, the file must be opened and assigned a unit number with which the programmer may reference the file. If one wishes to use the '''write''' statement to write a statement to the default output, the syntax is write(*,*). It is used as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="fortran"> program hello_world implicit none write (*,*) "Hello World!" end program </syntaxhighlight> This code writes "Hello World!" to the default output (usually standard output, the screen), similar to if one had used the <code>print *,</code> statement. == File output == As a demonstration of file output, the following program reads two integers from the keyboard and writes them and their product to an output file: <syntaxhighlight lang="fortran"> program xproduct implicit none integer :: i, j integer, parameter :: out_unit=20 print *, "enter two integers" read (*,*) i,j open (unit=out_unit,file="results.txt",action="write",status="replace") write (out_unit,*) "The product of", i, " and", j write (out_unit,*) "is", i*j close (out_unit) end program xproduct </syntaxhighlight> The file "results.txt" will contain these lines: <pre> The product of 2 and 3 is 6 </pre> Each print or write statement on a new line by default starts printing on a new line. For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="fortran"> program hello_world implicit none print *, "Hello" print *, "World!" end program </syntaxhighlight> Prints, to standard output: <pre> Hello World! </pre> If one had put "Hello World!" in one print statement, the text "Hello World!" would have appeared on one line. {{Status|75%}} [[pl:Fortran/Podstawowe wejście i wyjście]] t9wjpg0rsh6lls222yxq3mmqup728hn 0 22822 4095867 3803750 2022-08-24T21:38:57Z Darrelljon 45960 google workspace wikitext text/x-wiki Office programs can accomplish many daily home office tasks, and are one of the most commonly used programs of average computer people. There are several programs in the [[Microsoft Office]] suite, the most common being * Word, a word processor * Excel, a spreadsheet program * PowerPoint, a presentation program Office suites are not made only by Microsoft. Some companies have taken their own stab at making these handy bundles of programming, and many have succeeded. If you don't want to shell out serious cash (hundreds of US dollars) for the latest version of Microsoft Office, you should take a look at [[w:LibreOffice|LibreOffice]], a free, open-source office suite which offers almost all the features of Microsoft Office and then some. Several online services like Google Workspace (Google Docs etc.) also let you create and edit office documents. Once you learn how to use one office program, you can figure out the basics of the other ones without much effort. {{BookCat}} bpgxvn8e5narovp2x708d16id4ke7vl 0 23155 4095944 3336266 2022-08-25T03:11:30Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typos wikitext text/x-wiki {{MMM Header}} Animation is the process of creating moving images from a series of still images. In film making, this can be used to create a shot or sequence that cannot be shot on camera. There are many techniques that can be used, including drawings, photos ([[w:Pixilation|pixilation]]), 3D (model or puppet), and 2D and 3D computer animation. Animations can be produced on film or as a movie file or still image sequence. Still images - created at high resolution and uncompressed (or with lossless compression) are often preferred as they give flexibility and high image quality. In an NLE (Non Linear Editor) a still image sequence can usually be imported as a group, and edited into the film, with the option of adjusting the individual frames. In modern film making, 3D computer animation (CGI) is most often used as it can come close to matching the look of the rest of the film, while offering great flexibility. Animation is by nature a slow and highly skilled process, but the tools are readily available, for example there are low cost or free trial versions of many animation software packages (expect a steep learning curve). --[[User:Peter strickland|Peter strickland]] 17:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) Companies also often offer student discounts on their products along with free software available for non-commercial use. [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Post-production|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Effects|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] r4akv91zalbyy8uppr9olluzzoymrgb 0 34982 4096007 3446329 2022-08-25T09:40:57Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* ColdFusion History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ColdFusion is a JVM-based programming language that supports scripting and templating and was developed by J.J. Allaire in 1995 to make development of CGI scripts easier and faster. It has matured over the years to include many interfaces with other languages and environments. ==ColdFusion History== Timeline: *July 1995 - Cold Fusion 1.0 released. *November 1996 - Cold Fusion 2.0 released. This release included 150+ additional functions. *July 1997 - Cold Fusion 3.0 released. This release included custom tags. *November 1997 - Cold Fusion 3.1 and ColdFusion Studio Released. ColdFusion Studio was the first editor specifically designed to work with ColdFusion. *November 1998 - ColdFusion 4.0 released. This is the first release where Cold and Fusion were combined without the space. *August 1999 - ColdFusion 4.5 released. This was the first time that a true debugger was included. *March 2001 - Macromedia bought Allaire including the ColdFusio*June 2001 - ColdFusion 5.0 released. This release included the cfgraph functions. n language. *June 2002 - ColdFusion MX (6) released. This release was a complete rewrite to a Java Engine. *August 2003 - ColdFusion MX 6.1 released. This was bundled with JRUN. *February 2005 - ColdFusion MX 7 released. This included Rich Internet Application Support. *December 2005 - Adobe merged with Macromedia. *July 2007 - ColdFusion 8 released. *October 2009 - ColdFusion 9 released. *May 2012 - ColdFusion 10 released. *April 2014 - ColdFusion 11 released. * 2016 Release * 2018 Release * 2021 Release ColdFusion servers prior to version 6.0 were written in C++. Since version 6.0, the ColdFusion application server is a Java application sitting on top of the Java Platform. When a page is first called, the ColdFusion code is converted into Java bytecode; this allows better integration with the Java platform and also allows JSP "Java server pages" to be called and run from within a ColdFusion application. Beginning in version 7 there was a dramatic focus on RIA (Rich Internet Applications). The ability to include flash forms, xhtml forms, dynamically created pdfs and flashpaper were all included. Version 8, released in mid 2007, showed dramatic performance improvements, and extended the language functionality to include image processing, presentations, MS Exchange integration, support for .Net components, PDF Form manipulation, Ajax form components (based upon ExtJs 1.1), and more. Version 9 was released in October 2009, providing many huge advancements to the server and the language. Almost all ColdFusion tags now have CFScript equivalents, allowing developers to 'script' entire applications. New integration points now include Hibernate ORM (built-in), index and search from either Solr (new) or Verity, MS Office/OpenOffice document manipulation (presentations, spreadsheets and documents), and MS Sharepoint integration. There is also an AIR based desktop application, which can be used to administer/update multiple server instances remotely, and a brand new, Eclipse based IDE (ColdFusion Builder) is currently in public beta testing. Further scripting capabilities include enhancements to the ColdFusion JavaScript functions, used for interaction with the ColdFusion Ajax components (now upgraded to ExtJs 3.x), as well as support for Server-Side ActionScript, and a complete ActionScript include library to tap into core ColdFusion services (primarily for Flex integration). Adobe is also in closed beta testing of a new Amazon EC2 instance offering, and has adjusted it's licensing to include cloud computing and VPS deployment scenarios. Today there are several ColdFusion Application servers (compilers), the most popular is the Adobe ColdFusion server. Other popular options include the open source Railo (a project under JBoss) and OpenBD (NewAtlanta), as well as the enterprise BlueDragon (NewAtlanta), which is built on .Net. ColdFusion web pages make up around 10% of the web; its success is due to its simplicity and small learning curve. The majority of ColdFusion Developers started off as HTML designers, Due to CFML "ColdFusion Markup Language" being a Tag based language it looks very similar to HTML, which makes it very attractive to HTML coders with very little programming experience ==ColdFusion Advantages== ColdFusion today offers Java developers a faster and more effective way to develop web based applications, as an application written in the ColdFusion language will generally require a lot less code than a Java application. The advantage here is that Java developers can still call all their pre-existing Java objects from within a ColdFusion application. Less advanced developers who have no experience with Java can use ColdFusion without ever having to know any Java. Highly trained programmers can develop web programs, including Internet and intranet programs, in a much shorter time. ==Developer Community== ColdFusion has had a long history of developer support including Team Macromedia and Coldfusion/Macromedia/Adobe User Groups. Timeline: *July 1996 - Washington DC Cold Fusion users group is formed. *October 1999 - DevCon is held in Boston, MA. *November 2000 - Devcon is held in Washington, DC. Election results were made available via big screen at the Social Events. *October 2001 - DevCon is held in Orlando, FL. *November 2002 - MAX conference is held in Orlando, FL. *November 2003 - MAX conference in Salt Lake City, UT. *June 2004 - Ben Forta, Coldfusion's Product Evangilist, demos Blackstone (version 7) to 20 user groups around the world. *November 2004 - MAX conference in New Orleans, LA. *October 2005 - MAX conference in Anaheim, CA. *October 2006 - MAX conference in Las Vegas, NV. *April, May 2007 - Coldfusion on tour, demoing Scorpio (version 8) to user groups. *September, October 2007 - MAX conference in Chicago, IL. *November 2008 - MAX conference in San Francisco, CA. *October 2009 - MAX conference in Los Angeles, CA. Additionally there have been numerous CFUN/CFUnited conferences held usually in Maryland around June of each year. ==Table of Contents== *[[/variables/]] **CFSET **CFOUTPUT and Pound signs **Evaluate() **Variable Lookup *[[/databases/]] **Setting up Datasources **CFQuery **CFInsert **CFUpdate **Grouping Query Displays **Query of Queries *[[/data structures/]] **Lists **Arrays **Structures **Queries **CFDUMP *[[/control structures/]] **CFIF **CFSWITCH **CFLOOP *[[/dates/]] **Creating dates **Displaying dates **Modifying dates {{Shelves|ColdFusion scripting language}} {{alphabetical|C}} {{status|25%}} 8si8xkt1ciydq29r3c7wjzj1ph5qxbn 0 37802 4095845 4072828 2022-08-24T20:32:41Z Wow246810 3400124 /* Questions */Added content wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Place| name=Chamber of Secrets| location=Hogwarts| residents=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Basilisk|Basilisk]]| appearance=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Chamber of Secrets|''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'']] }} == General Overview == At the time of his departure from Hogwarts, after a falling out with the other three founders of the school, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Salazar Slytherin|Salazar Slytherin]] is supposed to have created a chamber, placed a monster within it, and sealed it so that only his true heir could open it. In the centuries since that time, this "chamber of secrets" has been sought many times, but never found. == Extended Description == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} The Chamber was in fact opened, approximately fifty years before the time of the Harry Potter series, by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Tom Marvolo Riddle|Tom Riddle]] (who later styled himself as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]]). At that time, the monster within the Chamber, a [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Basilisk|basilisk]], killed a girl ([[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Moaning Myrtle|Moaning Myrtle]]); this put the school on the verge of closing down, because it was obviously unsafe to keep students there. The threat of being forced to leave the school was sufficient to cause Riddle to re-seal the chamber. Riddle was as fond of his "home" as Harry was. Riddle managed to frame [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Rubeus Hagrid]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Aragog|Aragog]] as being the Heir and the monster respectively; as the Chamber was not then re-opened, and no more victims fell to the basilisk, Riddle's version of events became accepted as fact by all except, perhaps, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Professor Dumbledore]]. In [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry's]] second year, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]] re-opened the Chamber; however, it was not on her own that she did this. We find out in the last chapters of the book that Ginny was at the time enslaved by a "memory" of Tom Riddle. Ginny re-opens the chamber on six occasions that we are aware of. * When Harry is serving his detention with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gilderoy Lockhart|Professor Lockhart]], he hears the voice of the basilisk. * On Hallowe'en, as Harry is leaving the Deathday Party, he hears the Basilisk again. Following the sound, he encounters the Petrified [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mrs. Norris|Mrs. Norris]]. * When Harry is in the Hospital Wing following the removal of the bones in his arm by Professor Lockhart, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Colin Creevey|Colin Creevey]] is brought in to the Hospital Wing, Petrified. * Harry trips over the Petrified [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Justin Finch-Fletchley|Justin Finch-Fletchley]] and blackened [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nearly Headless Nick|Nearly Headless Nick]] shortly after leaving the library, where he had been met with severe suspicion. * On his way to a Quidditch match, Harry hears the voice of the basilisk again, which prompts [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] to head off to the library to research something. Hermione and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Penelope Clearwater|Penelope Clearwater]] are Petrified as they leave the library. * Tom Riddle has Ginny enter the Chamber herself so that he may use her life force to re-animate himself. Harry's final re-opening of the Chamber and defeat of the basilisk should have cleared Hagrid's name; it did secure his release from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Azkaban|Azkaban]], where he had been consigned when it was thought that he was once again opening the Chamber. The key to opening the Chamber is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Parseltongue|Parseltongue]]; one must say "open" to the entrance in Parseltongue for it to open. The ability to speak to snakes has been linked to Slytherin's descendants, thus the belief that only the true heir of Slytherin can open the Chamber. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] re-enter the chamber in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Harry's seventh year]]; knowing that Basilisk venom will destroy a [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Horcrux|Horcrux]], and having a Horcrux they need to destroy, Ron, who has twice now heard Harry pronounce the word "open" in Parseltongue, opens the Chamber by imitating the sound of the word. When Harry sees them, they are carrying the destroyed Horcrux and a great stock of Basilisk fangs. According to J. K. Rowling's instructions to the film-makers for Chamber of Secrets, the chamber itself is located under the lake on the Hogwarts grounds. (Source: Interview with the filmmakers on the extended features of the DVD release.) == Analysis == We mentioned above that it seemed that Professor Dumbledore had apparently had his doubts about whether Hagrid had been the one who opened the Chamber. We see these doubts expressed shortly after Colin Creevey is brought into the Hospital Wing. In conversation with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]], after examining Colin's destroyed camera, Dumbledore states that the Chamber has been opened once again. We are never told how he reached this conclusion, but it is a safe guess that something similar to the damage to Colin's camera had happened when the Chamber had been opened fifty years earlier. We note that while Dumbledore may recognize the effects, he likely does not yet know the cause. Professor McGonagall asks who has opened the chamber, to which Dumbledore responds that the question is not "who," but "how." Dumbledore does not, apparently, know where the Chamber is or how it was opened, but has come to the conclusion, either upon seeing the writing or at some earlier date, that the legend, that says the Chamber can only be opened by the true heir of Slytherin, is fact. He has also decided, possibly tentatively, that Riddle is that heir. The remaining soul of Riddle, now known as Voldemort, is believed to be in Albania, but Dumbledore knows that Voldemort's soul can ride on other people, as happened in the previous year with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Quirrell|Professor Quirrell]]. Dumbledore's concern at this point is that there may be someone else, a student or teacher, who has, like Quirrell, fallen under Voldemort's spell. Dumbledore may also believe that there is some other denizen of the school who is able to open the Chamber, but that seems less likely. A key point in this book is the ability to speak to snakes. Parseltongue is widely believed to be a marker of Slytherin forebears. As a result, Harry is believed to be an heir of Slytherin once it is revealed that he can speak to snakes. This is exacerbated by the fact that Harry is unsure of his ancestry; he cannot ask his parents if there is any chance he was descended from Salazar Slytherin. However, as Parseltongue is assumed to be a hereditary Slytherin ability, it only makes sense that the Chamber created by Slytherin would open when addressed in Parseltongue. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} # We are told that Salazar Slytherin lived a thousand years or so ago, and presumably created the chamber then. While castles of the era did have interior toilets ("garderobes") in the Muggle world, indoor plumbing first appeared in England barely two hundred years ago. Suggest a reason that the mark of Slytherin, that opened the passage to the Chamber, could have been placed on a faucet. Could it be a clue for the heir of slytherin? == Greater Picture == As mentioned, only a Parselmouth can open the Chamber, and it is widely believed that the ability to speak Parseltongue is only passed to the heirs of Slytherin. As an heir of Slytherin, Tom Riddle could certainly be expected to speak Parseltongue, and so he is able to open the Chamber. Harry, with a piece of Tom's soul, is equally able to speak the language, and apparently Dumbledore has learned it, although Dumbledore did not try to find the Chamber. One must wonder why he did not; as a teacher at the school the first time the Chamber was opened, he must have had all the clues that Harry was working with. Perhaps he did not learn Parseltongue until much later in his life, and time had made the need to find the Chamber less pressing. Ron and Hermione later managed to open the Chamber; in need of something to destroy the cup Horcrux, they visited the Chamber to retrieve some Basilisk fangs, which apparently still had sufficient venom to destroy the Horcrux. Ron had been present at Harry's initial opening of the Chamber, and when Harry opened the locket Horcrux, another artifact of Slytherin's which would open only when addressed in Parseltongue, and simply parroted the sounds Harry had made to open the locket, in order to open the Chamber. {{BookCat}} smelly m8yhv02pajwbogdx1b7rqy3yertyojg 4095847 4095845 2022-08-24T20:40:06Z Wow246810 3400124 /* Extended Description */Added content wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Place| name=Chamber of Secrets| location=Hogwarts| residents=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Basilisk|Basilisk]]| appearance=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Chamber of Secrets|''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'']] }} == General Overview == At the time of his departure from Hogwarts, after a falling out with the other three founders of the school, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Salazar Slytherin|Salazar Slytherin]] is supposed to have created a chamber, placed a monster within it, and sealed it so that only his true heir could open it. In the centuries since that time, this "chamber of secrets" has been sought many times, but never found. == Extended Description == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} The Chamber was in fact opened, approximately fifty years before the time of the Harry Potter series, by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Tom Marvolo Riddle|Tom Riddle]] (who later styled himself as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]]). At that time, the monster within the Chamber, a [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Basilisk|basilisk]], killed a girl ([[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Moaning Myrtle|Moaning Myrtle]]); this put the school on the verge of closing down, because it was obviously unsafe to keep students there. The threat of being forced to leave the school was sufficient to cause Riddle to re-seal the chamber. Riddle was as fond of his "home" as Harry was. Riddle managed to frame [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Rubeus Hagrid]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Aragog|Aragog]] as being the Heir and the monster respectively; as the Chamber was not then re-opened, and no more victims fell to the basilisk, Riddle's version of events became accepted as fact by all except, perhaps, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Professor Dumbledore]]. In [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry's]] second year, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]] re-opened the Chamber; however, it was not on her own that she did this. We find out in the last chapters of the book that Ginny was at the time enslaved by a "memory" of Tom Riddle. Ginny re-opens the chamber on six occasions that we are aware of. * When Harry is serving his detention with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gilderoy Lockhart|Professor Lockhart]], he hears the voice of the basilisk. * On Hallowe'en, as Harry is leaving the Deathday Party, he hears the Basilisk again. Following the sound, he encounters the Petrified [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mrs. Norris|Mrs. Norris]]. * When Harry is in the Hospital Wing following the removal of the bones in his arm by Professor Lockhart, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Colin Creevey|Colin Creevey]] is brought in to the Hospital Wing, Petrified. * Harry trips over the Petrified [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Justin Finch-Fletchley|Justin Finch-Fletchley]] and blackened [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nearly Headless Nick|Nearly Headless Nick]] shortly after leaving the library, where he had been met with severe suspicion. * On his way to a Quidditch match, Harry hears the voice of the basilisk again, which prompts [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] to head off to the library to research something. Hermione and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Penelope Clearwater|Penelope Clearwater]] are Petrified as they leave the library. * Tom Riddle has Ginny enter the Chamber herself so that he may use her life force to re-animate himself. Harry's final re-opening of the Chamber and defeat of the basilisk should have cleared Hagrid's name; it did secure his release from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Azkaban|Azkaban]], where he had been consigned when it was thought that he was once again opening the Chamber. The key to opening the Chamber is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Parseltongue|Parseltongue]]; one must say "open" to the entrance in Parseltongue for it to open. The ability to speak to snakes has been linked to Slytherin's descendants, thus the belief that only the true heir of Slytherin can open the Chamber. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] re-enter the chamber in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Harry's seventh year]]; knowing that Basilisk venom will destroy a [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Horcrux|Horcrux]], and having a Horcrux they need to destroy, Ron, who has twice now heard Harry pronounce the word "open" in Parseltongue, opens the Chamber by imitating the sound of the word. When Harry sees them, they are carrying the destroyed Horcrux and a great stock of Basilisk fangs. According to J. K. Rowling's instructions to the film-makers for Chamber of Secrets, the chamber itself is located under the lake on the Hogwarts grounds. Owing to this fact, one must now realise where the water in the chamber of secrets originated. == Analysis == We mentioned above that it seemed that Professor Dumbledore had apparently had his doubts about whether Hagrid had been the one who opened the Chamber. We see these doubts expressed shortly after Colin Creevey is brought into the Hospital Wing. In conversation with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]], after examining Colin's destroyed camera, Dumbledore states that the Chamber has been opened once again. We are never told how he reached this conclusion, but it is a safe guess that something similar to the damage to Colin's camera had happened when the Chamber had been opened fifty years earlier. We note that while Dumbledore may recognize the effects, he likely does not yet know the cause. Professor McGonagall asks who has opened the chamber, to which Dumbledore responds that the question is not "who," but "how." Dumbledore does not, apparently, know where the Chamber is or how it was opened, but has come to the conclusion, either upon seeing the writing or at some earlier date, that the legend, that says the Chamber can only be opened by the true heir of Slytherin, is fact. He has also decided, possibly tentatively, that Riddle is that heir. The remaining soul of Riddle, now known as Voldemort, is believed to be in Albania, but Dumbledore knows that Voldemort's soul can ride on other people, as happened in the previous year with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Quirrell|Professor Quirrell]]. Dumbledore's concern at this point is that there may be someone else, a student or teacher, who has, like Quirrell, fallen under Voldemort's spell. Dumbledore may also believe that there is some other denizen of the school who is able to open the Chamber, but that seems less likely. A key point in this book is the ability to speak to snakes. Parseltongue is widely believed to be a marker of Slytherin forebears. As a result, Harry is believed to be an heir of Slytherin once it is revealed that he can speak to snakes. This is exacerbated by the fact that Harry is unsure of his ancestry; he cannot ask his parents if there is any chance he was descended from Salazar Slytherin. However, as Parseltongue is assumed to be a hereditary Slytherin ability, it only makes sense that the Chamber created by Slytherin would open when addressed in Parseltongue. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} # We are told that Salazar Slytherin lived a thousand years or so ago, and presumably created the chamber then. While castles of the era did have interior toilets ("garderobes") in the Muggle world, indoor plumbing first appeared in England barely two hundred years ago. Suggest a reason that the mark of Slytherin, that opened the passage to the Chamber, could have been placed on a faucet. Could it be a clue for the heir of slytherin? == Greater Picture == As mentioned, only a Parselmouth can open the Chamber, and it is widely believed that the ability to speak Parseltongue is only passed to the heirs of Slytherin. As an heir of Slytherin, Tom Riddle could certainly be expected to speak Parseltongue, and so he is able to open the Chamber. Harry, with a piece of Tom's soul, is equally able to speak the language, and apparently Dumbledore has learned it, although Dumbledore did not try to find the Chamber. One must wonder why he did not; as a teacher at the school the first time the Chamber was opened, he must have had all the clues that Harry was working with. Perhaps he did not learn Parseltongue until much later in his life, and time had made the need to find the Chamber less pressing. Ron and Hermione later managed to open the Chamber; in need of something to destroy the cup Horcrux, they visited the Chamber to retrieve some Basilisk fangs, which apparently still had sufficient venom to destroy the Horcrux. Ron had been present at Harry's initial opening of the Chamber, and when Harry opened the locket Horcrux, another artifact of Slytherin's which would open only when addressed in Parseltongue, and simply parroted the sounds Harry had made to open the locket, in order to open the Chamber. {{BookCat}} smelly o4izvtuh6xv2aqpxnro5yj0ov1g6j88 0 45521 4095977 3462307 2022-08-25T06:44:58Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|Open Culture}} ==Contents== {{Book search}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Information/]] *[[/Technology/]] *[[/Media/]] *[[/Politics/]] *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Glossary/]] ==Links== *[[History of Technology]] {{shelves|Open source}} {{alphabetical|O}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Open Culture]] mu2mog3f0696jqquhftdsh2twba2zfj 4095978 4095977 2022-08-25T06:46:46Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Icon DINA Schwerpunkte Parldigi 05 Open Content Farbig.svg|center|300px|Open content icon]] {{book title|Open Culture}} ==Contents== {{Book search}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Information/]] *[[/Technology/]] *[[/Media/]] *[[/Politics/]] *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Glossary/]] ==Links== *[[History of Technology]] {{shelves|Open source}} {{alphabetical|O}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Open Culture]] 165ony64zh9fyeg2gmp8ej3gqn9wcdp 4095980 4095978 2022-08-25T06:47:38Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Icon DINA Schwerpunkte Parldigi 05 Open Content Farbig.svg|center|100px|Open content icon]] {{book title|Open Culture}} ==Contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Information/]] *[[/Technology/]] *[[/Media/]] *[[/Politics/]] *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Glossary/]] ==Links== *[[History of Technology]] {{shelves|Open source}} {{alphabetical|O}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Open Culture]] ezmv08pmbqt0d7vs34v3utgju32o5q5 4095981 4095980 2022-08-25T06:49:01Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Icon DINA Schwerpunkte Parldigi 05 Open Content Farbig.svg|center|100px|Open content icon]] {{book title|Open Culture}} ==Contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Information/]] *[[/Technology/]] *[[/Media/]] *[[/Politics/]] *[[/Work/]] *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Glossary/]] ==Links== *[[History of Technology]] {{shelves|Open source}} {{alphabetical|O}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Open Culture]] izsmbif5qb9op64c4je0crof1gf4ujp 0 45523 4095985 3339108 2022-08-25T06:56:36Z Mbrickn 3181019 TOC is redundant wikitext text/x-wiki You might have heard of [[Open_Source|Open Source]], and perhaps you have heard about Mozilla Firefox, a new web browser, or of Linux, an alternative operating system to Windows; both attempt to challenge the mainstream software provided by the likes of Microsoft and, to a lesser extent, Apple. Open Source Software is not explicitly political - it has adherents across the political spectrum - but the method of development has led a number of theorists to suggest it is applicable to other areas of life. Moreover, it has the potential to change the way we work, govern ourselves and access the media. This is a new area of study with an unstable lexicon, however, Lawrence Lessig - a professor at Stanford Law School, has dubbed the movement 'Free Culture', a term he borrowed from Richard Stallman's Free Software. Cooperation, Sharing, Global and Knowledge are its key concepts. In its most extreme (and idealistic) form, it is a system where everyone has a equal access to knowledge and information, where society would be free to live in a world of peace, discussion, tolerance, happiness, and understanding. Yes, this is the most idealistic view and we think that it is a goal that society should have. Even many of us claim that it is not possible, but we should strive for it. {{BookCat}} 6odq1730kg73eoxhoeddp88fy1l0q4g 4095986 4095985 2022-08-25T06:58:44Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki You might have heard of [[Open Source]], and perhaps you have heard about Mozilla Firefox, a web browser, or of Linux, an operating system that rivals Windows; both attempt to challenge the mainstream software provided by many big tech corporations, much of which is locked behind a paywall, and/or spies on their own users. Open Source Software is not explicitly political - it has adherents across the political spectrum - but the method of development has led a number of theorists to suggest it is applicable to other areas of life. Moreover, it has the potential to change the way we work, govern ourselves and access the media. This is a new area of study with an unstable lexicon, however, Lawrence Lessig - a professor at Stanford Law School, has dubbed the movement 'Free Culture', a term he borrowed from Richard Stallman's Free Software. Cooperation, Sharing, Global and Knowledge are its key concepts. In its most extreme (and idealistic) form, it is a system where everyone has a equal access to knowledge and information, where society would be free to live in a world of peace, discussion, tolerance, happiness, and understanding. Yes, this is the most idealistic view and we think that it is a goal that society should have. Even many of us claim that it is not possible, but we should strive for it. {{BookCat}} dn9tbxp5xacoy2ysyieq60yx32410nn 0 45524 4095982 3339107 2022-08-25T06:49:58Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki The first subject, '''Information''', is perhaps the oldest part of this movement. Gutenberg can be considered one of its earliest advocates, since he invented the printing press, allowing the public at large to read and become educated. Today, Open Information has grown phenomenally with the Internet, which allows anybody online to access an immense wealth of knowledge. More recently there have been more or less successful attempts to centralize open knowledge. Wikipedia, for example, is an online encyclopedia where anyone can contribute, correct, or complete articles. In April 2005 it had some 538,000 articles in English (and more than 940 articles added per day), making it larger than any other encyclopedia, printed or online. {{BookCat}} 26uidjetn7s69eupmhzxhwixfjv3izs 4095983 4095982 2022-08-25T06:51:48Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki The first subject, '''Information''', is perhaps the oldest part of this movement. Gutenberg can be considered one of its earliest advocates, since he invented the printing press, allowing the public at large to read and become educated. Today, Open Information has grown phenomenally with the Internet, which allows anybody online to access an immense wealth of knowledge. More recently there have been more or less successful attempts to centralize open knowledge. Wikipedia, for example, is an online encyclopedia where anyone can contribute, correct, or complete articles. In August 2022 it had some 6,544,007 articles in English,<ref>[[w:Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia]]</ref> making it larger than any printed encyclopedia. {{BookCat}} 60ilhwx8jsnqtts33xzevbc3qe1sp9t 4095984 4095983 2022-08-25T06:52:35Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki The first subject, '''Information''', is perhaps the oldest part of this movement. Gutenberg can be considered one of its earliest advocates, since he invented the printing press, allowing the public at large to read and become educated. Today, Open Information has grown phenomenally with the Internet, which allows anybody online to access an immense wealth of knowledge. More recently there have been more or less successful attempts to centralize open knowledge. Wikipedia, for example, is an online encyclopedia where anyone can contribute, correct, or complete articles. On August 25, 2022 it had some 6,544,007 articles in English,<ref>[[w:Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia|Wikipedia page on the Size of Wikipedia]]</ref> making it larger than any printed encyclopedia. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} h0ftwel3tjejt73drnxii2xaar40fnb 0 45525 4095866 3339105 2022-08-24T21:37:52Z Darrelljon 45960 libreoffice wikitext text/x-wiki '''Technology''', the most visible part of the Open Culture movement can be most easily illustrated in the field of computer software and hardware. A branch of the Free Software movement known as Open Source software is a commonly-cited example. As in all cases of "free" culture the free software and open source movements are founded on a premise whereby the user is not restricted in the use of the software. The user is encouraged to build upon what has gone before without fear of being restricted by legal or ethical constraints. Many users of free software from around the world are able to contribute to the development of applications that are useful, so it is in effect not a single company that creates software for the customers but customers that contribute to making useful software for themselves as part of a community. The common examples include the various types of the GNU/Linux Operating System, the Mozilla suite of internet applications (Firefox, Thunderbird, Sunbird, Seamonkey, and others), and the LibreOffice office suite. Each of those applications have significant shares in their respective markets and may pose a threat to their traditional, proprietary competitors. {{BookCat}} hth7jkhcgzgbxy7spt14in137st5e10 4095970 4095866 2022-08-25T06:30:33Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Technology''', the most visible part of the Open Culture movement can be most easily illustrated in the field of computer software and hardware. A branch of the Free Software movement known as Open Source software is a commonly-cited example. As in all cases of "free" culture the free software and open source movements are founded on a premise whereby the user is not restricted in the use of the software. The user is encouraged to build upon what has gone before without fear of being restricted by legal or ethical constraints. Many users of free software from around the world are able to contribute to the development of applications that are useful, so it is in effect not a single company that creates software for the customers but customers that contribute to making useful software for themselves as part of a community. The common examples include the various types of the GNU/Linux Operating System, the Mozilla suite of internet applications (Firefox, Thunderbird, Sunbird, Seamonkey, and others), and the LibreOffice office suite. Each of those applications have significant shares in their respective markets and may pose a threat to their traditional, proprietary competitors. {{BookCat}} 3kcoud3kys461ivsfdz7pltgjrhnzc3 4095971 4095970 2022-08-25T06:32:25Z Mbrickn 3181019 More contemporary examples wikitext text/x-wiki '''Technology''', the most visible part of the Open Culture movement can be most easily illustrated in the field of computer software and hardware. A branch of the Free Software movement known as Open Source software is a commonly-cited example. As in all cases of "free" culture the free software and open source movements are founded on a premise whereby the user is not restricted in the use of the software. The user is encouraged to build upon what has gone before without fear of being restricted by legal or ethical constraints. Many users of free software from around the world are able to contribute to the development of applications that are useful, so it is in effect not a single company that creates software for the customers but customers that contribute to making useful software for themselves as part of a community. ==Examples== Common examples include the GNU/Linux Operating System, the Mozilla Firefox web browser, and the LibreOffice office suite. Each of those applications have significant shares in their respective markets and may pose a threat to their traditional, proprietary competitors. {{BookCat}} 1aqwhiplas40qqb1fuhwtvsw8ovq0py 4095972 4095971 2022-08-25T06:33:42Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Examples */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Technology''', the most visible part of the Open Culture movement can be most easily illustrated in the field of computer software and hardware. A branch of the Free Software movement known as Open Source software is a commonly-cited example. As in all cases of "free" culture the free software and open source movements are founded on a premise whereby the user is not restricted in the use of the software. The user is encouraged to build upon what has gone before without fear of being restricted by legal or ethical constraints. Many users of free software from around the world are able to contribute to the development of applications that are useful, so it is in effect not a single company that creates software for the customers but customers that contribute to making useful software for themselves as part of a community. ==Examples== Common examples include the GNU/Linux Operating System, the Mozilla Firefox web browser, and the LibreOffice office suite. Other examples include WordPress, Apache, VLC, Blender, and others. Each of those applications have significant shares in their respective markets and may pose a threat to their traditional, proprietary competitors. {{BookCat}} fankzb7e1vb8dkforzelxybd1s9nh7t 0 45526 4095973 3339101 2022-08-25T06:35:47Z Mbrickn 3181019 Edited, modernized wikitext text/x-wiki '''Media''', another area of Open Culture, includes content-sharing such as BitTorrent, and other P2P networks. It is very recent, mainly having come with the recent development of internet. These networks allow everyone to share their photos, music and videos so that everyone has access to all the media he would like and gives his own production to everyone. What are the incentives to produce new media if one can't get any money out of it? Some incentives include communicating one's thoughts, beliefs and knowledge. And to be sure that one's work will at least have a reference to the author, one can use licenses like the ones that Creative Commons proposes. People increasingly are influenced by media. This is called the "'''media imperative'''". {{BookCat}} fc9llg31mv0p76o7sqz5c5zv5gqphtb 4095975 4095973 2022-08-25T06:36:27Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Media''', another area of Open Culture, includes content-sharing such as BitTorrent, and other P2P networks. It is very recent, mainly having come with the development of the Internet. These networks allow everyone to share their photos, music and videos so that everyone has access to all the media he would like and gives his own production to everyone. What are the incentives to produce new media if one can't get any money out of it? Some incentives include communicating one's thoughts, beliefs and knowledge. And to be sure that one's work will at least have a reference to the author, one can use licenses like the ones that Creative Commons proposes. People increasingly are influenced by media. This is called the "'''media imperative'''". {{BookCat}} jozc73hrjxhvcv9pd1tfljbx8nzunyh 4095976 4095975 2022-08-25T06:38:12Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sprite Fright - Blender Open Movie-full movie.webm|thumb|''Sprite Fright'', an example of a movie made with open source software, and released under a Creative Commons licence (CC-Attribution-4.0).]] '''Media''', another area of Open Culture, includes content-sharing such as BitTorrent, and other P2P networks. It is very recent, mainly having come with the development of the Internet. These networks allow everyone to share their photos, music and videos so that everyone has access to all the media he would like and gives his own production to everyone. What are the incentives to produce new media if one can't get any money out of it? Some incentives include communicating one's thoughts, beliefs and knowledge. And to be sure that one's work will at least have a reference to the author, one can use licenses like the ones that Creative Commons proposes. People increasingly are influenced by media. This is called the "'''media imperative'''". {{BookCat}} kjyp6ru69xmm4qncpupy7o3qz5ev5dw 0 45527 4095987 3339106 2022-08-25T06:59:35Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki Many different websites and groups are promoting discussions about national or international politics, these are strong actors in the open culture movement, because they want to have everyone contribute to the different subjects to advance the general knowledge. Though this has been said to be a manifestation of left wing politics. However, politically-oriented websites tend to attract politically opinionated individuals, and, as a result, Open Culture has not been as successful in such venues as might have been anticipated. For instance, Indymedia, regarded by some as Open, is regarded by many as a failure in that deletions and IP banning is performed by a closed group, and the Open publishing is exploited by parties who might better be deleted, but are not deleted, because the deletion powers vest in the closed groups. {{BookCat}} ew5qb1pvctbxdf8u4ncovymzi48htii 0 45967 4095741 3996185 2022-08-24T12:10:38Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Niyamasabha.jpg|Niyamasabha.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Gbawden|Gbawden]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Arunvarmaother~commonswiki|]]. wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size:20px"> <big> </big></div> '''Malayalam''' (മലയാളം) is an Indian language belonging to the Dravidian language family spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88% of Indians. Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé) and is spoken by 34 million people worldwide. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari, and Coimbatore, Tenkasi, Theni districts of Tamil Nadu and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka. Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf, the language is also widely spoken in the Gulf countries. * The name 'Malayalam' has a place in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest name of a language which is a '''palindrome'''. ==Etymology== The word Malayalam originated from the words '''mala''', meaning "'''mountain'''", and '''alam''', meaning "'''region'''" or "-ship" (as in "township"); Malayalam thus translates directly as "the mountain region." The term originally referred to the land of the Chera dynasty, and only later became the name of its language. The language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle. The earliest extant literary works in the regional language of present-day Kerala probably date back to as early as the 12th century. However, the named identity of this language appears to have come into existence only around the 16th century, when it was known as "'''Malayayma'''" or "'''Malayanma'''"; the words were also used to refer to the script and the region. The word "Malayalam" was coined in the later period, and the local people referred to their language as both "Tamil" and "Malayalam" until the colonial period. ==Dialect== Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. Dialects of Malayalam are distinguishable at regional and social levels, including occupational and also communal differences. The salient features of many varieties of tribal speech (e.g., the speech of Muthuvans, Malayarayas, Malai Ulladas, Kanikkars, Kadars, Paliyars, Kurumas, and Vedas) and those of the various dialects Namboothiris,Nairs,Ezhavas,Syrian Christians (Nasrani),Muslims,fishermen and many of the occupational terms common to different sections of Malayalees have been identified.  * According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional dialects of Malayalam can be divided into thirteen dialect areas. They are as follows: {| class="wikitable" |- | South Travancore || South Malabar || North Western Palghat || West Vempanad || Kochi-Thrissur |- | Central Travancore || Central Malabar || South Eastern Palghat || Wayanad || Lakshadweep |- | North Travancore || North Malabar || Kasaragod || |} *[[/Viewing the font/]] *[[/Common phrases/]] *[[/Alphabet/]] {{shelves|Languages of Asia}} {{Status|25%}} a7xlrbaier8qpwjcouhkmnq1n30rl8j 0 52224 4095780 3322941 2022-08-24T16:56:43Z Rgdboer 1021217 /* Elliptic Geometry */ model with versors wikitext text/x-wiki There are precisely three different classes of three-dimensional constant-curvature geometry: Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic geometry. The three geometries are all built on the same first four axioms, but each has a unique version of the fifth axiom, also known as the parallel postulate. The 1868 ''Essay on an Interpretation of Non-Euclidean Geometry'' by Eugenio Beltrami (1835 - 1900) proved the logical consistency of the two Non-Euclidean geometries, hyperbolic and elliptic. == The Parallel Postulate == [[File:Noneuclid.svg|thumb|300px|Parallelism in the three geometries]] The parallel postulate is as follows for the corresponding geometries. '''Euclidean geometry:''' Playfair's version: "Given a line ''l'' and a point ''P'' not on ''l'', there exists a unique line ''m'' through ''P'' that is parallel to ''l''." Euclid's version: "Suppose that a line ''l'' meets two other lines ''m'' and ''n'' so that the sum of the interior angles on one side of ''l'' is less than 180°. Then ''m'' and ''n'' intersect in a point on that side of ''l''." These two versions are equivalent; though Playfair's may be easier to conceive, Euclid's is often useful for proofs. '''Hyperbolic geometry:''' Given an arbitrary infinite line ''l'' and any point ''P'' not on ''l'', there exist two or more distinct lines which pass through ''P'' and are parallel to ''l''. '''Elliptic geometry:''' Given an arbitrary infinite line ''l'' and any point ''P'' not on ''l'', there does not exist a line which passes through ''P'' and is parallel to ''l''. == Hyperbolic Geometry == Hyperbolic geometry is also known as saddle geometry or Lobachevskian geometry. It differs in many ways to Euclidean geometry, often leading to quite counter-intuitive results. Some of these remarkable consequences of this geometry's unique fifth postulate include: 1. The sum of the three interior angles in a triangle is strictly less than 180°. Moreover, the angle sums of two distinct triangles are not necessarily the same. 2. Two triangles with the same interior angles have the same area. ===Models of Hyperbolic Space=== The following are four of the most common models used to describe hyperbolic space. 1. '''The Poincaré Disc Model'''. Also known as the conformal disc model. In it, the hyperbolic plane is represented by the interior of a circle, and lines are represented by arcs of circles that are orthogonal to the boundary circle and by diameters of the boundary circle. 2. '''The Klein Model'''. Also known as the Beltrami-Klein model or projective disc model. In it, the hyperbolic plane is represented by the interior of a circle, and lines are represented by chords of the circle. This model gives a misleading visual representation of the magnitude of angles. 3. '''The Poincaré Half-Plane Model'''. The hyperbolic plane is represented by one-half of the Euclidean plane, as defined by a given Euclidean line ''l'', where ''l'' is not considered part of the hyperbolic space. Lines are represented by half-circles orthogonal to ''l'' or rays perpendicular to ''l''. 4. '''The Hyperboloid Model'''. The hyperbolic plane is represented on one of the sheets of a 2-sheeted hyperboloid. This model is used in modern physics to represent velocity space. ===Defining ''Parallel''=== Based on this geometry's definition of the fifth axiom, what does ''parallel'' mean? The following definitions are made for this geometry. If a line ''l'' and a line ''m'' do not intersect in the hyperbolic plane, but intersect at the plane's boundary of infinity, then ''l'' and ''m'' are said to be '''parallel'''. If a line ''p'' and a line ''q'' neither intersect in the hyperbolic plane nor at the boundary at infinity, then ''p'' and ''q'' are said to be '''ultraparallel'''. ===The Ultraparallel Theorem=== For any two lines ''m'' and ''n'' in the hyperbolic plane such that ''m'' and ''n'' are ultraparallel, there exists a unique line ''l'' that is perpendicular to both ''m'' and ''n''. == Elliptic Geometry == ===Models of Elliptic Space=== Spherical geometry gives us perhaps the simplest model of elliptic geometry. Points are represented by points on the sphere. Lines are represented by circles through the points. Elliptic geometry mmay be first considered as rotation geometry in 3D space: every rotation has both an axis (say specified by a unit vector r) and a turn, generally ranging from 0 degrees to 180 degrees. A turn in the interval (180, 360) may be interpreted as being about the opposite axis &minus;r with turn taken as the complement in 360. [[w:William Rowan Hamilton]] practiced celestial geometry as an astronomer. He invented 4D quaternion geometry which has a 3D sphere of versors that represent the sides of spherical triangles. The versor algebra has products corresponding to composed rotations. Elliptic geometry looks at this product as a spherical triangle: a side of the triangle is a versor, and quaternion multiplication relates two sides to the third as follows: To get a versor, start with the formula of Euler <math>\exp(i \theta) = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta</math> that uses an “imaginary unit” i with i² = &minus; 1. Now imagine an unit sphere <math>S^2 \subset \real^3</math> of such units. Call a generic point on this sphere r so r² = &minus;1. For three points i, j, k at right angles to eachother, the unit vector may be written <math>r = xi + yj + zk .</math> Hamilton’s convention has i, j, and k anticommute, so ij = &minus;ji, etcetera. To this space of imaginaries, Hamilton adjoined a real number axis to form a real quaternion <math>q = w + xi + yj + zk.</math> For a given r, its versors lie on a circle through 1 and &minus;1. As r ranges over S² these circles form the three-sphere. The elliptic geometry of rotations in 3-space has this hypersphere of versors as points. To obtain the distance between versors v and w, first find the versor <math>v^{-1}w ,</math> then use its turn for the distance. {{BookCat}} d03l9mfrf36k2slvcznywva8oedfeq4 4095782 4095780 2022-08-24T17:03:48Z Rgdboer 1021217 /* Elliptic Geometry */ lk ACA/Quaternions wikitext text/x-wiki There are precisely three different classes of three-dimensional constant-curvature geometry: Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic geometry. The three geometries are all built on the same first four axioms, but each has a unique version of the fifth axiom, also known as the parallel postulate. The 1868 ''Essay on an Interpretation of Non-Euclidean Geometry'' by Eugenio Beltrami (1835 - 1900) proved the logical consistency of the two Non-Euclidean geometries, hyperbolic and elliptic. == The Parallel Postulate == [[File:Noneuclid.svg|thumb|300px|Parallelism in the three geometries]] The parallel postulate is as follows for the corresponding geometries. '''Euclidean geometry:''' Playfair's version: "Given a line ''l'' and a point ''P'' not on ''l'', there exists a unique line ''m'' through ''P'' that is parallel to ''l''." Euclid's version: "Suppose that a line ''l'' meets two other lines ''m'' and ''n'' so that the sum of the interior angles on one side of ''l'' is less than 180°. Then ''m'' and ''n'' intersect in a point on that side of ''l''." These two versions are equivalent; though Playfair's may be easier to conceive, Euclid's is often useful for proofs. '''Hyperbolic geometry:''' Given an arbitrary infinite line ''l'' and any point ''P'' not on ''l'', there exist two or more distinct lines which pass through ''P'' and are parallel to ''l''. '''Elliptic geometry:''' Given an arbitrary infinite line ''l'' and any point ''P'' not on ''l'', there does not exist a line which passes through ''P'' and is parallel to ''l''. == Hyperbolic Geometry == Hyperbolic geometry is also known as saddle geometry or Lobachevskian geometry. It differs in many ways to Euclidean geometry, often leading to quite counter-intuitive results. Some of these remarkable consequences of this geometry's unique fifth postulate include: 1. The sum of the three interior angles in a triangle is strictly less than 180°. Moreover, the angle sums of two distinct triangles are not necessarily the same. 2. Two triangles with the same interior angles have the same area. ===Models of Hyperbolic Space=== The following are four of the most common models used to describe hyperbolic space. 1. '''The Poincaré Disc Model'''. Also known as the conformal disc model. In it, the hyperbolic plane is represented by the interior of a circle, and lines are represented by arcs of circles that are orthogonal to the boundary circle and by diameters of the boundary circle. 2. '''The Klein Model'''. Also known as the Beltrami-Klein model or projective disc model. In it, the hyperbolic plane is represented by the interior of a circle, and lines are represented by chords of the circle. This model gives a misleading visual representation of the magnitude of angles. 3. '''The Poincaré Half-Plane Model'''. The hyperbolic plane is represented by one-half of the Euclidean plane, as defined by a given Euclidean line ''l'', where ''l'' is not considered part of the hyperbolic space. Lines are represented by half-circles orthogonal to ''l'' or rays perpendicular to ''l''. 4. '''The Hyperboloid Model'''. The hyperbolic plane is represented on one of the sheets of a 2-sheeted hyperboloid. This model is used in modern physics to represent velocity space. ===Defining ''Parallel''=== Based on this geometry's definition of the fifth axiom, what does ''parallel'' mean? The following definitions are made for this geometry. If a line ''l'' and a line ''m'' do not intersect in the hyperbolic plane, but intersect at the plane's boundary of infinity, then ''l'' and ''m'' are said to be '''parallel'''. If a line ''p'' and a line ''q'' neither intersect in the hyperbolic plane nor at the boundary at infinity, then ''p'' and ''q'' are said to be '''ultraparallel'''. ===The Ultraparallel Theorem=== For any two lines ''m'' and ''n'' in the hyperbolic plane such that ''m'' and ''n'' are ultraparallel, there exists a unique line ''l'' that is perpendicular to both ''m'' and ''n''. == Elliptic Geometry == Elliptic geometry may be first considered as rotation geometry in 3D space: every rotation has both an axis (say specified by a unit vector ''r'') and a turn, generally ranging from 0 degrees to 180 degrees. A turn in the interval (180, 360) may be interpreted as being about the opposite axis &minus;''r'' with turn taken as the complement in 360. [[w:William Rowan Hamilton]] practiced celestial geometry as an astronomer. He invented 4D quaternion geometry which has a 3D sphere of versors that represent the sides of spherical triangles. The versor algebra has products corresponding to composed rotations. Elliptic geometry looks at this product as a spherical triangle: a side of the triangle is a versor, and quaternion multiplication relates two sides to the third as follows: To get a versor, start with the formula of Euler <math>\exp(i \theta) = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta</math> that uses an "imaginary unit" i with i² = &minus; 1. Now imagine an unit sphere <math>S^2 \subset \real^3</math> of such units. Call a generic point on this sphere ''r'' so r² = &minus;1. For three points i, j, k at right angles to eachother, the unit vector may be written <math>r = xi + yj + zk .</math> Hamilton's convention has i, j, and k anticommute, so ij = &minus;ji, etcetera. To this space of imaginaries, Hamilton adjoined a real number axis to form a real quaternion <math>q = w + xi + yj + zk.</math> For a given ''r'', its versors lie on a circle through 1 and &minus;1. As ''r'' ranges over S² these circles form the three-sphere. The elliptic geometry of rotations in 3-space has this hypersphere of versors as points. To obtain the distance between versors ''v'' and ''w'', first find the versor <math>v^{-1}w ,</math> then use its turn for the distance. The connection between rotations and versor operators is shown in [[Associative Composition Algebra/Quaternions]]. {{BookCat}} 6eg2b8tykyu5lvzobo4yma9f2xhvne6 0 57112 4095988 3339104 2022-08-25T07:02:52Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki Some see Open Culture as a way to enhance the way people work. An interesting example of this is the sub-movement of Open-source Cola, which aims to openly share and improve recipes for making cola flavor soda pop. {{BookCat}} 6bcdlzu6th1chqlucydoez0a5ddufya 0 64508 4095868 3454443 2022-08-24T21:45:32Z Darrelljon 45960 /* File types for further research */ SVG wikitext text/x-wiki == Related Reading == * Read * [http://www.fcla.edu/digitalArchive/pdfs/recFormats.pdf Recommended Data Formats] for Preservation Purposes in the FCLA Digital Archive. * [http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/DL/hedstrom.html Digital preservation: a time bomb for Digital Libraries] - Margaret Hedstrom * [[w:Digital-Preservation|Digital Preservation]] in Wikipedia * [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001300/130071e.pdf Guidelines for the Preservation of Digital Heritage] (PDF) UNESCO, March 2003. * European Interoperability Framework for pan-European eGovernment Services [http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/servlets/Doc?id=19528 pdf(1449Kb)], 2004. Includes the EU definition of Open Standards (p 9) and outlines reasons for giving strong consideration to OpenSource software (p 10). * [http://odin.dep.no/mod/norsk/dok/hoeringer/paa_hoering/050021-080002/dok-nu.html Public Sector Use of Open IT Standards and Open Source Software] in the Norwegian public sector * [http://standarder.oio.dk/English/ The Interoperability Framework] is the Danish e-Government Interoperability Framework for exchange, storage and availability of electronic information * [http://www.openformats.org/ Openformats.org] * [[Wikipedia:Comparison of document markup languages]] * [http://stereopsis.com/hostage.html "Holding My Data Hostage: Why software licenses should not expire"] article by Michael Herf 2001-05-08 * [http://embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=22103292 "Planning for longevity"] article by Jack Ganssle 2004-07-01 ==Standards organisation== * [http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)] * [http://www.oasis-open.org/ Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (Oasis)] * [http://www.iso.org/ International Standards Organisation (ISO)] * [http://www.ansi.org/ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)] * [http://www.aiim.org/standards.asp?ID=25013 PDF-Archive Committee] ==File types for further research== Feel free to expand this list. <ul><li>Contact lists ([[w:Ldap|ldap]] for external address books, [[w:LDIF|ldif]] -Lightweight Directory Interchange Format)</li> <li>Audio files ([[w:Ogg Vorbis|Ogg Vorbis]]) and the problems with mp3 as proprietary format [http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/amm/legal/ Frauenhofer Patents]</li> <li>Video files: Moving Pictures Experts Group MPEG-2 & MPEG-4 include [http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/amm/legal/ Frauenhofer Patents]</li> <li>3D Modeling: ASCII Alias/Wavefront [[w:Obj|OBJ]]. What is SQL DDL? <li>Financial records</li><li>Calendars: [http://www.scheduleworld.com/ ScheduleWorld]</li> <li>Diagrams: SVG, [[w:DOT (graph description language)|DOT graph descriptions]] or [[w:Dia (software)|Dia diagrams and flowcharts]] over Microsoft Visio files</li></ul> ==File formats for portability== * Addressbook information: LDIF {{BookCat}} kpbs5tj33z5wld3rz919dtrvptb4day 0 93247 4095860 3640262 2022-08-24T21:26:00Z Darrelljon 45960 /* Multimedia */ Calligra Flow wikitext text/x-wiki {{FOSS Education}} == Requirements of Educational Institutions == Different educational institutions have different [[w:Information technology|ICT]] infrastructure requirements, depending on the level of education, the nature of the courses they offer and the available funding. Invariably, however, there is a need for computer laboratories in educational institutions for conducting basic computer classes, allowing students to complete their assignments, conducting specialized ICT classes,providing access to the library system, making available learning management systems and facilitating email communications. The number of computers required depends on the student population and the student-computer ratio that the institution considers desirable. === Networking === Computers within laboratories are normally connected via a [[w:Local area network|Local Area Network]] (LAN). In an education environment most of the student users are "nomadic" and do not have designated computers.Hence, the set-up must allow them to work from any of the computers on the network. === Internet Connectivity === Ability to connect to the Internet is a basic requirement that educational institutions should strive to provide as it allows both students and academic staff to access the numerous digital resources available on the Web. It also enables the use of email, which has become an important means of communication. For educational institutions, the Internet is a service that facilitates effective administration of the institution and provides a channel of communication between educators and students that can lead to more effective learning. It is also necessary for the implementation of [[w:e-learning|e-learning]] and [[w:Distance education|distance learning]]. === Security === With [[w:Internet|Internet]] connectivity, an institution's network is accessible from the Internet. Thus it is essential to have a firewall to protect against intrusion by unauthorized users, especially if there is high-speed 24-hour Internet access.User authentication is required to ensure that only authorized users can access the network. === Web Publishing === There are often requirements, in an academic setting, for publishing information and providing access to materials via the Web. These include teachers and lecturers providing course materials online, students putting up Web pages, administrators publishing information on the intranet and the institution maintaining a public website. All these require appropriate Web server hardware and software. == Server Software == A main component of the ICT infrastructure of an organization is the servers that provide various services such as email, file and print services. Appropriate software is required to provide these services. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) have been found to be appropriate for this purpose. They compare favourably with the proprietary equivalent in terms of features and, in certain cases, have a higher market share. === Email === The provision of email services requires setting up an [[w:Email server|email server]] that controls sending and delivery of messages. Once such a server is set up, it is expected to run continuously without any problems. An interruption will affect communication and the work of many in the organization. Hence, reliability is a major concern for email server software. Other concerns are security and performance. Several robust FOSS email servers such as [[w:Sendmail|Sendmail]] ( http://www.sendmail.org ) and [[w:Postfix (software)|Postfix]] ( http://www.postfix.org ) are available and are being deployed successfully in many organizations, including educational institutions. They compare favourably with proprietary email servers such as [[w:Microsoft Exchange|Microsoft Exchange]], are simpler to deploy and require fewer computing resources. === File and Print Services === One characteristic of ICT usage in an educational institution is the "nomadic" user, that is, students who use the network services from different computers. This requires a file server that would allow them to save their work and configurations in a central server instead of in the local workstations. The possible need to print from any workstation requires server software that allows this. [[w:Samba (software)|Samba]] ( http://www.samba.org ) is a FOSS file cum print server that runs on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] and works seamlessly with workstations running [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] at the same time. === Network services === The [[w:Domain Name System|Domain Name System]] (DNS) is needed to translate domain names to [[w:Internet Protocol|Internet Protocol]] (IP) addresses. The most widely used DNS server is [[w:BIND|BIND]] (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), which is [[w:Free Software|Free Software]]. Every computer connected to a network needs to be assigned an [[w:IP address|IP address]]. This can be done manually but it is most common to have the IP address assigned dynamically by a [[w:DHCP|DHCP]] ([[w:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol]]) server. Most [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] include a DHCP server. [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] has a utility called [[w:Netfilter/iptables|Iptables]] that can be used to implement firewalls to protect against security intrusion. Some ready-made FOSS firewalls are also available, such as [[w:Shorewall|Shorewall]] ( http://www.shorewall.net ). Intrusion detection tools are used to detect any security breach and one such FOSS is [[w:Snort (software)|Snort]] ( http://www.snort.org ). === Web Server === The most popular [[w:Web server|Web server]] is [[w:Apache HTTP server|Apache]] ( http://www.apache.org ), which is [[w:Free and Open Source Software|Free/Open Source Software]]. It is reputed to have a 67% share (April, [[w:2004|2004]]) of the total [[w:Web server|Web server]] market worldwide.<ref>http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html</ref> It can be used to host public websites for educational institutions and to host intranets within institutions. It is often used with GNU/Linux as the operating system, [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] as the database server and [[w:PHP|PHP]] as the scripting language. All of these are FOSS. Their combination is often referred to as [[w:LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]]-[[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] and [[w:PHP|PHP]] (alternatively [[w:Perl|Perl]] or [[w:Python programming language|Python]]). === Other Server Software === There are numerous other Free/Open Source server software that can be useful in an education environment, such as [[w:database|database]] management systems,content management systems and mailing list servers. The most well-known FOSS database management systems are [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] ( http://www.mysql.com ) and PostgreSQL ( http://www.postgresql.org ). As mentioned earlier, MySQL is often used for building dynamic websites. It is suitable as a database management system for many other applications and is used in business-critical enterprise applications and packaged software. Various educational applications such as [[w:Learning Management Systems|Learning Management Systems]] and [[w:Library Management Systems|Library Management Systems]] also use MySQL. A [[w:Content management system|Content Management System]] (CMS) facilitates the creation, publishing and management of Web content by providing a platform that can be used by individuals without their having to be skilled in the underlying technologies. Examples of FOSS Content Management Systems are [[w:PostNuke|PostNuke]] ( http://www.postnuke.com ) and [[w:Plone (content management system)|Plone]] ( http://www.plone.org ). PostNuke is based on PHP and MySQL, while Plone is based on the [[w:Zope|Zope]] application server, which is written using the [[w:Python programming language|Python programming language]]. In an educational institution, the availability of such FOSS CMSs enables staff and students to develop Internet and intranet websites for various purposes with relative ease. The [[w:Mailing list|mailing list]] is an older application that enables online discussions and collaboration to take place. When an email is addressed to a mailing list, it is broadcast to the individuals subscribed to the list by email. Although newsgroups and Web-based discussion forums serve a similar function, the mailing list may still be useful in the education environment, especially where Internet connectivity is still rudimentary. The more popular FOSS mailing list servers are [[w:Majordomo (software)|Majordomo]] ( http://www.greatcircle.com/ ) and [[w:GNU Mailman|Mailman]] ( http://www.list.org ). These FOSS server applications make the development of a collaborative environment in educational institutions at minimal cost possible. They allow academic staff, students, parents and administrators to interact in a way that was not possible in the past === Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) === Desktop applications such as a browser, an email client and a productivity suite are basic requirements in education settings. Even a small computer laboratory will require these applications to be installed in all computers. Instead of installing these applications on every workstation,it may be easier and less expensive to use "thin clients" These are computers with a network card, graphics card, monitor, keyboard and mouse, but without hard disk, CD-ROM drive and operating system. The server handles all computing tasks, including the running of applications, provision of storage space and management of files.This means that cheaper hardware (or old and donated hardware) can be used for the clients. Only the server needs to be installed with the necessary peripherals and software, which means maintenance will be easier. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP- http://www.ltsp.org ), started in [[w:1999|1999]], provides the necessary software to set up such a network of diskless workstations. It supports various [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] and over 100,000 sites are using [[w:LTSP|LTSP]]. During boot up, the diskless workstation obtains the necessary network information from the server and the [[w:Operating system|operating system]] is downloaded from the server. Any programme supported by the server can be run from the workstation. It should be noted that a network setup using LTSP will be a [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] only network and is primarily suited for a new installation. {{TextBox|'''[[w:Kerala|Kerala]], India''' In [[w:2002|2002]], a project to introduce computer facilities in schools in [[w:Kannur|Kannur]], [[w:Kerala|Kerala]] was initiated by the local Member of Parliament and the district administrators.To cut costs it was decided that a [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution would be used to set up the facilities. The hardware was supplied by a state-owned enterprise and the LTSP solution was implemented by a private company. Since the project involved the installation of new hardware, it was possible to use identical computing components (computers, video cards, network cards, hubs, and other accessories), which simplified the whole setup. The LTSP server was a Pentium IV machine with CDROM drive and hard disk. The disk-less workstations were Celeron machines without any hard drive or CDROM drive. All of the computers were configured and tested off site before they were sent to the schools. Each school initially received one server and 3-5 workstations. The server ran a customized Red Hat distribution and LTSP. The other FOSS software installed to run from the server were [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite, multimedia and Internet applications, programming tools and other educational software. Using the [[w:LTSP|LTSP]] to set up the computer facilities resulted in substantial savings as more computer facilities could be set up in more schools. Forty-three government schools now have access to their own computer facilities running [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] with numerous FOSS. The teachers were given basic training on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] systems and the computer facilities have been well received by both teachers and students. (More information about this project is available at http://2s2net.netfirms.com/project.html ).}} == Workstation Software == Although there has been increasing adoption of FOSS for desktops, its penetration is still relatively low. [[w:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]] still dominates the desktop environment, with an estimated 90% market share. However, it is believed that the desktop based on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] suits many users.<ref>Decrem, B., "''Desktop Linux Technology Market Overview''", Open Source Applications Foundation (OSAF), July 2003; available from http://www.osafoundation.org/desktop-linux-overview.pdf .</ref> The increasing availability of applications on the [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] desktop with features comparable to proprietary software will only encourage more widespread adoption. A long list of FOSS desktop applications that are equivalent to proprietary applications running on Windows is available at http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml . However, it should be noted that in order to use FOSS on the desktop it is not necessary to discard the proprietary desktop operating systems. For example, programs such as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]], [[w:Mozilla|Mozilla]], and [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] are available for the Windows platform. Hence, FOSS programs can be easily downloaded, installed and experimented with, without having to replace the existing proprietary operating system. In fact, there are various options when considering the introduction of FOSS on the desktop, namely: # retain the use of [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and run FOSS applications for this platform; # replace Windows with [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]; # set up dual boot systems, which allows users to choose between [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] during startup; or # run [[w: Microsoft Windows|Windows]] within [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] or run [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] within [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] using appropriate software. === Productivity Suite === [[File:Aoo writer 3.4.png|thumb|Word processor in OpenOffice]] In educational institutions, both staff (administrative and academic) and students require a suite of office productivity software consisting of a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software. [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]] is currently the most widely used productivity suite. However, the FOSS productivity suite, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] ( http://www.openoffice.org ), is gaining popularity as its features are becoming comparable to the proprietary Office suite. As noted earlier, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] can run on various platforms and a complete migration to [[w:Linux|Linux]] before it can be used is not necessary. In fact, it can be run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] side-by-side with [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. A prominent feature of the latest version of [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is the ability to export documents directly to [[w:PDF|pdf]] format.This feature is not available in its proprietary counterpart. Although interoperability with the existing proprietary productivity suite is not perfect, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is an attractive option for educational institutions. The look and feel are similar to that of [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. In most cases, only the basic features of the productivity suite are utilized by students and staff and these are available in the [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite. Another FOSS productivity suite - [http://www.onlyoffice.org ONLYOFFICE] - enables to deactivate unnecessary modules and concentrate on most demanded applications: document management, project management, networking and mail. Full-featured editors include word processor, spreadsheet, presentation and enable users to create, edit and co-edit documents in real-time mode. There are other FOSS productivity suites available but they are not as complete as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]]. [[w:KOffice|KOffice]] is the productivity suite running on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop and [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] Office is the suite running on the competing desktop [[w:GNOME|GNOME]]. The word processor ( [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ) and spreadsheet ( [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ) components in [[w:GNOME Office|GNOME Office]] are considered to be of high quality. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ( http://www.abiword.com ) works on most major operating systems, including [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and it supports many languages. It can read and write most documents in Word format and has the same look and feel as Word. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]]'s native document format uses [[w:Extensible Markup Language|Extensible Markup Language]] (XML), which is an open standard. This means that an [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] document can be read by any other software using an appropriate XML parser. [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ( http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric ) is a fast and complete [[w:Spreadsheet|spreadsheet]] programme that is being actively developed. It can support various spreadsheet file formats and has good support for [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] files. Many of the worksheet functions available in [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] are supported in [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]]. However, it currently does not run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. Work is being carried out to make this possible. === Web Browser === [[File:Firefox13.png|thumb|Firefox, a FOSS web browser]] There are a number of Open Source browsers available such as [[w:Firefox|Firefox]], [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] and [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]]. [[w:Firefox|Firefox]] ( http://www.mozilla.org ) is a popular browser that is based on [[w:Source code|source code]] released by [[w:Netscape|Netscape]]. Apart from a browser it also contains an extension system and can be expanded with many additional tools and utilities such as a Web authoring tool. It is [[w:Cross-platform|cross-platform]] and a version for [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] is available that can be downloaded and installed without affecting existing [[w:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] installation. [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] ( http://galeon.sourceforge.net ) is another FOSS Web browser. It runs on the [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] desktop. [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]] ( http://konqueror.kde.org ) runs on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop. === Multimedia === [[File:Flow-2.4-screenshot-beta1.png|thumb|Calligra Flow]] A wide range of multimedia FOSS is available, including graphics editors and video players that can serve as tools for enhancing educational content and its delivery. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] (GNU Image Manipulation Programme - http://www.gimp.org ) is the most well-known FOSS for image editing and graphic design. It is a desktop application that can be used for various purposes by both academic staff and students. It is available for [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. As it supports various image file formats, interoperability with other programs should not be an issue. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] is considered to be the FOSS equivalent of the proprietary [[w:Photoshop|Photoshop]] software. A programme that allows the drawing of diagrams will find good use in an educational institution.There are some good proprietary software that serve this purpose, such as [[w:Microsoft Visio|Visio]] and [[w:Smartdraw|Smartdraw]]. A FOSS equivalent called [[w:Dia|Dia]] ( http://gnome.org/projects/dia ) has been designed to provide similar functions. It can be used to draw many different kinds of diagrams and has special objects to facilitate the drawing of flowcharts, network diagrams and simple circuits.The programme is available for the Windows platform in addition to FOSS operating systems, as is Calligra Flow. [[w:Audacity|Audacity]] ( http://audacity.sourceforge.net ) is a FOSS [[w:Digital audio editor|audio editor]] through which you can record sounds, play editor through which you can record sounds, and import and export files in various formats. It can be used to edit your audio, mix tracks together, or apply effects to your recordings.This software will be useful when there is a need to digitize audio or make recordings for incorporation into multimedia educational content. It runs on most [[w:Unix|Unix]] systems (including [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]) and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. A media player for workstations is necessary for playback of videos and other multimedia content. This is commonly available on proprietary platforms. On FOSS platforms, [[w:Mplayer|Mplayer]] ( http://www.mplayerhq.hu ) is a programme that provides similar functionalities. It is available for [[w:Linux|Linux]] and many other [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and it supports many video and audio formats. For a listing of other multimedia FOSS available, please refer to http://llinuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtm . === Other Educational Software === Aside from FOSS desktop applications for general use, there is a lot of [[w:Free and Open Source|Free/Open Source]] educational software that may be used for teaching specific subjects or courses in schools and colleges and universities. The software ranges from drawing programs for young students (e.g., [[w:Tux Paint|Tux Paint]] - http://www.newbreedsoftware.com/tuxpaint ) to programs for learning geometry (e.g., Kig - http://edu.kde.org/kig ), chemistry (e.g., [[w:Ghemical|Ghemical]] - http://bioinformatics.org/ghemical ), and physics (e.g., Open-Source Physics Education project - http://www.opensourcephysics.org ). For higher education, there is [[w:QCAD|QCAD]] ( http://www.ribbonsoft.com/qcad.html ), a programme for [[w:CAD|Computer-Aided Drafting]] which may be used in technical drawing classes. [[w:Scilab|Scilab]] ( http://scilabsoft.inria.fr ) is a full-featured scientific software package that may be used in numerical analysis or engineering courses at the university level. These software titles represent a very small sample of FOSS available for education. There are various useful online resources available for locating other educational software, some of which are listed below. [[w:SchoolForge|SchoolForge]] ( http://www.schoolforge.net ) is a Web site for projects using Free and Open Source solutions in education. It was conceived as a site where resources are made available to help schools develop affordable and dependable software, as well as educational content. [[w:SEUL|SEUL/edu]] ( http://richtech.ca/seul ) is an education portal of Simple End-User Linux, promoting the use of [[w:Linux|Linux]], among other Open resources in education. It covers various aspects of educational uses of Linux by teachers, parents and students. It has a directory of school-related FOSS. The Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching (OFSET) has developed Freeduc ( http://www.ofset.org/freeduc ), which provides a catalog of educational software. It has also created a live CD-ROM of FOSS for schools to use. The idea behind a live Freeduc system on CD-ROM is that no installation is required, therefore students and teachers can easily use the applications as if they were installed on the local computer. The [[w:KDE Edutainment Project|KDE Edutainment Project]] ( http://edu.kde.org ) aims to develop educational software for the [[w:KDE|KDE desktop]]. Its main focus is young school children, but there are also programs that cater to university students and teachers. {{TextBox|'''Survey of OSS Use in Tertiary Institutions'''<ref>Glance,D., Kerr, J. and Reid, A.,"''Factors affecting the use of open source software in tertiary education institutions''", ''First Monday'', Volume 9, No. 2, Feb 2004; available from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_2/glance/index.html .</ref> To gauge the extent of the use of Open Source Software (OSS) in tertiary institutions, staff at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering of the [[w:University of Western Australia|University of Western Australia]] conducted a survey and reported the results in February [[w:2004|2004]]. Thirty-four tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the [[w:UK|UK]] provided feedback for the survey. The number of systems that the respondents were responsible for ranged from 10 to 18,000. Seventy-eight (78) percent of the respondents reported having staff with skills in OSS. All of the institutions surveyed had deployed OSS on servers; 50 percent of the institutions had deployed OSS in administration; 53 percent of the institutions were using OSS in teaching; 56 percent were using it in laboratories; and 50 percent were using it in research projects. Eighty-seven (87) percent of the respondents said there is equivalent or better support available for OS. Sixty-eight (68) percent said the support requirements of OSS are not higher than that for proprietary software, and that OSS is sometimes easier to support. The main benefit (84 percent) cited for the adoption of OSS is the lower [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO), although this may not be supported by a thorough assessment of the TCO at the individual institutions. Seventy-eight (78) percent said the benefit of using OSS is less reliance on a specific vendor. This survey shows that OSS has already made significant inroads into tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the UK, with 94 percent of the respondents indicating they are already using OSS.}} === Cost Savings === As shown earlier, FOSS in backend servers is mature and is equivalent or better than the proprietary counterpart. Applications for the desktop are increasingly available and some of them are suitable for production use. Given this case, it is imperative for administrators of educational institutions, especially those that are publicly funded, to give due consideration to the use of FOSS in their institutions. Even though it is common for heavy discounts on proprietary software to be made available to academic institutions, FOSS should still be considered. In the long run the choice to use FOSS instead of proprietary software can result in bigger cost savings. [[w:Proprietary software|Proprietary software]] designed specifically for the education market is generally very expensive, since vendors must recoup their development costs from very small markets. These may be administrative software such as [[w:Library Management System|Library Management Systems]] or [[w:Learning management system|Learning Management Systems]]. However, even for such specialized applications, high quality FOSS equivalents are now becoming available. In other areas such as [[w:Student Information System|Student Information Systems]], [[w:Human Resource Management|Human Resource Management]] and Financial Management Systems the FOSS alternatives are not mature enough for production use. But it is likely that FOSS for these and other education-specific applications will become available in the future. As mentioned earlier, the initial cost of FOSS is negligible. The cost of upgrades of FOSS is also insignificant. However, it has been argued that [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO) should be used in making comparisons between FOSS and [[w:Proprietary software|proprietary software]]. TCO also includes maintenance, support and training costs and these may be higher for FOSS. However, in various comparisons, the TCO for FOSS is still lower than that for proprietary software. In countries where labour costs are lower, the cost of maintenance, support and training will be a smaller percentage of the TCO, in which case the TCO of FOSS will be much lower. The availability of the [[w:Source code|source code]] also results in more companies being able to provide maintenance and support, which will drive down these costs. In an academic setting, there is often the possibility of getting assistance from the FOSS community without any cost involved. In some situations, the availability of funds or lack of it is such that it is not a choice between proprietary software and FOSS but a choice between FOSS and nothing. By using inexpensive or donated hardware with FOSS, some institutions may be able to provide computing facilities to their students that would otherwise be impossible. Even if funds are available for purchasing proprietary software, the savings resulting from using FOSS alternatives can be used for better purposes such as buying more computers, providing training for administrative and academic staff or developing non-ICT related infrastructure for the institution. {{TextBox|'''Example: [[w:Goa|Goa]], India''' Another example of the use of FOSS technology in setting up computer facilities in schools is the [[w:Goa|Goa]] Schools Computer Project (GSCP). Starting from [[w:2000|2000]], the GSCP helped to deploy 425 used computers shipped from the United States in 125 schools in Goa. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution was used to network the computers in the school laboratories. A cost analysis was made to estimate the savings resulting from the use of recycled computers and FOSS software. It was found that there was a cost savings of 77% when compared to the use of new equipment and proprietary software. The cost of maintenance was taken into account in the analysis. Even if new equipment were used, there was still a savings of 64% because the new equipment was of lower specifications when used with the FOSS software. One of the issues that arose was the need to train the computer teachers to facilitate the move to the [[w:Linux|Linux]] environment. But once this barrier was overcome, it was not difficult to use the FOSS desktop applications as they are quite similar to their proprietary counterparts. Another issue was lack of technical support provided by firms locally, pointing to the need for in-house support staff. More details of this case study are provided by Martyris.<ref>Martyris, D.,"Community-government partnerships and open source technology for low cost IT access in India-A case study", Harvard University, July 2003; available from http://www.developmentgateway.com/node/133831/sdm/blob?pid=5474.</ref> }} == Footnotes == <references /> {{BookCat}} syhhxjcc98bzzcxkm71jmqq0sm2f9hv 4095862 4095860 2022-08-24T21:29:40Z Darrelljon 45960 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Darrelljon|Darrelljon]] ([[User talk:Darrelljon|talk]]) to last version by Uziel302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FOSS Education}} == Requirements of Educational Institutions == Different educational institutions have different [[w:Information technology|ICT]] infrastructure requirements, depending on the level of education, the nature of the courses they offer and the available funding. Invariably, however, there is a need for computer laboratories in educational institutions for conducting basic computer classes, allowing students to complete their assignments, conducting specialized ICT classes,providing access to the library system, making available learning management systems and facilitating email communications. The number of computers required depends on the student population and the student-computer ratio that the institution considers desirable. === Networking === Computers within laboratories are normally connected via a [[w:Local area network|Local Area Network]] (LAN). In an education environment most of the student users are "nomadic" and do not have designated computers.Hence, the set-up must allow them to work from any of the computers on the network. === Internet Connectivity === Ability to connect to the Internet is a basic requirement that educational institutions should strive to provide as it allows both students and academic staff to access the numerous digital resources available on the Web. It also enables the use of email, which has become an important means of communication. For educational institutions, the Internet is a service that facilitates effective administration of the institution and provides a channel of communication between educators and students that can lead to more effective learning. It is also necessary for the implementation of [[w:e-learning|e-learning]] and [[w:Distance education|distance learning]]. === Security === With [[w:Internet|Internet]] connectivity, an institution's network is accessible from the Internet. Thus it is essential to have a firewall to protect against intrusion by unauthorized users, especially if there is high-speed 24-hour Internet access.User authentication is required to ensure that only authorized users can access the network. === Web Publishing === There are often requirements, in an academic setting, for publishing information and providing access to materials via the Web. These include teachers and lecturers providing course materials online, students putting up Web pages, administrators publishing information on the intranet and the institution maintaining a public website. All these require appropriate Web server hardware and software. == Server Software == A main component of the ICT infrastructure of an organization is the servers that provide various services such as email, file and print services. Appropriate software is required to provide these services. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) have been found to be appropriate for this purpose. They compare favourably with the proprietary equivalent in terms of features and, in certain cases, have a higher market share. === Email === The provision of email services requires setting up an [[w:Email server|email server]] that controls sending and delivery of messages. Once such a server is set up, it is expected to run continuously without any problems. An interruption will affect communication and the work of many in the organization. Hence, reliability is a major concern for email server software. Other concerns are security and performance. Several robust FOSS email servers such as [[w:Sendmail|Sendmail]] ( http://www.sendmail.org ) and [[w:Postfix (software)|Postfix]] ( http://www.postfix.org ) are available and are being deployed successfully in many organizations, including educational institutions. They compare favourably with proprietary email servers such as [[w:Microsoft Exchange|Microsoft Exchange]], are simpler to deploy and require fewer computing resources. === File and Print Services === One characteristic of ICT usage in an educational institution is the "nomadic" user, that is, students who use the network services from different computers. This requires a file server that would allow them to save their work and configurations in a central server instead of in the local workstations. The possible need to print from any workstation requires server software that allows this. [[w:Samba (software)|Samba]] ( http://www.samba.org ) is a FOSS file cum print server that runs on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] and works seamlessly with workstations running [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] at the same time. === Network services === The [[w:Domain Name System|Domain Name System]] (DNS) is needed to translate domain names to [[w:Internet Protocol|Internet Protocol]] (IP) addresses. The most widely used DNS server is [[w:BIND|BIND]] (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), which is [[w:Free Software|Free Software]]. Every computer connected to a network needs to be assigned an [[w:IP address|IP address]]. This can be done manually but it is most common to have the IP address assigned dynamically by a [[w:DHCP|DHCP]] ([[w:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol]]) server. Most [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] include a DHCP server. [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] has a utility called [[w:Netfilter/iptables|Iptables]] that can be used to implement firewalls to protect against security intrusion. Some ready-made FOSS firewalls are also available, such as [[w:Shorewall|Shorewall]] ( http://www.shorewall.net ). Intrusion detection tools are used to detect any security breach and one such FOSS is [[w:Snort (software)|Snort]] ( http://www.snort.org ). === Web Server === The most popular [[w:Web server|Web server]] is [[w:Apache HTTP server|Apache]] ( http://www.apache.org ), which is [[w:Free and Open Source Software|Free/Open Source Software]]. It is reputed to have a 67% share (April, [[w:2004|2004]]) of the total [[w:Web server|Web server]] market worldwide.<ref>http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html</ref> It can be used to host public websites for educational institutions and to host intranets within institutions. It is often used with GNU/Linux as the operating system, [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] as the database server and [[w:PHP|PHP]] as the scripting language. All of these are FOSS. Their combination is often referred to as [[w:LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]]-[[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] and [[w:PHP|PHP]] (alternatively [[w:Perl|Perl]] or [[w:Python programming language|Python]]). === Other Server Software === There are numerous other Free/Open Source server software that can be useful in an education environment, such as [[w:database|database]] management systems,content management systems and mailing list servers. The most well-known FOSS database management systems are [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] ( http://www.mysql.com ) and PostgreSQL ( http://www.postgresql.org ). As mentioned earlier, MySQL is often used for building dynamic websites. It is suitable as a database management system for many other applications and is used in business-critical enterprise applications and packaged software. Various educational applications such as [[w:Learning Management Systems|Learning Management Systems]] and [[w:Library Management Systems|Library Management Systems]] also use MySQL. A [[w:Content management system|Content Management System]] (CMS) facilitates the creation, publishing and management of Web content by providing a platform that can be used by individuals without their having to be skilled in the underlying technologies. Examples of FOSS Content Management Systems are [[w:PostNuke|PostNuke]] ( http://www.postnuke.com ) and [[w:Plone (content management system)|Plone]] ( http://www.plone.org ). PostNuke is based on PHP and MySQL, while Plone is based on the [[w:Zope|Zope]] application server, which is written using the [[w:Python programming language|Python programming language]]. In an educational institution, the availability of such FOSS CMSs enables staff and students to develop Internet and intranet websites for various purposes with relative ease. The [[w:Mailing list|mailing list]] is an older application that enables online discussions and collaboration to take place. When an email is addressed to a mailing list, it is broadcast to the individuals subscribed to the list by email. Although newsgroups and Web-based discussion forums serve a similar function, the mailing list may still be useful in the education environment, especially where Internet connectivity is still rudimentary. The more popular FOSS mailing list servers are [[w:Majordomo (software)|Majordomo]] ( http://www.greatcircle.com/ ) and [[w:GNU Mailman|Mailman]] ( http://www.list.org ). These FOSS server applications make the development of a collaborative environment in educational institutions at minimal cost possible. They allow academic staff, students, parents and administrators to interact in a way that was not possible in the past === Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) === Desktop applications such as a browser, an email client and a productivity suite are basic requirements in education settings. Even a small computer laboratory will require these applications to be installed in all computers. Instead of installing these applications on every workstation,it may be easier and less expensive to use "thin clients" These are computers with a network card, graphics card, monitor, keyboard and mouse, but without hard disk, CD-ROM drive and operating system. The server handles all computing tasks, including the running of applications, provision of storage space and management of files.This means that cheaper hardware (or old and donated hardware) can be used for the clients. Only the server needs to be installed with the necessary peripherals and software, which means maintenance will be easier. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP- http://www.ltsp.org ), started in [[w:1999|1999]], provides the necessary software to set up such a network of diskless workstations. It supports various [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] and over 100,000 sites are using [[w:LTSP|LTSP]]. During boot up, the diskless workstation obtains the necessary network information from the server and the [[w:Operating system|operating system]] is downloaded from the server. Any programme supported by the server can be run from the workstation. It should be noted that a network setup using LTSP will be a [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] only network and is primarily suited for a new installation. {{TextBox|'''[[w:Kerala|Kerala]], India''' In [[w:2002|2002]], a project to introduce computer facilities in schools in [[w:Kannur|Kannur]], [[w:Kerala|Kerala]] was initiated by the local Member of Parliament and the district administrators.To cut costs it was decided that a [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution would be used to set up the facilities. The hardware was supplied by a state-owned enterprise and the LTSP solution was implemented by a private company. Since the project involved the installation of new hardware, it was possible to use identical computing components (computers, video cards, network cards, hubs, and other accessories), which simplified the whole setup. The LTSP server was a Pentium IV machine with CDROM drive and hard disk. The disk-less workstations were Celeron machines without any hard drive or CDROM drive. All of the computers were configured and tested off site before they were sent to the schools. Each school initially received one server and 3-5 workstations. The server ran a customized Red Hat distribution and LTSP. The other FOSS software installed to run from the server were [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite, multimedia and Internet applications, programming tools and other educational software. Using the [[w:LTSP|LTSP]] to set up the computer facilities resulted in substantial savings as more computer facilities could be set up in more schools. Forty-three government schools now have access to their own computer facilities running [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] with numerous FOSS. The teachers were given basic training on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] systems and the computer facilities have been well received by both teachers and students. (More information about this project is available at http://2s2net.netfirms.com/project.html ).}} == Workstation Software == Although there has been increasing adoption of FOSS for desktops, its penetration is still relatively low. [[w:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]] still dominates the desktop environment, with an estimated 90% market share. However, it is believed that the desktop based on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] suits many users.<ref>Decrem, B., "''Desktop Linux Technology Market Overview''", Open Source Applications Foundation (OSAF), July 2003; available from http://www.osafoundation.org/desktop-linux-overview.pdf .</ref> The increasing availability of applications on the [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] desktop with features comparable to proprietary software will only encourage more widespread adoption. A long list of FOSS desktop applications that are equivalent to proprietary applications running on Windows is available at http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml . However, it should be noted that in order to use FOSS on the desktop it is not necessary to discard the proprietary desktop operating systems. For example, programs such as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]], [[w:Mozilla|Mozilla]], and [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] are available for the Windows platform. Hence, FOSS programs can be easily downloaded, installed and experimented with, without having to replace the existing proprietary operating system. In fact, there are various options when considering the introduction of FOSS on the desktop, namely: # retain the use of [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and run FOSS applications for this platform; # replace Windows with [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]; # set up dual boot systems, which allows users to choose between [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] during startup; or # run [[w: Microsoft Windows|Windows]] within [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] or run [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] within [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] using appropriate software. === Productivity Suite === [[File:Aoo writer 3.4.png|thumb|Word processor in OpenOffice]] In educational institutions, both staff (administrative and academic) and students require a suite of office productivity software consisting of a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software. [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]] is currently the most widely used productivity suite. However, the FOSS productivity suite, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] ( http://www.openoffice.org ), is gaining popularity as its features are becoming comparable to the proprietary Office suite. As noted earlier, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] can run on various platforms and a complete migration to [[w:Linux|Linux]] before it can be used is not necessary. In fact, it can be run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] side-by-side with [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. A prominent feature of the latest version of [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is the ability to export documents directly to [[w:PDF|pdf]] format.This feature is not available in its proprietary counterpart. Although interoperability with the existing proprietary productivity suite is not perfect, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is an attractive option for educational institutions. The look and feel are similar to that of [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. In most cases, only the basic features of the productivity suite are utilized by students and staff and these are available in the [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite. Another FOSS productivity suite - [http://www.onlyoffice.org ONLYOFFICE] - enables to deactivate unnecessary modules and concentrate on most demanded applications: document management, project management, networking and mail. Full-featured editors include word processor, spreadsheet, presentation and enable users to create, edit and co-edit documents in real-time mode. There are other FOSS productivity suites available but they are not as complete as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]]. [[w:KOffice|KOffice]] is the productivity suite running on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop and [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] Office is the suite running on the competing desktop [[w:GNOME|GNOME]]. The word processor ( [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ) and spreadsheet ( [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ) components in [[w:GNOME Office|GNOME Office]] are considered to be of high quality. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ( http://www.abiword.com ) works on most major operating systems, including [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and it supports many languages. It can read and write most documents in Word format and has the same look and feel as Word. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]]'s native document format uses [[w:Extensible Markup Language|Extensible Markup Language]] (XML), which is an open standard. This means that an [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] document can be read by any other software using an appropriate XML parser. [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ( http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric ) is a fast and complete [[w:Spreadsheet|spreadsheet]] programme that is being actively developed. It can support various spreadsheet file formats and has good support for [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] files. Many of the worksheet functions available in [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] are supported in [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]]. However, it currently does not run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. Work is being carried out to make this possible. === Web Browser === [[File:Firefox13.png|thumb|Firefox, a FOSS web browser]] There are a number of Open Source browsers available such as [[w:Firefox|Firefox]], [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] and [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]]. [[w:Firefox|Firefox]] ( http://www.mozilla.org ) is a popular browser that is based on [[w:Source code|source code]] released by [[w:Netscape|Netscape]]. Apart from a browser it also contains an extension system and can be expanded with many additional tools and utilities such as a Web authoring tool. It is [[w:Cross-platform|cross-platform]] and a version for [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] is available that can be downloaded and installed without affecting existing [[w:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] installation. [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] ( http://galeon.sourceforge.net ) is another FOSS Web browser. It runs on the [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] desktop. [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]] ( http://konqueror.kde.org ) runs on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop. === Multimedia === A wide range of multimedia FOSS is available, including graphics editors and video players that can serve as tools for enhancing educational content and its delivery. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] (GNU Image Manipulation Programme - http://www.gimp.org ) is the most well-known FOSS for image editing and graphic design. It is a desktop application that can be used for various purposes by both academic staff and students. It is available for [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. As it supports various image file formats, interoperability with other programs should not be an issue. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] is considered to be the FOSS equivalent of the proprietary [[w:Photoshop|Photoshop]] software. A programme that allows the drawing of diagrams will find good use in an educational institution.There are some good proprietary software that serve this purpose, such as [[w:Microsoft Visio|Visio]] and [[w:Smartdraw|Smartdraw]]. A FOSS equivalent called [[w:Dia|Dia]] ( http://gnome.org/projects/dia ) has been designed to provide similar functions. It can be used to draw many different kinds of diagrams and has special objects to facilitate the drawing of flowcharts, network diagrams and simple circuits.The programme is available for the Windows platform in addition to FOSS operating systems. [[w:Audacity|Audacity]] ( http://audacity.sourceforge.net ) is a FOSS [[w:Digital audio editor|audio editor]] through which you can record sounds, play editor through which you can record sounds, and import and export files in various formats. It can be used to edit your audio, mix tracks together, or apply effects to your recordings.This software will be useful when there is a need to digitize audio or make recordings for incorporation into multimedia educational content. It runs on most [[w:Unix|Unix]] systems (including [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]) and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. A media player for workstations is necessary for playback of videos and other multimedia content. This is commonly available on proprietary platforms. On FOSS platforms, [[w:Mplayer|Mplayer]] ( http://www.mplayerhq.hu ) is a programme that provides similar functionalities. It is available for [[w:Linux|Linux]] and many other [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and it supports many video and audio formats. For a listing of other multimedia FOSS available, please refer to http://llinuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtm . === Other Educational Software === Aside from FOSS desktop applications for general use, there is a lot of [[w:Free and Open Source|Free/Open Source]] educational software that may be used for teaching specific subjects or courses in schools and colleges and universities. The software ranges from drawing programs for young students (e.g., [[w:Tux Paint|Tux Paint]] - http://www.newbreedsoftware.com/tuxpaint ) to programs for learning geometry (e.g., Kig - http://edu.kde.org/kig ), chemistry (e.g., [[w:Ghemical|Ghemical]] - http://bioinformatics.org/ghemical ), and physics (e.g., Open-Source Physics Education project - http://www.opensourcephysics.org ). For higher education, there is [[w:QCAD|QCAD]] ( http://www.ribbonsoft.com/qcad.html ), a programme for [[w:CAD|Computer-Aided Drafting]] which may be used in technical drawing classes. [[w:Scilab|Scilab]] ( http://scilabsoft.inria.fr ) is a full-featured scientific software package that may be used in numerical analysis or engineering courses at the university level. These software titles represent a very small sample of FOSS available for education. There are various useful online resources available for locating other educational software, some of which are listed below. [[w:SchoolForge|SchoolForge]] ( http://www.schoolforge.net ) is a Web site for projects using Free and Open Source solutions in education. It was conceived as a site where resources are made available to help schools develop affordable and dependable software, as well as educational content. [[w:SEUL|SEUL/edu]] ( http://richtech.ca/seul ) is an education portal of Simple End-User Linux, promoting the use of [[w:Linux|Linux]], among other Open resources in education. It covers various aspects of educational uses of Linux by teachers, parents and students. It has a directory of school-related FOSS. The Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching (OFSET) has developed Freeduc ( http://www.ofset.org/freeduc ), which provides a catalog of educational software. It has also created a live CD-ROM of FOSS for schools to use. The idea behind a live Freeduc system on CD-ROM is that no installation is required, therefore students and teachers can easily use the applications as if they were installed on the local computer. The [[w:KDE Edutainment Project|KDE Edutainment Project]] ( http://edu.kde.org ) aims to develop educational software for the [[w:KDE|KDE desktop]]. Its main focus is young school children, but there are also programs that cater to university students and teachers. {{TextBox|'''Survey of OSS Use in Tertiary Institutions'''<ref>Glance,D., Kerr, J. and Reid, A.,"''Factors affecting the use of open source software in tertiary education institutions''", ''First Monday'', Volume 9, No. 2, Feb 2004; available from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_2/glance/index.html .</ref> To gauge the extent of the use of Open Source Software (OSS) in tertiary institutions, staff at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering of the [[w:University of Western Australia|University of Western Australia]] conducted a survey and reported the results in February [[w:2004|2004]]. Thirty-four tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the [[w:UK|UK]] provided feedback for the survey. The number of systems that the respondents were responsible for ranged from 10 to 18,000. Seventy-eight (78) percent of the respondents reported having staff with skills in OSS. All of the institutions surveyed had deployed OSS on servers; 50 percent of the institutions had deployed OSS in administration; 53 percent of the institutions were using OSS in teaching; 56 percent were using it in laboratories; and 50 percent were using it in research projects. Eighty-seven (87) percent of the respondents said there is equivalent or better support available for OS. Sixty-eight (68) percent said the support requirements of OSS are not higher than that for proprietary software, and that OSS is sometimes easier to support. The main benefit (84 percent) cited for the adoption of OSS is the lower [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO), although this may not be supported by a thorough assessment of the TCO at the individual institutions. Seventy-eight (78) percent said the benefit of using OSS is less reliance on a specific vendor. This survey shows that OSS has already made significant inroads into tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the UK, with 94 percent of the respondents indicating they are already using OSS.}} === Cost Savings === As shown earlier, FOSS in backend servers is mature and is equivalent or better than the proprietary counterpart. Applications for the desktop are increasingly available and some of them are suitable for production use. Given this case, it is imperative for administrators of educational institutions, especially those that are publicly funded, to give due consideration to the use of FOSS in their institutions. Even though it is common for heavy discounts on proprietary software to be made available to academic institutions, FOSS should still be considered. In the long run the choice to use FOSS instead of proprietary software can result in bigger cost savings. [[w:Proprietary software|Proprietary software]] designed specifically for the education market is generally very expensive, since vendors must recoup their development costs from very small markets. These may be administrative software such as [[w:Library Management System|Library Management Systems]] or [[w:Learning management system|Learning Management Systems]]. However, even for such specialized applications, high quality FOSS equivalents are now becoming available. In other areas such as [[w:Student Information System|Student Information Systems]], [[w:Human Resource Management|Human Resource Management]] and Financial Management Systems the FOSS alternatives are not mature enough for production use. But it is likely that FOSS for these and other education-specific applications will become available in the future. As mentioned earlier, the initial cost of FOSS is negligible. The cost of upgrades of FOSS is also insignificant. However, it has been argued that [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO) should be used in making comparisons between FOSS and [[w:Proprietary software|proprietary software]]. TCO also includes maintenance, support and training costs and these may be higher for FOSS. However, in various comparisons, the TCO for FOSS is still lower than that for proprietary software. In countries where labour costs are lower, the cost of maintenance, support and training will be a smaller percentage of the TCO, in which case the TCO of FOSS will be much lower. The availability of the [[w:Source code|source code]] also results in more companies being able to provide maintenance and support, which will drive down these costs. In an academic setting, there is often the possibility of getting assistance from the FOSS community without any cost involved. In some situations, the availability of funds or lack of it is such that it is not a choice between proprietary software and FOSS but a choice between FOSS and nothing. By using inexpensive or donated hardware with FOSS, some institutions may be able to provide computing facilities to their students that would otherwise be impossible. Even if funds are available for purchasing proprietary software, the savings resulting from using FOSS alternatives can be used for better purposes such as buying more computers, providing training for administrative and academic staff or developing non-ICT related infrastructure for the institution. {{TextBox|'''Example: [[w:Goa|Goa]], India''' Another example of the use of FOSS technology in setting up computer facilities in schools is the [[w:Goa|Goa]] Schools Computer Project (GSCP). Starting from [[w:2000|2000]], the GSCP helped to deploy 425 used computers shipped from the United States in 125 schools in Goa. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution was used to network the computers in the school laboratories. A cost analysis was made to estimate the savings resulting from the use of recycled computers and FOSS software. It was found that there was a cost savings of 77% when compared to the use of new equipment and proprietary software. The cost of maintenance was taken into account in the analysis. Even if new equipment were used, there was still a savings of 64% because the new equipment was of lower specifications when used with the FOSS software. One of the issues that arose was the need to train the computer teachers to facilitate the move to the [[w:Linux|Linux]] environment. But once this barrier was overcome, it was not difficult to use the FOSS desktop applications as they are quite similar to their proprietary counterparts. Another issue was lack of technical support provided by firms locally, pointing to the need for in-house support staff. More details of this case study are provided by Martyris.<ref>Martyris, D.,"Community-government partnerships and open source technology for low cost IT access in India-A case study", Harvard University, July 2003; available from http://www.developmentgateway.com/node/133831/sdm/blob?pid=5474.</ref> }} == Footnotes == <references /> {{BookCat}} ezrll3qi3bf6ai815jiohuzemviymuf 4095876 4095862 2022-08-24T22:14:33Z Darrelljon 45960 /* Multimedia */[[w:SmartArt]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{FOSS Education}} == Requirements of Educational Institutions == Different educational institutions have different [[w:Information technology|ICT]] infrastructure requirements, depending on the level of education, the nature of the courses they offer and the available funding. Invariably, however, there is a need for computer laboratories in educational institutions for conducting basic computer classes, allowing students to complete their assignments, conducting specialized ICT classes,providing access to the library system, making available learning management systems and facilitating email communications. The number of computers required depends on the student population and the student-computer ratio that the institution considers desirable. === Networking === Computers within laboratories are normally connected via a [[w:Local area network|Local Area Network]] (LAN). In an education environment most of the student users are "nomadic" and do not have designated computers.Hence, the set-up must allow them to work from any of the computers on the network. === Internet Connectivity === Ability to connect to the Internet is a basic requirement that educational institutions should strive to provide as it allows both students and academic staff to access the numerous digital resources available on the Web. It also enables the use of email, which has become an important means of communication. For educational institutions, the Internet is a service that facilitates effective administration of the institution and provides a channel of communication between educators and students that can lead to more effective learning. It is also necessary for the implementation of [[w:e-learning|e-learning]] and [[w:Distance education|distance learning]]. === Security === With [[w:Internet|Internet]] connectivity, an institution's network is accessible from the Internet. Thus it is essential to have a firewall to protect against intrusion by unauthorized users, especially if there is high-speed 24-hour Internet access.User authentication is required to ensure that only authorized users can access the network. === Web Publishing === There are often requirements, in an academic setting, for publishing information and providing access to materials via the Web. These include teachers and lecturers providing course materials online, students putting up Web pages, administrators publishing information on the intranet and the institution maintaining a public website. All these require appropriate Web server hardware and software. == Server Software == A main component of the ICT infrastructure of an organization is the servers that provide various services such as email, file and print services. Appropriate software is required to provide these services. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) have been found to be appropriate for this purpose. They compare favourably with the proprietary equivalent in terms of features and, in certain cases, have a higher market share. === Email === The provision of email services requires setting up an [[w:Email server|email server]] that controls sending and delivery of messages. Once such a server is set up, it is expected to run continuously without any problems. An interruption will affect communication and the work of many in the organization. Hence, reliability is a major concern for email server software. Other concerns are security and performance. Several robust FOSS email servers such as [[w:Sendmail|Sendmail]] ( http://www.sendmail.org ) and [[w:Postfix (software)|Postfix]] ( http://www.postfix.org ) are available and are being deployed successfully in many organizations, including educational institutions. They compare favourably with proprietary email servers such as [[w:Microsoft Exchange|Microsoft Exchange]], are simpler to deploy and require fewer computing resources. === File and Print Services === One characteristic of ICT usage in an educational institution is the "nomadic" user, that is, students who use the network services from different computers. This requires a file server that would allow them to save their work and configurations in a central server instead of in the local workstations. The possible need to print from any workstation requires server software that allows this. [[w:Samba (software)|Samba]] ( http://www.samba.org ) is a FOSS file cum print server that runs on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] and works seamlessly with workstations running [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] at the same time. === Network services === The [[w:Domain Name System|Domain Name System]] (DNS) is needed to translate domain names to [[w:Internet Protocol|Internet Protocol]] (IP) addresses. The most widely used DNS server is [[w:BIND|BIND]] (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), which is [[w:Free Software|Free Software]]. Every computer connected to a network needs to be assigned an [[w:IP address|IP address]]. This can be done manually but it is most common to have the IP address assigned dynamically by a [[w:DHCP|DHCP]] ([[w:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol]]) server. Most [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] include a DHCP server. [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] has a utility called [[w:Netfilter/iptables|Iptables]] that can be used to implement firewalls to protect against security intrusion. Some ready-made FOSS firewalls are also available, such as [[w:Shorewall|Shorewall]] ( http://www.shorewall.net ). Intrusion detection tools are used to detect any security breach and one such FOSS is [[w:Snort (software)|Snort]] ( http://www.snort.org ). === Web Server === The most popular [[w:Web server|Web server]] is [[w:Apache HTTP server|Apache]] ( http://www.apache.org ), which is [[w:Free and Open Source Software|Free/Open Source Software]]. It is reputed to have a 67% share (April, [[w:2004|2004]]) of the total [[w:Web server|Web server]] market worldwide.<ref>http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html</ref> It can be used to host public websites for educational institutions and to host intranets within institutions. It is often used with GNU/Linux as the operating system, [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] as the database server and [[w:PHP|PHP]] as the scripting language. All of these are FOSS. Their combination is often referred to as [[w:LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]]-[[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] and [[w:PHP|PHP]] (alternatively [[w:Perl|Perl]] or [[w:Python programming language|Python]]). === Other Server Software === There are numerous other Free/Open Source server software that can be useful in an education environment, such as [[w:database|database]] management systems,content management systems and mailing list servers. The most well-known FOSS database management systems are [[w:MySQL|MySQL]] ( http://www.mysql.com ) and PostgreSQL ( http://www.postgresql.org ). As mentioned earlier, MySQL is often used for building dynamic websites. It is suitable as a database management system for many other applications and is used in business-critical enterprise applications and packaged software. Various educational applications such as [[w:Learning Management Systems|Learning Management Systems]] and [[w:Library Management Systems|Library Management Systems]] also use MySQL. A [[w:Content management system|Content Management System]] (CMS) facilitates the creation, publishing and management of Web content by providing a platform that can be used by individuals without their having to be skilled in the underlying technologies. Examples of FOSS Content Management Systems are [[w:PostNuke|PostNuke]] ( http://www.postnuke.com ) and [[w:Plone (content management system)|Plone]] ( http://www.plone.org ). PostNuke is based on PHP and MySQL, while Plone is based on the [[w:Zope|Zope]] application server, which is written using the [[w:Python programming language|Python programming language]]. In an educational institution, the availability of such FOSS CMSs enables staff and students to develop Internet and intranet websites for various purposes with relative ease. The [[w:Mailing list|mailing list]] is an older application that enables online discussions and collaboration to take place. When an email is addressed to a mailing list, it is broadcast to the individuals subscribed to the list by email. Although newsgroups and Web-based discussion forums serve a similar function, the mailing list may still be useful in the education environment, especially where Internet connectivity is still rudimentary. The more popular FOSS mailing list servers are [[w:Majordomo (software)|Majordomo]] ( http://www.greatcircle.com/ ) and [[w:GNU Mailman|Mailman]] ( http://www.list.org ). These FOSS server applications make the development of a collaborative environment in educational institutions at minimal cost possible. They allow academic staff, students, parents and administrators to interact in a way that was not possible in the past === Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) === Desktop applications such as a browser, an email client and a productivity suite are basic requirements in education settings. Even a small computer laboratory will require these applications to be installed in all computers. Instead of installing these applications on every workstation,it may be easier and less expensive to use "thin clients" These are computers with a network card, graphics card, monitor, keyboard and mouse, but without hard disk, CD-ROM drive and operating system. The server handles all computing tasks, including the running of applications, provision of storage space and management of files.This means that cheaper hardware (or old and donated hardware) can be used for the clients. Only the server needs to be installed with the necessary peripherals and software, which means maintenance will be easier. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP- http://www.ltsp.org ), started in [[w:1999|1999]], provides the necessary software to set up such a network of diskless workstations. It supports various [[w:Linux distribution|GNU/Linux distributions]] and over 100,000 sites are using [[w:LTSP|LTSP]]. During boot up, the diskless workstation obtains the necessary network information from the server and the [[w:Operating system|operating system]] is downloaded from the server. Any programme supported by the server can be run from the workstation. It should be noted that a network setup using LTSP will be a [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] only network and is primarily suited for a new installation. {{TextBox|'''[[w:Kerala|Kerala]], India''' In [[w:2002|2002]], a project to introduce computer facilities in schools in [[w:Kannur|Kannur]], [[w:Kerala|Kerala]] was initiated by the local Member of Parliament and the district administrators.To cut costs it was decided that a [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution would be used to set up the facilities. The hardware was supplied by a state-owned enterprise and the LTSP solution was implemented by a private company. Since the project involved the installation of new hardware, it was possible to use identical computing components (computers, video cards, network cards, hubs, and other accessories), which simplified the whole setup. The LTSP server was a Pentium IV machine with CDROM drive and hard disk. The disk-less workstations were Celeron machines without any hard drive or CDROM drive. All of the computers were configured and tested off site before they were sent to the schools. Each school initially received one server and 3-5 workstations. The server ran a customized Red Hat distribution and LTSP. The other FOSS software installed to run from the server were [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite, multimedia and Internet applications, programming tools and other educational software. Using the [[w:LTSP|LTSP]] to set up the computer facilities resulted in substantial savings as more computer facilities could be set up in more schools. Forty-three government schools now have access to their own computer facilities running [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] with numerous FOSS. The teachers were given basic training on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] systems and the computer facilities have been well received by both teachers and students. (More information about this project is available at http://2s2net.netfirms.com/project.html ).}} == Workstation Software == Although there has been increasing adoption of FOSS for desktops, its penetration is still relatively low. [[w:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]] still dominates the desktop environment, with an estimated 90% market share. However, it is believed that the desktop based on [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] suits many users.<ref>Decrem, B., "''Desktop Linux Technology Market Overview''", Open Source Applications Foundation (OSAF), July 2003; available from http://www.osafoundation.org/desktop-linux-overview.pdf .</ref> The increasing availability of applications on the [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] desktop with features comparable to proprietary software will only encourage more widespread adoption. A long list of FOSS desktop applications that are equivalent to proprietary applications running on Windows is available at http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml . However, it should be noted that in order to use FOSS on the desktop it is not necessary to discard the proprietary desktop operating systems. For example, programs such as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]], [[w:Mozilla|Mozilla]], and [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] are available for the Windows platform. Hence, FOSS programs can be easily downloaded, installed and experimented with, without having to replace the existing proprietary operating system. In fact, there are various options when considering the introduction of FOSS on the desktop, namely: # retain the use of [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and run FOSS applications for this platform; # replace Windows with [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]; # set up dual boot systems, which allows users to choose between [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] during startup; or # run [[w: Microsoft Windows|Windows]] within [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] or run [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]] within [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] using appropriate software. === Productivity Suite === [[File:Aoo writer 3.4.png|thumb|Word processor in OpenOffice]] In educational institutions, both staff (administrative and academic) and students require a suite of office productivity software consisting of a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software. [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]] is currently the most widely used productivity suite. However, the FOSS productivity suite, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] ( http://www.openoffice.org ), is gaining popularity as its features are becoming comparable to the proprietary Office suite. As noted earlier, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] can run on various platforms and a complete migration to [[w:Linux|Linux]] before it can be used is not necessary. In fact, it can be run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] side-by-side with [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. A prominent feature of the latest version of [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is the ability to export documents directly to [[w:PDF|pdf]] format.This feature is not available in its proprietary counterpart. Although interoperability with the existing proprietary productivity suite is not perfect, [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] is an attractive option for educational institutions. The look and feel are similar to that of [[w:Microsoft Office|Microsoft Office]]. In most cases, only the basic features of the productivity suite are utilized by students and staff and these are available in the [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] suite. Another FOSS productivity suite - [http://www.onlyoffice.org ONLYOFFICE] - enables to deactivate unnecessary modules and concentrate on most demanded applications: document management, project management, networking and mail. Full-featured editors include word processor, spreadsheet, presentation and enable users to create, edit and co-edit documents in real-time mode. There are other FOSS productivity suites available but they are not as complete as [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]]. [[w:KOffice|KOffice]] is the productivity suite running on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop and [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] Office is the suite running on the competing desktop [[w:GNOME|GNOME]]. The word processor ( [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ) and spreadsheet ( [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ) components in [[w:GNOME Office|GNOME Office]] are considered to be of high quality. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] ( http://www.abiword.com ) works on most major operating systems, including [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and it supports many languages. It can read and write most documents in Word format and has the same look and feel as Word. [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]]'s native document format uses [[w:Extensible Markup Language|Extensible Markup Language]] (XML), which is an open standard. This means that an [[w:AbiWord|AbiWord]] document can be read by any other software using an appropriate XML parser. [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]] ( http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric ) is a fast and complete [[w:Spreadsheet|spreadsheet]] programme that is being actively developed. It can support various spreadsheet file formats and has good support for [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] files. Many of the worksheet functions available in [[w:Microsoft Excel|Excel]] are supported in [[w:Gnumeric|Gnumeric]]. However, it currently does not run on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. Work is being carried out to make this possible. === Web Browser === [[File:Firefox13.png|thumb|Firefox, a FOSS web browser]] There are a number of Open Source browsers available such as [[w:Firefox|Firefox]], [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] and [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]]. [[w:Firefox|Firefox]] ( http://www.mozilla.org ) is a popular browser that is based on [[w:Source code|source code]] released by [[w:Netscape|Netscape]]. Apart from a browser it also contains an extension system and can be expanded with many additional tools and utilities such as a Web authoring tool. It is [[w:Cross-platform|cross-platform]] and a version for [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] is available that can be downloaded and installed without affecting existing [[w:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] installation. [[w:Galeon|Galeon]] ( http://galeon.sourceforge.net ) is another FOSS Web browser. It runs on the [[w:GNOME|GNOME]] desktop. [[w:Konqueror|Konqueror]] ( http://konqueror.kde.org ) runs on the [[w:KDE|KDE]] desktop. === Multimedia === A wide range of multimedia FOSS is available, including graphics editors and video players that can serve as tools for enhancing educational content and its delivery. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] (GNU Image Manipulation Programme - http://www.gimp.org ) is the most well-known FOSS for image editing and graphic design. It is a desktop application that can be used for various purposes by both academic staff and students. It is available for [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. As it supports various image file formats, interoperability with other programs should not be an issue. [[w:GIMP|GIMP]] is considered to be the FOSS equivalent of the proprietary [[w:Photoshop|Photoshop]] software. [[File:Diagram showing the different forms of MCI.jpg|thumb|[[w:SmartArt]] flowchart in PowerPoint]] A programme that allows the drawing of diagrams will find good use in an educational institution.There are some good proprietary software that serve this purpose, such as [[w:Microsoft Visio|Visio]] and [[w:Smartdraw|Smartdraw]]. A FOSS equivalent called [[w:Dia|Dia]] ( http://gnome.org/projects/dia ) has been designed to provide similar functions. It can be used to draw many different kinds of diagrams and has special objects to facilitate the drawing of flowcharts, network diagrams and simple circuits.The programme is available for the Windows platform in addition to FOSS operating systems. [[w:Audacity|Audacity]] ( http://audacity.sourceforge.net ) is a FOSS [[w:Digital audio editor|audio editor]] through which you can record sounds, play editor through which you can record sounds, and import and export files in various formats. It can be used to edit your audio, mix tracks together, or apply effects to your recordings.This software will be useful when there is a need to digitize audio or make recordings for incorporation into multimedia educational content. It runs on most [[w:Unix|Unix]] systems (including [[w:Linux|GNU/Linux]]) and [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. A media player for workstations is necessary for playback of videos and other multimedia content. This is commonly available on proprietary platforms. On FOSS platforms, [[w:Mplayer|Mplayer]] ( http://www.mplayerhq.hu ) is a programme that provides similar functionalities. It is available for [[w:Linux|Linux]] and many other [[w:Unix|Unix]] variants and it supports many video and audio formats. For a listing of other multimedia FOSS available, please refer to http://llinuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtm . === Other Educational Software === Aside from FOSS desktop applications for general use, there is a lot of [[w:Free and Open Source|Free/Open Source]] educational software that may be used for teaching specific subjects or courses in schools and colleges and universities. The software ranges from drawing programs for young students (e.g., [[w:Tux Paint|Tux Paint]] - http://www.newbreedsoftware.com/tuxpaint ) to programs for learning geometry (e.g., Kig - http://edu.kde.org/kig ), chemistry (e.g., [[w:Ghemical|Ghemical]] - http://bioinformatics.org/ghemical ), and physics (e.g., Open-Source Physics Education project - http://www.opensourcephysics.org ). For higher education, there is [[w:QCAD|QCAD]] ( http://www.ribbonsoft.com/qcad.html ), a programme for [[w:CAD|Computer-Aided Drafting]] which may be used in technical drawing classes. [[w:Scilab|Scilab]] ( http://scilabsoft.inria.fr ) is a full-featured scientific software package that may be used in numerical analysis or engineering courses at the university level. These software titles represent a very small sample of FOSS available for education. There are various useful online resources available for locating other educational software, some of which are listed below. [[w:SchoolForge|SchoolForge]] ( http://www.schoolforge.net ) is a Web site for projects using Free and Open Source solutions in education. It was conceived as a site where resources are made available to help schools develop affordable and dependable software, as well as educational content. [[w:SEUL|SEUL/edu]] ( http://richtech.ca/seul ) is an education portal of Simple End-User Linux, promoting the use of [[w:Linux|Linux]], among other Open resources in education. It covers various aspects of educational uses of Linux by teachers, parents and students. It has a directory of school-related FOSS. The Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching (OFSET) has developed Freeduc ( http://www.ofset.org/freeduc ), which provides a catalog of educational software. It has also created a live CD-ROM of FOSS for schools to use. The idea behind a live Freeduc system on CD-ROM is that no installation is required, therefore students and teachers can easily use the applications as if they were installed on the local computer. The [[w:KDE Edutainment Project|KDE Edutainment Project]] ( http://edu.kde.org ) aims to develop educational software for the [[w:KDE|KDE desktop]]. Its main focus is young school children, but there are also programs that cater to university students and teachers. {{TextBox|'''Survey of OSS Use in Tertiary Institutions'''<ref>Glance,D., Kerr, J. and Reid, A.,"''Factors affecting the use of open source software in tertiary education institutions''", ''First Monday'', Volume 9, No. 2, Feb 2004; available from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_2/glance/index.html .</ref> To gauge the extent of the use of Open Source Software (OSS) in tertiary institutions, staff at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering of the [[w:University of Western Australia|University of Western Australia]] conducted a survey and reported the results in February [[w:2004|2004]]. Thirty-four tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the [[w:UK|UK]] provided feedback for the survey. The number of systems that the respondents were responsible for ranged from 10 to 18,000. Seventy-eight (78) percent of the respondents reported having staff with skills in OSS. All of the institutions surveyed had deployed OSS on servers; 50 percent of the institutions had deployed OSS in administration; 53 percent of the institutions were using OSS in teaching; 56 percent were using it in laboratories; and 50 percent were using it in research projects. Eighty-seven (87) percent of the respondents said there is equivalent or better support available for OS. Sixty-eight (68) percent said the support requirements of OSS are not higher than that for proprietary software, and that OSS is sometimes easier to support. The main benefit (84 percent) cited for the adoption of OSS is the lower [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO), although this may not be supported by a thorough assessment of the TCO at the individual institutions. Seventy-eight (78) percent said the benefit of using OSS is less reliance on a specific vendor. This survey shows that OSS has already made significant inroads into tertiary institutions in [[w:Australia|Australia]], [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and the UK, with 94 percent of the respondents indicating they are already using OSS.}} === Cost Savings === As shown earlier, FOSS in backend servers is mature and is equivalent or better than the proprietary counterpart. Applications for the desktop are increasingly available and some of them are suitable for production use. Given this case, it is imperative for administrators of educational institutions, especially those that are publicly funded, to give due consideration to the use of FOSS in their institutions. Even though it is common for heavy discounts on proprietary software to be made available to academic institutions, FOSS should still be considered. In the long run the choice to use FOSS instead of proprietary software can result in bigger cost savings. [[w:Proprietary software|Proprietary software]] designed specifically for the education market is generally very expensive, since vendors must recoup their development costs from very small markets. These may be administrative software such as [[w:Library Management System|Library Management Systems]] or [[w:Learning management system|Learning Management Systems]]. However, even for such specialized applications, high quality FOSS equivalents are now becoming available. In other areas such as [[w:Student Information System|Student Information Systems]], [[w:Human Resource Management|Human Resource Management]] and Financial Management Systems the FOSS alternatives are not mature enough for production use. But it is likely that FOSS for these and other education-specific applications will become available in the future. As mentioned earlier, the initial cost of FOSS is negligible. The cost of upgrades of FOSS is also insignificant. However, it has been argued that [[w:Total cost of ownership|Total Cost of Ownership]] (TCO) should be used in making comparisons between FOSS and [[w:Proprietary software|proprietary software]]. TCO also includes maintenance, support and training costs and these may be higher for FOSS. However, in various comparisons, the TCO for FOSS is still lower than that for proprietary software. In countries where labour costs are lower, the cost of maintenance, support and training will be a smaller percentage of the TCO, in which case the TCO of FOSS will be much lower. The availability of the [[w:Source code|source code]] also results in more companies being able to provide maintenance and support, which will drive down these costs. In an academic setting, there is often the possibility of getting assistance from the FOSS community without any cost involved. In some situations, the availability of funds or lack of it is such that it is not a choice between proprietary software and FOSS but a choice between FOSS and nothing. By using inexpensive or donated hardware with FOSS, some institutions may be able to provide computing facilities to their students that would otherwise be impossible. Even if funds are available for purchasing proprietary software, the savings resulting from using FOSS alternatives can be used for better purposes such as buying more computers, providing training for administrative and academic staff or developing non-ICT related infrastructure for the institution. {{TextBox|'''Example: [[w:Goa|Goa]], India''' Another example of the use of FOSS technology in setting up computer facilities in schools is the [[w:Goa|Goa]] Schools Computer Project (GSCP). Starting from [[w:2000|2000]], the GSCP helped to deploy 425 used computers shipped from the United States in 125 schools in Goa. The [[w:Linux Terminal Server Project|Linux Terminal Server Project]] (LTSP) solution was used to network the computers in the school laboratories. A cost analysis was made to estimate the savings resulting from the use of recycled computers and FOSS software. It was found that there was a cost savings of 77% when compared to the use of new equipment and proprietary software. The cost of maintenance was taken into account in the analysis. Even if new equipment were used, there was still a savings of 64% because the new equipment was of lower specifications when used with the FOSS software. One of the issues that arose was the need to train the computer teachers to facilitate the move to the [[w:Linux|Linux]] environment. But once this barrier was overcome, it was not difficult to use the FOSS desktop applications as they are quite similar to their proprietary counterparts. Another issue was lack of technical support provided by firms locally, pointing to the need for in-house support staff. More details of this case study are provided by Martyris.<ref>Martyris, D.,"Community-government partnerships and open source technology for low cost IT access in India-A case study", Harvard University, July 2003; available from http://www.developmentgateway.com/node/133831/sdm/blob?pid=5474.</ref> }} == Footnotes == <references /> {{BookCat}} rzpwu861jr1qqiy2knnjqa77bzceqki 0 138549 4095864 2482311 2022-08-24T21:36:24Z Darrelljon 45960 edge and libreoffice wikitext text/x-wiki This table lists commonly used proprietary software and their open source equivalents. The open source programs are usually also available for Windows and Mac OS. This list is nowhere near completeness. Somebody please add Mac software equivalents to this list and forgive any omissions / inaccuracies. {|class="wikitable" |- !Purpose !Windows !Mac !Linux |- |Web Browser |Edge, Safari, Firefox, Opera, Chrome |Safari, Firefox, Camino, Chrome, Opera |Firefox, Epiphany, Konqueror, Galeon, Iceweasel, Opera, Dillo, Chromium, Rekonq |- |Office suite |Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, LibreOffice, Calligra, Corel WordPerfect Office |iWork, Microsoft Office, NeoOffice, LibreOffice, Calligra |LibreOffice: Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw, Base; Calligra: Words, Sheets, Stage, Kexi, Flow, Plan, Braindump |- |Text editor |Notepad, Crimson Editor, UltraEdit |TextEdit, TextMate, BBEdit, TextWrangler, Smultron, SubEthEdit, Vim, Emacs, GEdit, Nano |Nano, GEdit, Kate, Geany, Bluefish, Vim, Emacs, JuffEd |- |Multimedia player |Windows Media Player, Winamp, iTunes, VLC |Quicktime, iTunes, VLC, MPlayer |Totem, VLC, XMMS, Rhythmbox, Amarok, Audacious, Xine, MPlayer |- |E-mail client / PIM |Microsoft Outlook |Mail, Thunderbird, Entourage |Thunderbird, Evolution, Kontact |- |Internet messenger |MSN Messenger, ICQ, AIM, Yahoo! Messenger, Gadu-Gadu |iChat, Adium, AIM, Yahoo! Messenger |Pidgin (supports multiple protocols), Kopete |- |Bitmap graphics |Paint, Paint Shop Pro, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP |Adobe Photoshop, GIMP |Tux Paint, GPaint, GIMP, GIMPShop, Krita, mtPaint |- |Vector graphics |CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator |Adobe Illustrator, EazyDraw, Inkscape |Inkscape, Xara Xtreme |- |Desktop publishing |Microsoft Publisher, Scribus |iWork Pages, Adobe InDesign, Quark, Scribus |Scribus |- |Desktop effects |Aero (Vista only, built-in) |Aqua (Mac OS X only, built-in) |Compiz Fusion |- |Sound editing |SoundForge, Nero Wave Editor |Garageband, Logic Studio, Logic Express, Audacity |Audacity, Ardour |- |Integrated development environment |Microsoft Visual C++ |Xcode, CodeBlocks |CodeBlocks, Eclipse, Kdevelop, Geany |- |iPod management |iTunes |iTunes |gtkpod |- |Guitar effects rack |Guitar Rig |? |JACK Rack, Creox |- |Font editing |FontLab Studio, FontCreator |Font Book |FontForge |- |Tablet PC Journal |Microsoft Journal |None (no official Mac Tablet PC) |Xournal, Jarnal |- |Numerical computations |Matlab |Matlab, GNU Octave |GNU Octave |- |Graphs, plots, charts |Origin |Graph Sketcher, Gnuplot |Gnuplot |- |Virtual CD-ROM drive |Alcohol 120%, Nero InCD, Daemon Tools |Disk Image Mounter, Daemon Tools |<tt>mount</tt> command (works with ISO images) |- |CD Burning |Nero, Roxio |Built into OS |Brasero, K3B |- |Automatic software installation |? |App Store, Homebrew, MacPorts, Fink |Click N Run, Synaptic, Aptitude, YaST, RPM |- |Antivirus |Norton AntiVirus, AVG, etc. |Norton AntiVirus (not really necessary) |Not necessary! For e-mail scanning on servers - ClamAV |} ==Useful Links== *[http://www.linuxalt.com/ Linux Alternative Project] *[http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20070701111340544/Equivalents.html Linux Software Equivalents] *[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SoftwareEquivalents Ubuntu Software Equivalents] *[http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introducción_a_Linux/Equivalencias_Windows_en_Linux +500 GNU/Linux Equivalents (Wikibooks in Spanish)] {{auto category}} e7pmt3bzbamsnwb6xta9328ab4i4xjj 4 140095 4095775 4095364 2022-08-24T16:05:52Z 2001:FB1:C1:CB09:44B5:DD50:A564:8669 าดาทพรรเเยัววพ่ wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__{{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOC left}} {{Shortcut|WB:HELP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(40d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |key = 9ea9f543105a14c4a9024cc27d943a7a }} Welcome to the '''Assistance reading room''' where Wikibookians help each other solve problems encountered while contributing to books or otherwise taking part in the Wikibooks community. {{clear}} == A template idea == I had an idea for a template. It's currently at [[User:L10nM4st3r/Sandbox 2]]. It is used on [[User:L10nM4st3r/sandbox]]. However, I need help. How can I have the "{{{1}}}" replaced even inside the "syntaxhighlight", which acts like a "nowiki" tag. Any help would be much appreciated!_{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:38, 12 May 2022 (UTC) :I actually don't think it will work._{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 12:04, 12 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{re|L10nM4st3r}} I agree, thxHighlight]], no mention I can see of overcoming this. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::This may actually be possible with a lua script, so I may end up creating this, if I can figure it out. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:47, 4 July 2022 (UTC) ::::"May". As าดานสพก้่ะวะวเัht not work". Yea, it probably won't... I'm gonna stay away from module space for a while uave it for the people (and bots) who know what they are doing. ;) <sub> [[User:L10nM4st3r|<spรนกนำนำร่ดัำนดสสเรำ่ส:06, 9 August 2022 (UTC) == Wikipedia has a article on ... == Hi,<br> Is there a template which produces a box stating "Wikipedia has an article on ... ." or similar? Analogous the the familiar reference &#123;{Commons category|...}}. A Help search didn't help. =8~) Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:05, 26 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PeterEasthope}}: Yes, and it's easy to remember: {{tlx|Wikipedia|Main Page}} _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks! I have above average talent for forgetting details, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 18:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) == The Sims game strategy book == Hi ya, no sure if this is the correct place for help with creating strategy books, please do direct me elsewhere if not, but I was wondering if anyone could help me finish off creating the initial shelf for The Sims? There are a number of parts to it and I can't seem to find detailed help on how to correctly link all the categories, etc. to one another. Any help would be appreciated. [[User:Jamzze|Jamzze]] ([[User talk:Jamzze|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jamzze|contribs]]) 10:32, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jamzze}} Hi again! The sims shelf would be part of [[:Category:Shelf:Strategy guides]], and all the books on The Sims would be part of the Sims shelf, as I understand it. But I'm not that experienced at shelves. And you should only add a shelf if three books could go into it, I think. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:47, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :I went ahead and fixed it! :The tricky thing with shelves is a dependence on an older different system called subjects (Which I think most other editions of Wikibooks still use?). I messed up my first shelf/subject creation too. :) :[[Wikibooks Stacks/History]] explains the history of the system more in depth. :[[User:L10nM4st3r]] is generally right that shelves ought to be able to house a few books. I think in due time, this will happen with ''The Sims'' so I'm totally fine with it, though others may not be. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:05, 31 July 2022 (UTC) == Children's Stories == Is Wikibooks for children's stories with their illustrations? or is just for non-fiction genres? [[User:Nada kareem22|Nada kareem22]] ([[User talk:Nada kareem22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nada kareem22|contribs]]) 19:22, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :Wikibooks is for guides, manuals, textbooks, and similar non-fiction works. There are no Wikimedia Foundation projects that host original fiction, but you can find previously-published children's fiction at [[:en:s:|Wikisource]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:35, 22 August 2022 (UTC) kw1ej5uxk71matz3bvltiuh2ajpqjln 4095787 4095775 2022-08-24T17:15:45Z Koavf 16549 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2001:FB1:C1:CB09:44B5:DD50:A564:8669|2001:FB1:C1:CB09:44B5:DD50:A564:8669]] ([[User talk:2001:FB1:C1:CB09:44B5:DD50:A564:8669|talk]]) to last version by Koavf wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__{{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOC left}} {{Shortcut|WB:HELP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(40d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |key = 9ea9f543105a14c4a9024cc27d943a7a }} Welcome to the '''Assistance reading room''' where Wikibookians help each other solve problems encountered while contributing to books or otherwise taking part in the Wikibooks community. {{clear}} == A template idea == I had an idea for a template. It's currently at [[User:L10nM4st3r/Sandbox 2]]. It is used on [[User:L10nM4st3r/sandbox]]. However, I need help. How can I have the "{{{1}}}" replaced even inside the "syntaxhighlight", which acts like a "nowiki" tag. Any help would be much appreciated!_{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:38, 12 May 2022 (UTC) :I actually don't think it will work. If you think otherwise, I am listening._{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 12:04, 12 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{re|L10nM4st3r}} I agree, this probably isn't possible. See [[mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight]], no mention I can see of overcoming this. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::This may actually be possible with a lua script, so I may end up creating this, if I can figure it out. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:47, 4 July 2022 (UTC) ::::"May". As in, "might", like "it might or might not work". Yea, it probably won't... I'm gonna stay away from module space for a while unless I need to edit there.. Best to save it for the people (and bots) who know what they are doing. ;) _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 14:27, 4 July 2022 (UTC) :::::This can be done with <nowiki>{{#tag:syntaxhighlight lang="Python" lines|{{{1}}}}}</nowiki>. See [[Template:Code/doc]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:06, 9 August 2022 (UTC) == Wikipedia has a article on ... == Hi,<br> Is there a template which produces a box stating "Wikipedia has an article on ... ." or similar? Analogous the the familiar reference &#123;{Commons category|...}}. A Help search didn't help. =8~) Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:05, 26 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PeterEasthope}}: Yes, and it's easy to remember: {{tlx|Wikipedia|Main Page}} _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks! I have above average talent for forgetting details, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 18:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) == The Sims game strategy book == Hi ya, no sure if this is the correct place for help with creating strategy books, please do direct me elsewhere if not, but I was wondering if anyone could help me finish off creating the initial shelf for The Sims? There are a number of parts to it and I can't seem to find detailed help on how to correctly link all the categories, etc. to one another. Any help would be appreciated. [[User:Jamzze|Jamzze]] ([[User talk:Jamzze|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jamzze|contribs]]) 10:32, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jamzze}} Hi again! The sims shelf would be part of [[:Category:Shelf:Strategy guides]], and all the books on The Sims would be part of the Sims shelf, as I understand it. But I'm not that experienced at shelves. And you should only add a shelf if three books could go into it, I think. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:47, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :I went ahead and fixed it! :The tricky thing with shelves is a dependence on an older different system called subjects (Which I think most other editions of Wikibooks still use?). I messed up my first shelf/subject creation too. :) :[[Wikibooks Stacks/History]] explains the history of the system more in depth. :[[User:L10nM4st3r]] is generally right that shelves ought to be able to house a few books. I think in due time, this will happen with ''The Sims'' so I'm totally fine with it, though others may not be. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:05, 31 July 2022 (UTC) == Children's Stories == Is Wikibooks for children's stories with their illustrations? or is just for non-fiction genres? [[User:Nada kareem22|Nada kareem22]] ([[User talk:Nada kareem22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nada kareem22|contribs]]) 19:22, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :Wikibooks is for guides, manuals, textbooks, and similar non-fiction works. There are no Wikimedia Foundation projects that host original fiction, but you can find previously-published children's fiction at [[:en:s:|Wikisource]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:35, 22 August 2022 (UTC) 1hvomsz6czo9zu5rflehudxpqhm318x 0 149607 4095853 4047092 2022-08-24T20:57:48Z Faster than Thunder 3360694 wikitext text/x-wiki Czech alphabet consists of 42 normal Latin letters, some have an accent: * All vowels can be either short (aeiouy), or long with acute (''čárka'') (áéíóúůý). (This can denote a different word.) * The only difference between '''Ú''' and '''Ů''' is that Ú is used only at the beginning of a word (or a part of a word like: triangle = troj'''ú'''helník). * There are also "softened" versions of the letters '''D E N R S T Z''', with a hook (''háček''): '''ˇ''' * The accents lengthen the vowels, '''but they do not imply stress'''. Stress is almost always on the first syllable. The same rules also apply in Slovak. '''A Á B C Č D Ď E É Ě F G H Ch I Í J K L M N Ň O Ó P Q R Ř S Š T Ť U Ú Ů V W X Y Ý Z Ž''' [[File:D-caron and T-caron.wav|thumb|Stuck with Ď or Ť? Listen to this recording for help.]] [[File:Cs-R-caron.wav|thumb|Stuck with Ř? Listen to this recording for help.]] Note: Except for foreign words, the letters '''F G Ó Q W''' and '''X''' are almost never used . Most of the letters are spelled similar way as in German. Note: * '''Ch''' is pronounced as "kh" and considered as one letter * '''C''' like in the 'zz' in pizza or German 'z' as in 'Zimmer' * '''Ď''' like /ɟ/ (D, but with your tongue touching your top teeth) or Polish 'gi' * '''E''' and '''G''' like in "beggar" * '''H''' like in "head" * '''J''' like the 'y' in "yeah" * '''Ň''' like in "menu" or the Spanish 'señor' * '''R''' somewhat harder than in English, a bit like in Spanish "arriba" initially and rolled in the middle of a word. * '''Ť''' like /c/ (T, but with your tongue touching your top teeth) or Polish 'ki' The pronunciation rarely changes depending on the position, except for: # '''D, N, T''' are pronounced as '''Ď, Ň, Ť''' before '''I''', '''Í''', or '''Ě'''<br />Note: This is the only reason why '''Ě''' is used. The letter itself is pronounced as '''E'''.<br />Not quite true, consider following example: ''"válka měla mnoho obětí"'' and ''"těšila se domů na jeho objetí..."'' etc. #Czech has word-final [[w:en:Voice (phonetics)|devoicing]] of consonants. This means that in speech, voiced consonants are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts: D → T, Ď → Ť, H → Ch, G → K, V → F, B → P, Z → S, Ž → Š. Other notes: # '''Y''' and '''Ý''' are mostly used to avoid palatizing the preceding consonant where '''I''' or '''Í''' would palatize the preceding consonant: '''dy''' is pronounced '''/dɪ/''' Now you know almost everything. You can go to the [[commons:Category:Czech pronunciation|Czech pronunciation page]] and hear it. {{BookCat}} a95970txs4k5lx71bopqfr3rd2gor53 4095854 4095853 2022-08-24T20:58:53Z Faster than Thunder 3360694 Replaced wording of 'palatizing' wikitext text/x-wiki Czech alphabet consists of 42 normal Latin letters, some have an accent: * All vowels can be either short (aeiouy), or long with acute (''čárka'') (áéíóúůý). (This can denote a different word.) * The only difference between '''Ú''' and '''Ů''' is that Ú is used only at the beginning of a word (or a part of a word like: triangle = troj'''ú'''helník). * There are also "softened" versions of the letters '''D E N R S T Z''', with a hook (''háček''): '''ˇ''' * The accents lengthen the vowels, '''but they do not imply stress'''. Stress is almost always on the first syllable. The same rules also apply in Slovak. '''A Á B C Č D Ď E É Ě F G H Ch I Í J K L M N Ň O Ó P Q R Ř S Š T Ť U Ú Ů V W X Y Ý Z Ž''' [[File:D-caron and T-caron.wav|thumb|Stuck with Ď or Ť? Listen to this recording for help.]] [[File:Cs-R-caron.wav|thumb|Stuck with Ř? Listen to this recording for help.]] Note: Except for foreign words, the letters '''F G Ó Q W''' and '''X''' are almost never used . Most of the letters are spelled similar way as in German. Note: * '''Ch''' is pronounced as "kh" and considered as one letter * '''C''' like in the 'zz' in pizza or German 'z' as in 'Zimmer' * '''Ď''' like /ɟ/ (D, but with your tongue touching your top teeth) or Polish 'gi' * '''E''' and '''G''' like in "beggar" * '''H''' like in "head" * '''J''' like the 'y' in "yeah" * '''Ň''' like in "menu" or the Spanish 'señor' * '''R''' somewhat harder than in English, a bit like in Spanish "arriba" initially and rolled in the middle of a word. * '''Ť''' like /c/ (T, but with your tongue touching your top teeth) or Polish 'ki' The pronunciation rarely changes depending on the position, except for: # '''D, N, T''' are pronounced as '''Ď, Ň, Ť''' before '''I''', '''Í''', or '''Ě'''<br />Note: This is the only reason why '''Ě''' is used. The letter itself is pronounced as '''E'''.<br />Not quite true, consider following example: ''"válka měla mnoho obětí"'' and ''"těšila se domů na jeho objetí..."'' etc. #Czech has word-final [[w:en:Voice (phonetics)|devoicing]] of consonants. This means that in speech, voiced consonants are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts: D → T, Ď → Ť, H → Ch, G → K, V → F, B → P, Z → S, Ž → Š. Other notes: # '''Y''' and '''Ý''' are mostly used to avoid palatalizing the preceding consonant where '''I''' or '''Í''' would palatize the preceding consonant: '''dy''' is pronounced '''/dɪ/''' Now you know almost everything. You can go to the [[commons:Category:Czech pronunciation|Czech pronunciation page]] and hear it. {{BookCat}} 880syj16mz5axt2iscimom18ib61x5p 0 159659 4095776 3832181 2022-08-24T16:11:32Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNG with [[File:Endothelial_dysfunction_Atherosclerosis.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · previously name was unnece wikitext text/x-wiki =Smoke= Cigarette smoke is composed of over 4000 different chemicals, many of which are toxic. Both smoke that the smoker inhales (through the filter) and the smoke from the burning end is incredibly toxic. There are three main components that are hazardous to health. *Tar - settles in the lungs and stimulates a series of changes that lead to obstructive lung disease and lung cancer *Nicotine - is the addictive element of cigarettes, stimulates the nervous system to reduce arteriole diameter and release adrenaline - increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Causes increased stickiness of blood platelets, which increases the risk of blood clotting. *Carbon monoxide - combines irreversibly with haemoglobin meaning that oxygen cannot bind effectively. This causes a strain on the heart muscle because it must pump more to provide the same amount of oxygen =Lung Disease= Chronic obstructive lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema) are now prevalent because of smoking and vehicle/industrial emissions. Lung diseases can be caused by a variety of things such as potentially harmful gases and particles, being deposited in the alveoli, and this can enhance the risk of viruses such as influenza. Allergens that cause large coughing fits, such as those found in asthmatic attacks can cause long term damage to the alveoli. ===Lung Cancer=== Tobacco smoke contains tar, and tar contains several carcinogens. These can make DNA in epithelial cells lining the lungs mutate, which is the first step towards a malignant tumour. This tumour then develops into the lymphatic system after spreading through bronchial epithelium and it is here, in the lymph system where cancerous cells can break away and spread around the organ, causing secondary tumours. ===Emphysema=== Emphysema is the condition in which bronchioles collapse, leaving large spaces where surface area for gaseous exchange used to be. This is because the lungs are constantly infected, causing phagocytes to line the airways, and to reach them they release a protein digesting enzyme known as elastase - this destroys the elastin in the walls of the alveoli allowing the phagocytes to enter and remove bacteria. However, this elastin is vital, without it, the alveoli do not stretch and recoil when breathing in and out, causing bronchioles to collapse. The initial inflammation is caused by infections which in turn is caused by the accumulated mucus as a result of the tar in the lungs. This also leads to the destruction of the alveoli walls, which reduces the surface area of gas exchange surface, meaning less gas exchange can occur. People with emphysema cannot oxygenate their blood very well, and thus breathe rapidly - blood pressure also increases as blood vessels in the lungs become more resistant to the flow of blood. Lung function will deteriorate and people with severe emphysema may need a supply of oxygen through a face mask to stay alive. ===Chronic bronchitis=== Tar destroys and weakens cilia, inhibiting the cleaning of the airways. It also stimulates goblet cells to secrete more mucus, making mucus accumulate in the bronchioles, and thus mucus starts to fill up the holes and cannot be moved by the cilia. Thus bacteria and viruses collect and block the bronchioles, causing the smoker to cough in an attempt to move the mucus up the airways. The damaged cilliated epithelial cells are replaced by scar tissue, thickening the airways and making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. Infections also easily develop in the accumulated mucus, inflaming the airways. The damage and blocking of the airways is chronic bronchitis. ===Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease=== Emphysema and chronic bronchitis together are known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a progressively degenerating disease. Reversal is very rare, the damage to the lungs can sometimes be reversed if smoking is given up when young. COPD is responsible for >300,000 deaths a year in the UK. ==Evidence== ===Epidemiological=== [[Image:Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg|right]] Cigarette smoking began en masse in the beginning of the twentieth century, and doctors started noticing a huge increase in cases of lung cancer from 1930 onwards, and by 1950s it was declared an epidemic. For comparison, in 1912 there were 374 lung cancer cases, and now there are over 35,000 deaths a year, an increase of nearly 100 times. The correlation between lung cancer and cigarette smoking is plain in the chart to the right - it shows the 20 year 'lag' between the rise of cigarettes and the rise of lung cancer. Epidemiological data links smoking and cancer, and up to 50% of smokers may die of smoking-related diseases. One third of cancer deaths are as a result of cigarette smoking, and a quarter of smokers die of lung cancer. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is very rare in non smokers, less than 10% of victims are non-smokers, and less than 2% of people with emphysema are non-smokers. One fifth of smokers suffer from emphysema, and as a result deaths from pneumonia and influenza are twice as high amongst smokers. Epidemiological studies have ruled out other factors, that is to say that they cannot find any other factor with a close correlation with smoking. Smoking has been found to have a direct link with lung cancer, as smoking is the common fact in almost all cases. Smoking also contributes to many other cancers of the mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney and pancreas. ===Experimental=== Epidemiological evidence is sometimes questioned, as it does not 'prove' sufficiently for some that there is a definite link between lung cancer and smoking. However, there is also experimental evidence to prove a direct causative link between smoking and lung cancer. In the 1960s, an ethically questionable experiment was set up to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on lungs. One group of 24 dogs were forced to smoke filter-tipped cigarettes and did not develop cancer, whilst 24 other dogs smoked plain cigarettes and developed tumours similar to those found in human lung cancer patients. COPD was also recognised in the plain-cigarette dogs. The healthy group of 24 dogs did not develop tumours, but this is thought to be due to the relatively (to the time a smoker may smoke in their lifetime) short time of the experiment. Chemical analysis of cigarette smoke shows that tar contains a wide variety of carcinogens, and when this tar is painted on the skins of mice, cancerous growths are shown to develop. =Cardiovascular diseases= [[Image:Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis.png|right|300px]] All cardiovascular disease are degenerative diseases of the heart and/or circulatory system, and are a major cause of death in developed countries. They are multifactorial, meaning that many factors contribute to the development of these disease, and smoking is a big one. ==Atherosclerosis== Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells. The accumulation of fatty material in artery walls damages the arteries, which produces the invasion of macrophages whose secretions stimulate the growth of muscle cells to aid repair and the accumulation of cholesterol. Cholesterol is an essential biochemical, but it causes problems if it is to accumulate in tissues. This is due to its insolubility - if it is transported in the blood it is done so in tiny balls of lipid and protein known as a lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are in two groups, LDLs and HDLS (low and high density respectively). These LDLs transport cholesterol to the artery walls and unfortunately deposit their cholesterol at damaged sites, whereas HDLs transport it to the liver to be excreted. These cholesterol deposits form plaques in the arteries, causing them to be less elastic and providing greater resistance to the flow of blood. These plaques cause the blood to flow roughly, making it likely to clot, forming a thrombus, disrupting blood flow even more. See the picture on the right for the stages of atherosclerosis and more detail (click to enlarge). ==Strokes== Stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to either a blood vessel in the brain bursting or a blocking in a brain artery due to atherosclerosis or a thrombus. They can be instantly fatal or severely disabling to the victim - it depends on how much of the brain is affected. =Coronary Heart Disease= Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also a cardiovascular disease and is disease of the two coronary arteries (the ones that supply the muscles of the heart). It is as a result of atherosclerosis narrowing the coronary arteries, restricting the blood flow, forcing the heart to work harder to force the blood through, raising the blood pressure. It can cause anything from chest pain to a fatal heart attack. ===Angina=== Angina is the main symptom of CHD, and is characterised by severe chest pain during exercise, caused by a shortage of blood to the heart muscle. ===Heart failure=== A heart failure is the result of CHD that does not end in a heart attack, and the heart simply gives out due to the gradual damage of the heart muscle - eventually it fails to pump efficiently and the victim dies. ===Heart attack=== Also known as a myocardial infarction - this is when a large enough branch of the coronary artery is obstructed by a blood clot, and thus part of the heart is starved of oxygen and dies. Depending on how much of the heart dies, this can be fatal, and brings severe and sudden chest pain. ==Epidemiological evidence== Coronary heart disease remains a major killer across the world in 2008, and is most prevalent in Russia, and least prevalent in Japan (counting only the developed world). Coronary heart disease death rates differ also within countries, and between socio-economic stratas - in the UK, poor people, certain ethnic groups and men are more at risk. This data tells us that people are not equally at risk of developing CHD. ===Risk Factors=== There are many known CHD risk factors. You can control some risk factors, but not others. Risk factors you can control include: 1. High blood cholesterol and triglyceride (tri-GLIS-er-ide) levels (a type of fat found in the blood) 2. High blood pressure 3. Diabetes and prediabetesexternal link icon 4. Overweight and obesity 5. Smoking 6. Lack of physical activity 7. Unhealthy diet 8. Stress {| align="center" class="toccolours" border="1" style="border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; clear: both;" |+'''Table 1: Risk''' |- !Risk factor !Effect |- |Alcohol |Causes high blood pressure, this and high intake to increase risk of atherosclerosis. Risk may decrease with moderate intake. |- |Age |Risk increases as age increases |- |Blood cholesterol |Direct correlation between high cholesterol concentration and CHD risk |- |Diabetes |Anyone with diabetes is at increased risk |- |Diet |Risk increases with high intake of saturated fat and/or salt, since these factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Decreases risk for antioxidants, soluble fibres and moderate amounts of unsaturated fats. |- |Heredity |Genetic predisposition does exist, and genes can cause people to develop high blood cholesterol concentrations. |- |Gender |Men are at greater risk than women |- |Level of exercise |Risk decreases if more exercise is done, aerobic activity helps to control blood cholesterol and obesity. Lowers blood pressure. |- |Obesity |Being obese greatly increases risk, puts a strain on the heart and rises blood pressure |- |Social Class |Poverty increases the risk |- |} ==Prevention & cure== Coronary heart disease is a major killer in the UK and is also one of the biggest examples of avoidable ill health. For this reason governments are encouraging people to take more exercise, give up smoking and reduce the fat in their diet in an effort to reduce coronary heart disease death rates. Treatment includes drugs to reduce blood clotting, lower blood pressure and decrease the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. If these are not successful, a coronary by-pass may be carried out - this operation takes a blood vessel from else where on the body, and attaching it to the coronary artery, 'by-passing' the clot in the artery blockage. If this does not or cannot work, a complete heart transplant may be given - but this is very difficult to since a donor must be found that matches the recipients tissues etc. Heart transplants are usually refused to people who have not completely given up drink and smoking, in an effort to improve the health of the waiting list and to ensure that the few hearts they do get are not then ruined. {{BookCat}} i4zambzwg52z9lvmgvsfiv10ks3mefc 0 193078 4095919 2738187 2022-08-25T01:43:25Z The Eloquent Peasant 1134136 /* Summary of the Lesson */ clever wikitext text/x-wiki ==Summary of the Lesson== In the previous lesson, we know that an adjective can be used for giving more information about a noun. However, adjectives can only be used to modify a noun. If we want to modify a verb or an adjective, we need to use an adverb. Adverbs can also be used to modify another adverb or a clause. The following examples show how adverbs modify different parts of a sentence. 1. I '''clearly''' remember what happened. (An adverb modifying a verb.) 2. Is it '''really''' good for you?. (An adverb modifying an adjective.) 3. You are '''really''' very clever. (An adverb modifying another adverb. 'Very' is also an adverb.) 4. '''Interestingly''', he did not discuss this topic at all. (An adverb modifying a sentence.) An adverb that modifies and add emphasis to an adjective and another adverb is called an '''intensifier'''. Some intensifiers are ''barely, fully, hardly, little, quite, rather, really, scarcely, too'' and ''very''. An adverb that tells ''where'' (place or direction) the action took place is a '''directive adverb'''. Some '''idioms''' are formed by combining directive adverbs and verbs. Examples are check in, set off and breakthrough.<small> (Note: An idiom should not be taken literally.)</small> Several '''nouns function as adverbs''' that answer the question ''Where?'' or ''When?''. Examples of these nouns used as adverbs are ''afternoons, evenings, home, month, mornings, nights, today, tomorrow, week, year'' and ''yesterday''. ==Positions of Adverbs== Adverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs usually immediately precede the words they modify. However, when an adverb is used to modify a verb, besides before the verb, it can also be placed after the verb, or even at the beginning or the end of a sentence. However, as we see in the following example, when an adverb modifying a verb occupies different positions, there can sometimes be subtle differences in meaning. 1. Quickly I ran away. 2. I quickly ran away. 3. I ran quickly away. 4. I ran away quickly. ==Types Adverbs== ===Adverb of Place=== An adverb of place tells ''where'' about the word it modifies. ===Adverb of Time=== An adverb of time tells ''when'' about the word it modifies. ===Adverb of Manner=== An adverb of manner tells ''how'' about the word it modifies. ===Adverb of Frequency=== An adverb of frequency tells ''to what extent'' about the word it modifies. ==Exercises== {{BookCat}} 4x6tu6izy7uuu1bahybri19im5xygqw 0 197247 4095886 4050793 2022-08-24T23:56:19Z 204.48.93.162 /* Countries & Cities Starbucks Mug Series */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Starbucks City Mugs''' are collectible souvenir coffee mugs available from Starbucks coffee stores worldwide. The mugs first appeared on shelves in 1994. ==Styles== Although there is no official classification, the following different styles or editions have been or are being produced. <u>'''City, State, and Country Mugs'''</u> '''94 Collectors Series:''' The first edition of Starbucks City mugs, available with motifs from all over the world. '''94 Collectors Series Mini Mugs:''' Demitasse/Espresso size mugs '''97 States of Bean Mugs:''' Colorful motifs from several U.S. states. '''98/99 Collage Series:''' Colored Photos with typical images from over 30 American cities and 4 states. '''02 Skyline Series:''' Display city skylines, typically blue on white. '''02 Skyline Mini Series:''' Demitasse/espresso size. Display city skylines, typically blue on white. '''02 Skyline Series Giant Mugs''' Released in a very limited edition to only the highest volume stores and display city skylines similar to the 20 oz counterparts. 'The Skyline Giants' have a 2.5-gallon capacity. '''02 USA Scenic Series''' Often considered a limited edition, 4-mug extension of the Skyline Series. Displays the American Flag, Mount Rushmore, Statue of Liberty and Iwo Jima Memorial. '''02 Italian Romance Series:''' Same style as 94 Collectors Series, sold in US as tribute to Italian coffee culture. '''04 City Scenes:''' Black-and-white pictures with landmarks from several cities in the United States and Canada. '''04 Art Deco Style:''' Similar to the '04 City Scenes, these mugs feature an art deco style and were only released in four U.S. cities. '''05 Photo Series:''' Unique style motifs from the United Kingdom and Ireland. '''06 US/Canada Architecture Series:''' City skylines, purple/blue on white, with city facts on the backside of the mug. '''06 US/Canada Architecture Mini Series''' ''''07 Park Series:''' These mugs feature motifs from several city parks and national parks in the United States and Canada. '''08 Icon Series:''' These mugs are replacing the original City Mugs all over the World. Started in June 2008 in China (for the Olympic Games), now also spread to other countries all over the world. '''08 Icon Mini Series:''' Same as the Icon Series, but smaller (3oz). Not all cities who do have an Icon Mug also have a Mini Mug. '''13 You Are Here Series:''' The newest serie of mugs. In Canada and in the USA these mugs are replacing the 08 Icon Series. '''18 Been there Series:''' In Canada and in the USA these mugs are replacing the 13 YAH Series since June 2018. '''<u>Non City Mugs</u>''' '''Japan Series:''' A series of colorful mugs from several Japanese cities as well as one "Japan Country Mug" per year since 2002. '''Asian Artsy Design Mugs:''' These mugs have intricate designs mainly from Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. '''Coffee Origin Mugs:''' Dedicated to the countries and regions where Starbucks buys coffee beans, including places such as Guatemala and Sulawesi. '''Coffee Blend Mugs:''' Dedicated to various popular coffee blends such as Caffe Verona. '''Christmas Mugs:''' This would be all Christmas/ Hannukah/ Kwanza mugs. '''Miscellaneous Holiday Mugs:''' All other holiday mugs (Easter, Valentine's, Thanksgiving, etc.) '''Holiday Ornaments:''' All of the miniature ornaments that include tiny mugs (not to be confused with the demitasse) '''Starbucks Anniversary Mugs:''' Released to celebrate the inauguration of Starbucks in a country/ city. '''Miscellaneous Mini Mugs:''' Smaller versions of some regular-sized mugs, and a typical size for a single espresso. '''Tasting Cups:''' Two ounce cups that don't have handles '''Other Mugs''' '''<u>Tumblers</u>''' '''Icon Tumblers''' '''Other City Tumblers''' '''Non City Tumblers''' ==CITY RELIEF MUGS== '''NO. OF CITY RELIEF MUG SERIES: 116''' '''AUSTRALIA: (3)''' *Brisbane Green Christmas *Melbourne Green Christmas *Sydney Green Christmas '''BRUNEI: (1)''' *Brunei '''CHINA: (25)''' *Beijing Blue *Beijing Gold Christmas *Beijing Green Christmas *Changsha Blue *Chengdu Blue *Chengdu Gold Christmas *Chengdu Green Christmas *Chongqing Blue *Dongguan Blue *Guangzhou Blue *Guangzhou Gold Christmas *Guangzhou Green Christmas *Hangzhou Blue *Kunming Blue *Nanjing Blue *Nanning Blue *Ningbo Blue *Qingdao Blue *Shanghai Blue 1 *Shanghai Blue 2 *Shanghai Gold Christmas *Shanghai Red Christmas *Shanghai Green Christmas *Shenzhen Blue *Shenzhen Green Christmas *Suzhou Blue *Tianjin Blue *Wuhan Blue *Xi'an Blue *Xiamen Blue '''CZECH REPUBLIC: (3)''' *Prague *Prague Gold Christmas *Prague Green Christmas '''ENGLAND: (4)''' *London *London Red Christmas *London Gold Christmas *London Green Christmas '''FRANCE: (8)''' *Paris *Paris Red Christmas *Paris Gold Christmas *Paris Green Christmas '''GERMANY: (4)''' *Berlin *Berlin Red Christmas *Berlin Gold Christmas *Berlin Green Christmas '''HONG KONG: (4)''' *Hong Kong *Hong Kong Red Christmas *Hong Kong Gold Christmas *Hong Kong Green Christmas '''MACAU: (2)''' *Macau *Macau Green Christmas '''MALAYSIA: (12)''' *Johor *Kedah *Kuala Lumpur *Kuala Lumpur Gold Christmas *Kuala Lumpur Green Christmas *Malacca *Pahang *Penang *Perak *Sabah *Sarawak *Selangor '''NETHERLANDS: (3)''' *Amsterdam *Amsterdam Gold Christmas *Amsterdam Green Christmas '''NEW ZEALAND: (2)''' *Auckland *Wellington '''PHILIPPINES: (8)''' *Boracay *Cebu *Manila *Manila Green Christmas *Manila Red Christmas *Philippines *Philippines Red Chritmas *Philippines Green Christmas '''RUSSIA: (4)''' *Moscow *Moscow Gold Christmas *Moscow Green Christmas *St. Petersburg '''SINGAPORE: (3)''' *Singapore *Singapore Gold Christmas *Singapore Green Christmas '''SOUTH KOREA: (8)''' *Busan *Busan Gold Christmas *Gyeongju *Jeju *Jeju Gold Christmas *Seoul *Seoul Red Christmas *Seoul Gold Christmas '''SWITZERLAND: (1)''' *Zurich Green Christmas '''TAIWAN: (21)''' *Hsinchu *Hsinchu Gold Christmas *Hsinchu Green Christmas *Kaohsiung *Kaohsiung Gold Christmas *Kaohsiung Green Christmas *Taichung *Taichung Gold Christmas *Taichung Green Christmas *Tainan *Tainan Gold Christmas *Tainan Green Christmas *Taipei *Taipei Red Christmas *Taipei Gold Christmas *Taipei Green Christmas *Taiwan *Taiwan Red Christmas *Taiwan Green Christmas *Taoyuan *Taoyuan Green Christmas '''THAILAND: (3)''' *Bangkok *Bangkok Green Christmas *Phuket '''UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (6)''' *Boston *Los Angeles *New York 1 *New York 2 *San Francisco *Seattle '''''BLACK RELIEF (44)''''' '''''BLUE RELIEF (20)''''' '''''RED RELIEF (8)''''' '''''GOLD RELIEF (21)''''' '''''GREEN RELIEF (28)''''' == Countries & Cities Starbucks Mug Series == '''ARGENTINA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Argentina **Buenos Aires **Rosario '''ARUBA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Aruba '''AUSTRALIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **Australia **Brisbane **Gold Coast **Melbourne **Sydney *You Are Here Series (5x) **Australia **Brisbane **Gold Coast **Melbourne **Sydney '''AUSTRIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Austria **Salzburg **Vienna (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (3x) **Austria **Innsbruck **Salzburg **Vienna '''AZERBAIJAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Baku '''THE BAHAMAS''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Bahamas '''BAHRAIN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Bahrain -Pearl Monument (DISCONTINUED) **Bahrain -Dhow *You Are Here Series (1x) **Bahrain '''BELGIUM''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (8x) **Antwerp **Belgium **Brugge **Brussels **Gent **Leuven **Liège **Namur *You Are Here Series (2x) **Belgium **Brussels **Brugge '''BOLIVIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Bolivia '''BRAZIL''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Brasil **Rio de Janeiro **São Paulo (NOT AVAILABLE SINCE SEPTEMBER 2015, ONLY SMALL VARIANT) *Been There Series **Brasil **Brasília **Rio de Janeiro **São Paulo '''BRUNEI''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Brunei '''BULGARIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Bulgaria **Sofia *You Are Here Series (1x) **Bulgaria '''CAMBODIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Cambodia *You Are Here Series (3x + 2 small) **Cambodia **Phnom Penh **Phnom Penh small **Siem Reap **Siem Reap small '''CANADA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (11x) **Banff (DISCONTINUED) **Calgary (DISCONTINUED) **Canada (DISCONTINUED) **Edmonton (DISCONTINUED) **Montréal (DISCONTINUED) **Niagara Falls (DISCONTINUED) **Quebec (DISCONTINUED) **Toronto (DISCONTINUED) **Vancouver (DISCONTINUED) **Vancouver Island (DISCONTINUED) **Whistler (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (14x) **Banff **Calgary **Canada (1) **Canada (2) **Edmonton **Montréal (1) **Montréal (2) **Niagara Falls **Quebec (1) **Quebec (2) **Toronto **Vancouver **Vancouver Island **Whistler *Been There Series (20x) **Atlantic Canada **Canada **Alberta *** Banff *** Calgary *** Edmonton **British Columbia *** Vancouver *** Vancouver Island **** Victoria *** Whistler **Manitoba *** Winnipeg **Ontario *** Niagara Falls *** Ottawa *** Toronto **Quebec *** Montreal **Saskatchewan '''CHILE''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Chile I- Rapa Nui(DISCONTINUED) **Chile II- *You Are Here Series (NONE) *Been There Series (3x) **Chile **Santiago **Valparaiso '''CHINA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (59x) **Baotou **Beijing **Changchun **Changsha **Chengdu **China **Chongqing **Dalian **Dali City **Dongguan **Foshan **Fuzhou **Guangzhou **Guilin **Guiyang **Haikou **Hangzhou **Harbin **Hefei **Hohhot **HongKong **Huizhou **Jilin **Jinan **Kunming **Lanzhou **Leshan **Lijiang **Liuzhou **Luoyang **Macau **Mianyang **Nanjing **Nanchang **Nanning **Ningbo **Qingdao **Qinhuangdao **Quanzhou **Sanya **Shanghai **Shantou **Shenyang **Shenzhen **Shijiazhuang **Suzhou **Taiyuan **Tianjin **Wuhan **Wuhu **Xi'an **Xiamen **Xiangyang **Xining **Yichang **Yinchuan **Zhengzhou **Zhongshan **Zhuhai *You Are Here Series (25x + 2 small) **Beijing **Changsha **Chengdu **Chongqing **Dalian **Guangzhou **Hangzhou **Harbin **Hong Kong **Hong Kong (small version) **Jinan **Kunming **Macau **Macau (small version) **Nanjing **Nanning **Ningbo **Sanya **Shanghai **Shenyang **Shenzhen **Suzhou **Tsingtao **Wuhan **Wuxi **Xiamen **Xi'an '''COLOMBIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Colombia '''COSTA RICA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Costa Rica '''CROATIA''' (No Starbucks, but 2 Prototype mugs exist) *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Zagreb '''CURAÇAO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Curaçao '''CYPRUS''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Cyprus *You Are Here Series (2x) **Cyprus **Limassol '''CZECH REPUBLIC''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Brno **Czech Republic **Ostrava **Prague *You Are Here Series (3x+1x small) **Czech Republic **Prague (1 Red) (2016.09) **Prague (2 Blue) (2018.01) **Prague (small version) '''DENMARK''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Aarhus **Copenhagen **Denmark *You Are Here Series (2x) **Copenhagen **Denmark '''EL SALVADOR''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **El Salvador '''EGYPT''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Egypt **Cairo **Sharm El Sheikh (DISCONTINUED) '''ENGLAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (9x) **Cambridge **London I -Big Ben and Tower Bridge (DISCONTINUED) **London II-Double Decker Bus **England I-Coat of Arms Seal (DISCONTINUED) **England II-William Shakespeare (DISCONTINUED) **England III-Stonehenge **Liverpool **Manchester **Oxford *You Are Here Series (7x) **England **Birmingham **London **Newcastle Upon Tyne **Oxford **Manchester **Liverpool '''FINLAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Finland **Helsinki *You Are Here Series (2x) **Finland **Helsinki '''FRANCE''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (8x) **Bordeaux **France **Lille **Lyon **Nice **Marseille **Paris I-Tour Eiffel (DISCONTINUED) **Paris II-Arc de Triomphe (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (11x+1x small) **Bordeaux **Cannes **Disneyland Paris (Limited) **France **Lyon **Marseille **Nantes **Parc Walt Disney Studios (Limited) **Paris **Paris Ornament (small) **Strasbourg **Toulouse '''GERMANY''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (40x) **Aachen **Berlin -Baer I (DISCONTINUED) **Berlin -Baer II **Bielefeld **Bonn **Braunschweig **Bremen **Darmstadt **Dresden **Düsseldorf **Frankfurt (am Main) **Freiburg **Germany I-Brandenburg Gate **Germany II-Neuschwanstein Castle **Hamburg **Hannover **Heidelberg **Karlsruhe **Karneval I (2015 DISCONTINUED) **Karneval II (2016) **Kassel **Kiel **Köln **Leipzig **Mainz **Mannheim **München **Münster **Nürnberg **Oktoberfest I-Pretzel (2011 DISCONTINUED) **Oktoberfest II-Gingerbread heart (2014 DISCONTINUED) **Oktoberfest III-Dirndl and Lederhosen (2015 DISCONTINUED) **Oktoberfest IV- Giant Wheel & Krinoline (2016 DISCONTINUED) **Oktoberfest V- (2017) **Osnabrück **Potsdam **Ruhrgebiet **Saarbrücken **Spangdahlem **Stuttgart **Wiesbaden *You Are Here Series (15x+1x small) **Berlin **Bremen **Dresden **Düsseldorf **Frankfurt **Germany **Germany Ornament (small) **Hamburg **Heidelberg **Köln **Leipzig **München **Oktoberfest (2019) **Nürnberg **Ramstein **Stuttgart '''GREECE''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (7x) **Athens **Corfu (DISCONTINUED) **Crete **Greece **Mykonos **Rhodes **Thessaloniki *You Are Here Series (4x) **Athens **Corfu **Greece **Mykonos '''GUATEMALA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Antigua **Guatemala '''HUNGARY''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Hungary **Budapest *You Are Here Series (2x) **Budapest (1 Yellow) (2016.11) **Budapest (2 Blue) (2018.01) '''INDONESIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Bali **Indonesia **Jakarta '''INDIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **India *You Are Here Series (2x) **Mumbai **New Delhi '''IRELAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Ireland **Dublin '''ITALY''' *You Are Here Series (2x) **Italy **Milan '''JAPAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Osaka (DISCONTINUED) **Sapporo (DISCONTINUED) **Tokyo (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (2x) **Japan **Japan (Winter edition) '''JORDAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Jordan *You Are Here Series (1x) **Jordan '''KAZAKHSTAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Kazakhstan *You Are Here Series (1x) **Astana '''KUWAIT''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Kuwait *You Are Here Series (1x) **Kuwait '''LEBANON''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Lebanon *You Are Here Series (1x) **Lebanon '''LUXEMBOURG''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Luxembourg '''MALAYSIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (6x) **Kuala Lumpur I (DISCONTINUED) **Kuala Lumpur II **Malaysia I (DISCONTINUED) **Malaysia II **Penang (DISCONTINUED) **Sabah (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (4x) **Cameron Highlands **Genting Highland **Kuching **Langkawi '''MEXICO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (30x) **Acapulco **Cancun I -Playa Caracol (DISCONTINUED) **Cancun II **Chihuahua -Angel de la Libertad (DISCONTINUED) **Ciudad de Mexico **Cozumel **Culiacán -Torre del Reloj (DISCONTINUED) **Guadalajara -Minerva Statue (DISCONTINUED) **Guadalajara II **Guanajuato I -Teatro Juarez (DISCONTINUED) **Guanajuato II **Ensenada -Grey Whale's Tail **Leon **Los Cabos I (yellow) (DISCONTINUED) **Los Cabos II **Mérida **Mexico **Monterrey -Fountain of Life (DISCONTINUED) **Monterrey **Morelia **Playa del Carmen **Puebla **Puerto Vallarta I -Malecon Seahorse (DISCONTINUED) **Puerto Vallarta II **Querétaro **San Miguel de Allende **Tulum **Veracruz **Villahermosa **Zacatecas -El Cubo Aqueduct (DISCONTINUED) '''MONACO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Monaco '''MOROCCO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Morocco *You Are Here Series (2x) **Casablanca **Marrakech '''THE NETHERLANDS''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (12x) **Amsterdam I-Brouwersgracht (DISCONTINUED) **Amsterdam II-Rijksmuseum **Arnhem **Hilversum **Netherlands **Nijmegen I (DISCONTINUED) **Nijmegen II (correct bridge) **Den Haag **Utrecht **Leiden **Groningen **Rotterdam *You Are Here Series (6x) **Amsterdam **Den Haag **Netherlands **Roermond **Rotterdam **Utrecht '''NEW ZEALAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **New Zealand **Auckland **North Island (no longer available since Dec.2010 // only as mini) **South Island (no longer available since Dec.2010 // only as mini) **Wellington *You Are Here Series (1x) **Queenstown '''NORTHERN IRELAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Belfast **Northern Ireland '''NORWAY''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **Bergen **Norway **Oslo **Stavanger **Trondheim *You Are Here Series (2x) **Norway **Oslo '''OMAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Oman *You Are Here Series (1x) **Oman '''PANAMA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Panamà '''PERU''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Arequipa **Cusco **Lima **Peru '''PHILIPPINES''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (20x) **Bacolod **Baguio (DISCONTINUED) **Baguio II **Batangas **Boracay (DISCONTINUED) **Boracay II **Cagayan De Oro **Cebu (DISCONTINUED) **Cebu II **Davao **General Santos City **Iloilo **Makati **Manila~Jeepney (DISCONTINUED) **Manila II~Kalesa **Naga **Pampanga **Philippines (DISCONTINUED) **Philippines II~Waling Waling **Tagaytay *You Are Here Series (14x) **Baguio **Boracay **Davao **Cebu **Makati **Manila **Philippines **Quezon City **Tagaytay **Pampanga **Iloilo **Cagayan de Oro **Bulacan **Batangas **Bacolod '''POLAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (10x) **Gdansk **Gdynia **Katowice **Kraków **Lodz **Poland **Poznan **Szczcecin **Warsaw **Wroclaw *You Are Here Series (3x) **Krakow **Poland **Warsaw '''PORTUGAL''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Lisboa **Lisbon (DISCONTINUED) **Portugal-Carrack (NO cross on sail) version 1 (DISCONTINUED) **Portugal-Carrack (WITH cross on sail) version 2 *You Are Here Series (3x) **Lisboa **Porto **Portugal '''PUERTO RICO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Puerto Rico '''QATAR''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Qatar I -Aspire Tower (DISCONTINUED) **Qatar II -Arabian Oryx *You Are Here Series (1x) **Qatar '''ROMANIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Romania **Bucharest **Cluj-Napoca *You Are Here Series (1x) **Romania '''RUSSIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (15x) **Kazan **Krasnodar I (DISCONTINUED) **Krasnodar II **Moscow **Novosibirsk (store not opened yet) **Rostov-on-Don **Russia **Samara **Sochi I (DISCONTINUED) **Sochi II **St. Petersburg I (DISCONTINUED) **St. Petersburg II **Tyumen **Yekaterinburg **Yaroslavl *You Are Here Series (3x) **Moscow **Russia **St. Petersburg '''SAUDI ARABIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Jeddah **Riyadh **Kingdom of Saudi Arabia *You Are Here Series (1x) **Kingdom of Saudi Arabia '''SCOTLAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (3x) **Edinburgh **Glasgow **Scotland *You Are Here Series (4x) **Aberdeen **Edinburgh **Glasgow **Scotland '''SINGAPORE''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Singapore -Merlion-brown (DISCONTINUED) **Singapore -Orchid-blue (DISCONTINUED) **Singapore -Merlion-red (DISCONTINUED) **Singapore -Raffles-orange (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (2x) **Singapore (1) **Singapore (2) '''SLOVAKIA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Bratislava **Slovakia '''SOUTH AFRICA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **South Africa *You Are Here Series (3x) **Durban **Johannesburg **Pretoria '''SOUTH KOREA''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Korea(DISCONTINUED) **Seoul(DISCONTINUED) '''SPAIN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (10x) **Alicante **Barcelona (DISCONTINUED) **Bilbao **Madrid (DISCONTINUED) **Málaga **Mallorca **Sevilla (Spanish, latest) **Seville (English, previous) **Spain **Valencia *You Are Here Series (6x) **Barcelona **Madrid **Spain **Sevilla **Malaga **Marbella '''SWEDEN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Gothenburg **Malmo **Stockholm **Sweden *You Are Here Series (2x) **Stockholm **Sweden '''SWITZERLAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (9x) **Basel **Berne **Geneva **Lausanne **Lucerne **St. Gallen **Switzerland I-Edelweiss (DISCONTINUED) **Switzerland II-Mountain Chalet **Zurich *You Are Here Series (4x) **Geneva **Lucerne **Switzerland **Zurich '''TAIWAN''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **Kaohsiung (DISCONTINUED) **Taichung (DISCONTINUED) **Tainan (DISCONTINUED) **Taipei (DISCONTINUED) **Taiwan (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (5x) **Kaohsiung **Taichung **Tainan **Taipei **Taiwan '''THAILAND''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **Bangkok **Chiangmai **Pattaya **Phuket **Thailand *You Are Here Series (5x+5x small) **Bangkok **Chiangmai **Pattaya **Phuket **Thailand **Bangkok (small version) **Chiangmai (small version) **Pattaya (small version) **Phuket (small version) **Thailand (small version) '''TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Trinidad and Tobago '''TURKEY''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (5x) **Ankara **Antalya **Istanbul **Izmir **Turkey *You Are Here Series (7x) **Adana **Ankara **Antalya **Bodrum **Istanbul **Izmir **Turkey '''UNITED ARAB EMIRATES''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **United Arab Emirates **Dubai(DISCONTINUED) **Abu Dhabi **Sharjah (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (3x) **Dubai **Ras Al Khaimah **United Arab Emirates '''UNITED STATES of AMERICA' *New '08 Global Icon Series (49x) **Alaska (DISCONTINUED) **Arizona (DISCONTINUED) **Atlanta (DISCONTINUED) **Austin (DISCONTINUED) **Boston (DISCONTINUED) **California (DISCONTINUED) **Charlotte (DISCONTINUED) **Chicago (DISCONTINUED) **Cleveland (DISCONTINUED) **Colorado (DISCONTINUED) **Dallas (DISCONTINUED) **Denver (DISCONTINUED) **Detroit (DISCONTINUED) **Florida (DISCONTINUED) **Fort Worth (DISCONTINUED) **Hamptons (DISCONTINUED) **Hawaii (DISCONTINUED) **Houston (DISCONTINUED) **Indianapolis (DISCONTINUED) **Jacksonville (DISCONTINUED) **Lake Tahoe (DISCONTINUED) **Las Vegas (DISCONTINUED) **Los Angeles (DISCONTINUED) **Memphis (DISCONTINUED) **Miami (DISCONTINUED) **Nashville (DISCONTINUED) **New Mexico (DISCONTINUED) **New Orleans (DISCONTINUED) **New York (DISCONTINUED) **North Carolina (DISCONTINUED) **Ohio (DISCONTINUED) **Orange County (DISCONTINUED) **Orlando (DISCONTINUED) **Philadelphia (DISCONTINUED) **Phoenix (DISCONTINUED) **Pike Place Market (DISCONTINUED) **Pittsburgh (DISCONTINUED) **Portland (DISCONTINUED) **Sacramento (DISCONTINUED) **San Antonio (DISCONTINUED) **San Diego (DISCONTINUED) **San Francisco (DISCONTINUED) **Seattle I -Mt. Rainier (DISCONTINUED) **Seattle II -Ferry boat (DISCONTINUED) **St. Louis (DISCONTINUED) **Tampa (DISCONTINUED) **Twin Cities (DISCONTINUED) **Utah (DISCONTINUED) **Waikiki (DISCONTINUED) **Washington D.C. (DISCONTINUED) *You Are Here Series (72x) **Alaska **Alabama **Arizona **Atlanta **Austin **Aspen **Boston **California **Chicago **Cambridge **Charlotte **Colorado **Dallas **Denver **Detroit **Disneyland Adventureland (1) **Disneyland Adventureland (2) **Disneyland Adventureland (3) **Disney Animal Kingdom (1) **Disney Animal Kingdom (2) **Disney California Adventure (1) **Disney California Adventure (2) **Disney Epcot (1) **Disney Epcot (2) **Disney Epcot (3) **Disney Hollywood Studios (1) **Disney Hollywood Studios (2) **Disney Hollywood Studios (3) **Disney Magic Kingdom (1) **Disney Magic Kingdom (2) **Disney Magic Kingdom (3) Tomorrowland **Florida **Hamptons **Hawaii **Houston **Indianapolis **Illinois **Kansas City **Kentucky **Lake Tahoe **Las Vegas **Los Angeles **Maryland **Memphis **Miami **Michigan **Nashville **New Jersey **New Mexico **New Orleans **New York **North Carolina **Ohio **Oklahoma **Orange County **Oregon **Orlando **Philadelphia **Phoenix **Pike Place Market **Pittsburgh **Portland **San Antonio **San Diego **San Francisco **Seattle **St. Louis **Tennessee **Texas **Twin Cities **Universal Hollywood **Universal Orlando **Utah **Vail **Virginia **Waikiki **Washington **Washington D.C. **Wisconsin (1) **Wisconsin (2) *Been There Series (88x) **Alabama **Alaska **Arizona ***Phoenix **Arkansas **California ***Los Angeles ****Universal Studios Hollywood ***San Diego ***San Francisco **Colorado ***Denver **Connecticut **Delaware **Florida ***Miami ***Orlando ****Universal Orlando Resort ****Disney’s Magic Kingdom ****Disney’s Animal Kingdom ****Disney’s Epcot ****Disney’s Hollywood Studios ***Keys **Georgia ***Atlanta **Hawaii ***Maui ***Waikiki **Idaho **Illinois ***Chicago **Indiana **Iowa **Kansas **Kentucky **Louisiana ***New Orleans **Maine **Maryland **Massachusetts ***Boston **Michigan ***Detroit **Minnesota ***Twin Cities **Mississippi **Missouri ***Kansas City ***St. Louis **Montana **Nebraska **Nevada ***Lake Tahoe ***Las Vegas **New Hampshire **New Jersey **New Mexico **New York ***New York City **North Carolina ***Charlotte **North Dakota **Ohio **Oklahoma **Oregon ***Portland **Pennsylvania ***Philadelphia ***Pittsburgh **Rhode Island **South Carolina **South Dakota **Tennessee ***Memphis ***Nashville **Texas ***Austin ***Dallas ***Houston ***San Antonio **Utah **Vermont **Virginia **Washington ***Seattle ****Pike Place **Washington D.C. **West Virginia **Wisconsin **Wyoming '''URUGUAY''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (1x) **Uruguay '''VIETNAM''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (4x) **Vietnam version I (without 2nd country name "Viet Nam" on backside) (DISCONTINUED) **Vietnam version II (with 2nd country name "Viet Nam" on backside) **Hanoi **Ho Chi Minh City *You Are Here Series (5x) **Da Nang **Hai Phong **Hanoi **Ho Chi Minh City **Vietnam '''WALES''' *New '08 Global Icon Series (2x) **Cardiff **Wales *You Are Here Series (2x) **Wales **Caerdydd ==2006 Architecture Series List== *Alaska *Atlanta *Atlantic City *Austin *Boston *Calgary *Canada "Maple Leaf" *Canada "True North" *Charlotte *Chicago *Chicago (mini) *Chicago Holiday(Magnificent Mile) *Cincinnati *Cleveland *Colorado *Columbus *Dallas *Denver *Detroit *Fargo *Fort Lauderdale *Ft. Worth *Fresno *Houston *Indianapolis *Jacksonville *Las Vegas *Las Vegas (mini) *Los Angeles *Los Angeles (mini) *Memphis *Miami *Miami Beach *Montreal *Nashville *New Mexico *New Orleans *New York *New York (mini) *New York Holiday (Rockefeller Center) *Niagara Falls *Orange County *Orlando *Palm Springs *Philadelphia *Phoenix *Pike Place *Pike Place (mini) *Pittsburgh *Portland *Raleigh *Sacramento *San Antonio *San Diego *San Diego (mini) *San Francisco *San Francisco (mini) *San Francisco Holiday(Union Square) *San Jose *Seattle *Seattle (mini) *St. Louis *Starbucks Support Center *Spokane *Tampa *Toronto *Tucson *Twin Cities *Vancouver *Washington D.C. *Washington D.C. (mini) *West Palm Beach *Whistler ==Interesting Notes== *Minneapolis/St.Paul mug 1994 edition sold on eBay for $2,020.00 *North Island mug 2008 Global Icon Series sold on eBay for about $6,000.00 *The original release Colorado architect mug erroneously listed the elevation of Mt. Elbert (one of Colorado's 14k ft. peaks) as 1,441 feet. This was later corrected but you will occasionally run across one of the rare originals with the error. {{BookCat}} 0e1galbk9t9gldidneb32pc5gty2017 10 202205 4095882 3461602 2022-08-24T23:11:44Z Kwamikagami 102171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = brown | id = [[File:Peace symbol (fixed width).svg|40px]] | id-c = #FFB8c6 | info = This user '''[[WB:CIVIL|does not understand mean people]]'''. Please be nice. | info-c = #FFEBEF }}<noinclude>[[Category:View user templates|Please be nice]]</noinclude> c416j50paxwca6xtxrx4bnrjxg1gc2a 0 205798 4095870 2022618 2022-08-24T21:53:40Z 2601:1C2:100:F640:BDAD:F95B:79F5:3A7F wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Diffuse nebula | | image = |caption= | name = M78 | type = Reflection | epoch = J2000.0 | ra = 05^h 46.7^m | dec = +00° 03&prime; | dist_ly = 1,600 [[w:light year|ly]] | appmag_v = 8.3 | size_v = 8&prime; &times; 6&prime; | constellation = [[w:Orion (constellation)|Orion]] | radius_ly = 2 | absmag_v = - | notes = Part of the Orion Complex | names = NGC 2068, Ced55u }} The nebula '''Messier 78''' (also known as '''M 78''' or '''NGC 2068''') is a [[w:reflection nebula]] in the [[w:constellation]] [[w:Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. It was discovered by [[w:Pierre Méchain]] in [[w:1780]] and included by [[w:Charles Messier]] in his catalog of [[w:comet]]-like objects that same year. M78 is the brightest diffuse reflection nebula of a group of nebulae that include NGC 2064, NGC 2067 and NGC 2071. This group belongs to the [[w:Orion Molecular Cloud Complex]] and is about 1,600 [[w:light year]]s distant from [[w:Earth]]. [[M78]] is easily found in small [[w:telescope]]s as a hazy patch and involves two [[w:star]]s of 10th [[w:apparent magnitude|magnitude]]. These two stars, ''HD 38563A'' and ''HD 38563B'', are responsible for making the cloud of dust in M78 visible by reflecting their light. About 45 [[w:variable star]]s of the ''T Tauri'' type, young stars still in the process of formation as well as some 17 [[w:Herbig-Haro object]]s are known in M78. ==External links== * [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m078.html Messier 78, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051104.html M78: Stardust and Starlight] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m78_ngc2071 NightSkyInfo.com - M78] {{Messier Index}} fqlp13pbc5qf1ryd68glrgojtndtbs0 0 206595 4096005 4095158 2022-08-25T09:32:24Z Jim Ashby 3304668 /* Welcome! */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:1%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;"> </span>}} [[File:Meter stamp catalog logo.jpg|800px|center]] ==<span style="font-size:xxx-large">''Welcome!''</span>== [[File:New Zealand stamp type A7a.jpg|left|200px]] [[File:Vatican stamp type A1 with frame.jpg|right|450px]] [[File:Great Britain stamp type A4DA.jpg|center|350px]] <br><br><br> {{drop|P }}<span style="font-size:3;">ostage meters first appeared experimentally at the end of the 19th century and came into general use worldwide starting in the 1920s. By the 1960s more mail was being franked by postage meter than with traditional adhesive stamps. The trend continues today as mechanical postage meters are displaced by newer and more versatile digital franking machines and systems.</span> <span style="font-size:3;">This is a catalog of all the different types of postage meter stamps ever used to frank mail in the world. It organizes and categorizes the stamps by their appearance (design format) rather than the meter model that printed them. It is thus a STAMP catalog for use primarily by stamp collectors and is not a meter (machine) catalog. It is an expansion of ''The International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog'', written and published by Joel Hawkins and Rick Stambaugh in 2005, and its 2008 Supplement.</span> <br><br> ---- [[File: China DA1.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-large; color:green;"><u>'''''Recent changes'''''</u></span> {| |- |style="color: green;"| * 25 Aug: '''''<u>Monaco</u>''', Type "'''PO6'''" added.'' * 21 Aug: '''''<u>Nigeria</u>''', Type "'''D6.3'''" added.'' * 20 Aug: '''''<u>Nigeria</u>''', "'''Group C'''" added.'' * 20 Aug: '''''<u>Russia</u>''', Type "'''DA8'''" added.'' * 05 Jul: '''''<u>Italy</u>''', Sub-types "'''F4A'''" and "'''F4B'''" added.'' * 05 Jul: '''''<u>Italy</u>''', Sub-types "'''PO19A'''" and "'''PO19B'''" added.'' * 04 Jul: '''''<u>Hong Kong</u>''', Type "'''AA1'''" specialised page added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Argentina</u>''', Sub-type "'''GA1E'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Dominica</u>''', Type "'''5'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Falkland Islands</u>''', Type "'''B4'''" added.'' |style="color: green;"| * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Gibraltar</u>''', Type "'''A1.2'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Jersey</u>''', Type "'''A7.1'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Mongolia</u>''', Type "'''2'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Oman</u>''', Variety "'''1.2c'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>St. Vincent</u>''', Variety "'''2a'''" added.'' * 30 Jun: '''''<u>Vanuatu</u>''', Type "'''B6'''" added.'' * 28 Jun: '''''<u>Luxembourg</u>''', Type "'''DA5'''" added.'' * 28 Jun: '''''<u>Peru</u>''', Type "'''PO-G2'''" added.'' * 28 Jun: '''''<u>Sweden</u>''', Type "'''D1.4B'''" added.'' * 26 Jun: '''''<u>Jersey</u>''', Types "'''A8.1'''", "'''A11'''" and "'''B6'''" added.'' |} <br> ==<span style="color:red; font-size:5; >'''Table of Contents'''</span>== * <span style="font-size:3;"><u>'''[[/Introduction/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''The basics of meter stamp collecting'')</span></span> [[File: Netherlands stamp type D2.jpg|right|480px]] * <span style="font-size:3;"> <u>'''[[/Glossary, Abbreviations and Symbols/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''Understanding the stamp descriptions'')</span></span> * <span style="font-size:3;"> <u>'''[[/Identifier/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''Find the country your stamp is from'')</span></span> * <span style="font-size:3;"> <u>'''[[/Meter Manufacturers Worldwide/]]'''</u></span> [[File: Norway stamp type A1 10 ore.jpg|right|180px]] * <span style="font-size:3;"> <u>'''[[/Meter Stamp Collecting Societies/]]'''</u></span> * <span style="font-size:3;"> <u>'''[[/Bibliography/]]'''</u></span> <br><br><br> ---- {| | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Abu Dhabi/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Afghanistan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Aland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Albania/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Algeria/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/American Samoa/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Andorra/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Angola/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Anguilla/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Antarctica/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Antigua and Barbuda/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Argentina/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Armenia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Aruba/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Ascension Island/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Australia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Austria/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Azerbaijan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Azores/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bahamas/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bahrain/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bangladesh/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Barbados/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Belarus/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Belgium/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Belize/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Benin/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bermuda/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bhutan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bolivia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bosnia & Herzegovina/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Botswana/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Brazil/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">'''[[/British Indian Ocean Territory/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/British Virgin Islands/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Brunei/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Bulgaria/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Burkina Faso/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Burundi/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cambodia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cameroon/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Canada/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Canal Zone/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cape Verde/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cayman Islands/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Central African Republic/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Chad/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Chile/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">'''[[/China (mainland, ROC & PRC)/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/China (Taiwan ROC)/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Christmas Island/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cocos Island/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Colombia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Comoros/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">'''[[/Congo, Democratic Republic/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:small;">'''[[/Congo, Peoples Republic/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cook Islands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Costa Rica/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Croatia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cuba/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Curacao/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Cyprus/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Czechoslovakia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Czech Republic/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Danzig/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Denmark/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Djibouti/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Dominica/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Dominican Republic/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Dubai/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">'''[[/Dutch Caribbean/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/East African Community/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ecuador/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Egypt/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/El Salvador/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Equatorial Guinea/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Eritrea/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Estonia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Eswatini (Swaziland)/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ethiopia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Falkland Islands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Faroe Islands /]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Fiji/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Finland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/France/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/French Equatorial Africa /]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/French Guiana/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/French Indochina/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/French Polynesia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/French West Africa/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Gabon /]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/The Gambia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Georgia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Germany, Part 1/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Germany, Part 2/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Germany, Part 3/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ghana/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Gibraltar/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Great Britain/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Greece/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Greenland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Grenada/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guadaloupe/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guatemala/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guernsey/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guinea/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guinea Bissau/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Guyana/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Haiti/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Honduras/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Hong Kong/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Hungary/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Iceland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/India/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Indonesia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Iran/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Iraq/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ireland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Isle Of Man/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Israel/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Italy/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ivory Coast/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Jamaica/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Japan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Jersey/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Jordan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Kazakhstan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Kenya/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Kiribati/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Korea, Dem. Rep. (North) /]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Korea, Republic (South) /]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Kuwait/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Kyrgyzstan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Laos/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Latvia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Lebanon/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Lesotho/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Liberia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Libya/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Liechtenstein/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Lithuania/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Luxembourg/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Macau/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Macedonia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Madagascar/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Madeira Islands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Malawi/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Malaysia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Maldives/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mali Federation/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mali/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Malta/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Marshall Islands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Martinique/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mauritania/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mauritius/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mayotte/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mexico/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Micronesia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Moldova/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Monaco/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mongolia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Montenegro/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Montserrat/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Morocco/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Mozambique/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Myanmar/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Namibia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Nauru/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Nepal/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Netherlands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Netherlands Antilles/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/New Caledonia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Newfoundland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/New Zealand/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Nicaragua/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Niger/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Nigeria/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Niue/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Norfolk Island/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Norway/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Oman/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Pakistan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Palau/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Palestine/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Palestinian Authority/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Panama/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Papua New Guinea/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Paraguay/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Peru/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Philippines/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Poland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Portugal/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Portuguese India (Goa)/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Qatar/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Reunion/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Rhodesia & Nyasaland/ ]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Romania/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ruanda-Urundi/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Russia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Rwanda/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saint Helena/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saint Kitts And Nevis/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saint Lucia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saint Pierre & Miquelon/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saint Vincent/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/San Marino/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Sao Tome E Principe/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Saudi Arabia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Senegal/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Serbia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Seychelles/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sierra Leone/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Singapore/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sint Maarten/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Slovakia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Slovenia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Solomon Islands/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Somalia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/South Africa/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/South Georgia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Spain/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sri Lanka/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sudan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sudanese Republic/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Suriname/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Sweden/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Switzerland/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Syria/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tajikistan/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tanzania/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Thailand/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Timor-Leste (East Timor)/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Togo/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tokelau Islands/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tonga/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Trinidad & Tobago/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tristan Da Cunha/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tunisia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Turkey/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Turkmenistan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Turks & Caicos/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Tuvalu/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Uganda/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Ukraine/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[/United Arab Emirates/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/United Nations/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:small;">''' [[United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog|<span style="color:#000080;">United States of America</span>]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Uruguay/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Uzbekistan/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Vanuatu/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Vatican City/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Venezuela/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Vietnam/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Wallis & Futuna/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Western Sahara/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Western Samoa/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Yemen/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Yugoslavia/]]'''</span> |- | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Zambia/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Zanzibar/]]'''</span> | <span style="font-size:medium;">''' [[/Zimbabwe/]]'''</span> |} <div class="center"><span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">· ♦ ·</span></div> ---- {{Shelves|Collecting}} {{Alphabetical|I}} {{status|25%}} [[ru:Международный каталог франкотипов]] cokxpkehn9vhymweeki3gathie594sp 0 217438 4096045 4083527 2022-08-25T11:37:59Z JackPotte 99248 /* Chapters */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gora Cisowa 03.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Fields in Poland]] Welcome to the '''Agriculture''' wikibook! Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming and ranching) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber, fuel, and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. "Agri" is from Latin ''ager'', meaning "a field", and culture is from Latin ''cultura'', meaning "cultivation" in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. A literal reading of the English word yields: tillage of the soil of a field. In modern usage, the word agriculture covers all activities essential to food/feed/fiber production, including all techniques for raising and processing livestock. Agriculture is also short for the study of the practice of agriculture—more formally known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture is a major element of human history; agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide social change, including the specialization of human activity: when farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their own families, others in the tribe or nation or empire were freed to devote themselves to tasks other than food acquisition. About 42% of the world's laborers are employed in agriculture, making it by far the most common occupation. Agriculture may often cause environmental problems because it changes natural environments and produces harmful byproducts. Some of the negative effects are: * Surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers and lakes * Detrimental effects of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and other biocides * Conversion of natural ecosystems of all types into arable land * Consolidation of diverse biomass into a few species * Soil erosion * Depletion of minerals in the soil * Particulate matter, including ammonia and ammonium off-gassing from animal waste contributing to air pollution * Release of feral plants and animals * Odor from agricultural waste * Soil salination Agriculture is cited as a significant adverse impact to biodiversity in many nations' Biodiversity Action Plans, due to reduction of forests and other habitats when new lands are converted to farming. Some critics also include agriculture as a cause of current global climate change. According to the United Nations, the livestock sector (primarily cattle, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO₂ equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO₂. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO₂) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO₂). Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production. At the policy level, common goals of agriculture include: * Food safety: Ensuring that the food supply is free of contamination * Food security: Ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs * Food quality: Ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality * Conservation * Environmental impact * Economic stability ==Chapters== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} #[[/History of farming/]] #[[/Farming mammals/]] #[[/Farming game/]] #[[/Farming plants/]] ##[[/Tillage/]] ###[[/Benefits/]] ###[[/Effects/]] ##[[/No-Tilling/zero tillage/]] ###[[/Benefits/]] ###[[/Effects/]] ##[[/Industrial chemicals/]] ###[[/Pesticides/]] ###[[/Herbicides/]] ###[[/Soil conditioning/]] ##[[/Natural chemicals/]] ###[[/Manure/]] ###[[/Earthworms/]] ###[[/Microbes/]] #[[/Organic farming/]] ##[[/Organic farming/Vegetables/|Vegetables]] #[[/Perma culture/]] ##[[/Perma culture/Subsidies|Subsidies]] #[[/Policy/]] ==Contributors== *http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/ *http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/images/image002.jpg {{Shelves|Agriculture and husbandry}} {{alphabetical|A}} {{status|25%}} 5lh77hv1j0qkt79jfa4dw3drul47v5z 4096051 4096045 2022-08-25T11:41:31Z JackPotte 99248 /* Chapters */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gora Cisowa 03.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Fields in Poland]] Welcome to the '''Agriculture''' wikibook! Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming and ranching) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber, fuel, and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. "Agri" is from Latin ''ager'', meaning "a field", and culture is from Latin ''cultura'', meaning "cultivation" in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. A literal reading of the English word yields: tillage of the soil of a field. In modern usage, the word agriculture covers all activities essential to food/feed/fiber production, including all techniques for raising and processing livestock. Agriculture is also short for the study of the practice of agriculture—more formally known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture is a major element of human history; agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide social change, including the specialization of human activity: when farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their own families, others in the tribe or nation or empire were freed to devote themselves to tasks other than food acquisition. About 42% of the world's laborers are employed in agriculture, making it by far the most common occupation. Agriculture may often cause environmental problems because it changes natural environments and produces harmful byproducts. Some of the negative effects are: * Surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers and lakes * Detrimental effects of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and other biocides * Conversion of natural ecosystems of all types into arable land * Consolidation of diverse biomass into a few species * Soil erosion * Depletion of minerals in the soil * Particulate matter, including ammonia and ammonium off-gassing from animal waste contributing to air pollution * Release of feral plants and animals * Odor from agricultural waste * Soil salination Agriculture is cited as a significant adverse impact to biodiversity in many nations' Biodiversity Action Plans, due to reduction of forests and other habitats when new lands are converted to farming. Some critics also include agriculture as a cause of current global climate change. According to the United Nations, the livestock sector (primarily cattle, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO₂ equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO₂. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO₂) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO₂). Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production. At the policy level, common goals of agriculture include: * Food safety: Ensuring that the food supply is free of contamination * Food security: Ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs * Food quality: Ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality * Conservation * Environmental impact * Economic stability ==Chapters== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} #[[/History of farming/]] #[[/Farming mammals/]] #[[/Farming game/]] #[[/Farming plants/]] ##[[/Tillage/]] ###[[/Tillage/Benefits/|Benefits]] ###[[/Tillage/Effects/|Effects]] ##[[/No-Tilling/zero tillage/]] ###[[/No-Tilling/Benefits/|Benefits]] ###[[/No-Tilling/Effects/|Effects]] ##[[/Industrial chemicals/]] ###[[/Pesticides/]] ###[[/Herbicides/]] ###[[/Soil conditioning/]] ##[[/Natural chemicals/]] ###[[/Manure/]] ###[[/Earthworms/]] ###[[/Microbes/]] #[[/Organic farming/]] ##[[/Organic farming/Vegetables/|Vegetables]] #[[/Perma culture/]] ##[[/Perma culture/Subsidies|Subsidies]] #[[/Policy/]] ==Contributors== *http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/ *http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/images/image002.jpg {{Shelves|Agriculture and husbandry}} {{alphabetical|A}} {{status|25%}} k0jznnpvqqdsun2quwea9l4sert29q9 0 237398 4095899 4095388 2022-08-25T00:43:28Z Jeff1138 301139 wikitext text/x-wiki === Laptops === The following hardware has been tested with AROS and any issues have been noted. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. * 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card * 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] * 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks Usually avoid HP and Lenovo as the wifi card is bios locked cannot be swapped without hacking Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. So support is very slow after some improvement after 2005/6 for a few years. So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Date ! width="5%" |Overall ! width="5%" |Gfx VESA ! width="5%" |Gfx 2D Acceleration ! width="10%" |Gfx 3D Acceleration ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB |- | 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB |- | 2005-2010 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 20% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 20% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB |- | 2011-2014 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 15% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB |- | 2015-2017 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB |- | 2018-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 0% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB Ryzen |- |} 3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -> Show All to see them. Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from an ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) with together 80% market share and MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo (remaining 20%). ====Acer/Gateway/Emachines==== Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987 Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Packard Bell Aspire Extensa TimeLine Travelmate </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || <!--Chipset-->P2 Celeron 466Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || <!--Chipset-->ALi M1621 with piii || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber 9525 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || <!--USB-->2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->a few have Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || <!--Chipset-->Ali with piii || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ali5451}} || <!--USB-->2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->e100 || <!--Wireless-->Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || <!--Chipset-->815 P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 82815 cgc || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 pro || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC |- | Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron |- | Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} || || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || <!--Chipset-->AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SIS 760 || <!--Audio-->SIS || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL-8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005GS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&postcount=13 AC97]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+ or AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || <!--Chipset-->940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || <!--Chipset-->940GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - |- | <!--Name-->Gateway ML6227B MA7 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - |- | <!--Name-->eMachines E510 series KAL10 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel x3100 || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel with codec}} || <!--USB-->Intel || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu |- | A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 64bit possible |- | <!--Name--> Extensa 5630Z || <!--Chipset--> Intel GL40 Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || <!--Wireless--> {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || <!--Chipset-->E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6310 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C-70 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 codec || <!--USB-->USB untested || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5-122P || <!--Chipset-->C70 with M55 or A6 1450 with ??? || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> 8210 || <!--Audio-->ATI Device 9840 || <!--USB-->FCH USB EHCI OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR9565 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->bios hacking needed for virtualisation |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || <!--Chipset-->E1-2500 Dual or A4-5000 Quad BGA769 (FT3) both soldered || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320 or 8330}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Both AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec and HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{No|OHCI and EHCI detected but not XHCI USB 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit big netbook - Boots after using F2 to enter EFI firmware Hudson-2 and setting AHCI to IDE mode |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3 A315 41 || <!--Chipset-->2 core 4 thread Ryzen 2200u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" 1366 x 768 8gb 1080p 4g single channel ram |- | <!--Name-->Nitro 5 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 5 2500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->radeon rx560 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8168 8111 || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm ACA || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" |- | <!--Name-->Swift 3 || <!--Chipset-->4700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> codec || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6 ac || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit very low srgb screen - LPDDR4 ram |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || <!--Chipset-->Intel desktop 850MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->S3 Savage MX || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || <!--Chipset-->Athlon 4 mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use vesa sis630 || <!--Audio-->{{No|sis7018}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->sis900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->x51R X51RL || <!--Chipset-->Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k - could be ATI Chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA900 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8169 8101e || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] |- | <!--Name-->Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || <!--Chipset-->P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit only |- | <!--Name-->Z33 || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915GM || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2915ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A |- | Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit |- | [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X50GL F5GL || <!--Chipset-->T5800 with 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel |- | <!--Name-->Asus ASUS G50 & G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || <!--Chipset-->AMD64 with MCP71 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || <!--Audio-->Nvidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G or Intel || <!--Test Distro-->ICaros || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - |- | <!--Name-->Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || <!--Chipset-->965GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|intel 3495 not working}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.41 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - small form factor sub notebook, compact and works well but no 3D graphics |- | P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->A53U XT2 A53Z K53B X53U || <!--Chipset-->E350 or A6 3400M (A43TA A53TA XE2 A73T) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No| use VESA ATi 6310 or 6520}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->X55U X401U X501U || <!--Chipset-->C60, C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->K55N || <!--Chipset-->AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD 7640G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio through ATi Trinity HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X102BA || <!--Chipset-->Llano E1 1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8180 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X452EA X552EA F552E K55N K75D || <!--Chipset-->AMD with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64BIT kabini trinity E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Vivobook X512DA F512DA || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 3500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 2020 15.6in FHD IPS |- | <!--Name-->ROG Zephyrus G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4900HS 4800HS 4600HS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia 1650Ti 1660Ti 2060}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Zenbook 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - LPDDR4 ram - |- | <!--Name-->G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 6900HS 6800u 6600u 6400u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->680M RDNA2 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== Dell ==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Studio Inspiron Vostro XPS Alienware Precision Latitude - good cases - electronics similar to everyone else as long as avoiding ATi Nvidia GPU BGA balled soldered graphics </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || <!--Audio-->{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || <!--IDE-->{{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || <!--Chipset-->440BX ZX/DX || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || <!--Chipset-->i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->poor build quality - hard to find in good working order |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C400 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Slim for the time - no media bays |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || <!--Chipset-->P4M with 845EP || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS4205 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->3com 905c || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit will boot from USB stick - won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style changed |- | Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L || 855GME * revA00 * revA03 * revA06 | {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - |- | Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} || || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1000 || <!--Chipset-->SIS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA SIS}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd9eGGfFc7I boots James Kendall Celeron Amiga]] and [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1100 || <!--Chipset-->845 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 8500 5150 || <!--Chipset-->P4 855GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x untested}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit P4 runs well but wifi needs to be changed to Mini PCI Atheros to get Internet |- | Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case || 855GME * revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz * revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz | {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb, || 2004 12.1" 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max ddr 2700 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 * reva00 * revA01 * revA02 * revA03 * revA04 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 || <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14" - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - |- | <!--Name-->D800 (Compal LA-1901) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - |- | <!--Name-->D800 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia }} || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 15inch 39cm |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 single core 32bit 14" 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb, || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4" WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 ram (2gb max) and wireless card access underside - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 bios |- | Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel and gearbox }} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but will not boot AROS One USB version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aros One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm slot ddr2 under keyboard - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port - |- | Latitude D410 PP06S *rev A00 *A01, A02 *A03 || GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz & 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5" - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || <!--Chipset-->915GM socket 479 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 14.1" 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L || <!--Chipset-->910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz * Rev A0x * Rev A0x * Rev A07 1.73Ghz | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 15.4" F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - |- | <!--Name-->Studio XPS M1210 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia G72M 7300 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92xx || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || <!--Chipset-->AMD on ATI RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 E1505 PP20L *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A0? Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on daughter board}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|usb boot }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1) *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A08 Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 T2050 T2060 T2080 32bit || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92xx}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15.4" glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard for the time - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo to T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 43xx firmware licencing issues - swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - |- | <!--Name-->Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || <!--Chipset-->945PM with T2600 T2700 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5752 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 17" workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage |- | <!--Name-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=10&topic_id=6931&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P)] PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 * revA00 Core Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400 * revA01 Core Duo 1.06Ghz u2500 * revA02 Core Duo 1.2Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{yes|ZIF 1.8" slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros Desktop 1.4 || <!--Opinion-->2006 32bit only - 12.1" 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D520 PP17L || <!--Chipset-->GMA950 * rev A02 64bit and to 4GB * rev A01 945GM Core Duo 32bit to 2GB * rev A00 940GML Celeron M / Core Solo 1.86Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || {{Yes|SATA}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 2D and OpenGL 1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes| }} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 || 2005 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or 15 inches (with up to XGA+ 1400 by 1050) |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->945GMS * rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS Xenon || <!--Opinion-->2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14" 1280 x 800 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i945 * revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless--> {{dunno}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * rev A00 * rev A01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Opinion-->2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte - - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude D531 15" || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with IDT codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D430 PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz * rev A00 * rev A01 * rev A02 | <!--IDE-->ZIF PATA 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|3 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1" 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D530 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 * revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper * revA01 0DT785 heatsink | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->965GM with Core2 * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->2007 15 inch [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=10480&forum=4&post_id=104520#forumpost104520 works well] updating the LCD is quite easy if you get the WXGA or WSXGA+. you disassemble the front bezel, unscrew the panel, disconnect the old display and connect the new one |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 15." - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 |- | <!--Name-->XPS M1330 M1530 M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio STAC 9228 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->ICAROS 1.5 || <!--Comments-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7767&forum=1 Did not boot] |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GM965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC268 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 965 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2008 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Studio 17 Studio 1735 (Intel Santa Rosa), Studio 1736 (AMD Turion 64 CPU), Studio 1737 (Intel Montevina), Studio 1745 1747 1749 Intel Calpella || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 / 2009 17inch Core2 or later i7 processor and DDR3 memory - JBL 2.1 speakers 2 x 1.5 watt and 3 watt subwoofer - random keyboard and sound malfunctions - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4200 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GM45 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4322 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5400 E5500 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM5761e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap with pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4300 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 4500 MHD || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82567LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - 13.3" WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - |- | <!--Name-->E6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo P9500 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good |- | <!--Name-->[http://pick.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=28&topic_id=33755&post_id=617219&viewmode=thread&order=0 Latitude E6410] E6510 E6310 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8999&forum=4&post_id=92267#forumpost92267 ] |- | <!--Name-->E4310 E5410 ATG || <!--Chipset-->Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82577LM || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1525 PP29L || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo or Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit 32bit 15.4" 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1545 PP41L || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 15.6" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || <!--Chipset-->i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555 to 525M 540M 555M GT 435M 420M GF108M optimus || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit first models are pre and later Sandybridge - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - |- | <!--Name-->E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || <!--Chipset-->sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio no playback - IDT 92HD90 BXX codec or HDMI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6205 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit very little total support - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - |- | <!--Name-->E6220 E6320 || <!--Chipset-->2nd gen series 6 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio-->IDT 92HD90 BXX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 5100 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5420 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron M5040 || <!--Chipset-->E450, C50 or C60 with A50M chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit some support |- | Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great better under hosted |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC850 ?? || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2200U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->R5 2500u 3500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon RX Vega8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64 bit - |- | <!--Name-->G5 15 SE || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4600H 4800H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 5600 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 14 7000 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen R7 4700U R5 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3.1 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 metal 1.5kg - chiclet keyboard - 270 nits screen 45% srgb - 40whr battery 5 hrs - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu-Siemens==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Amilo Esprimo Lifebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || <!--Chipset-->Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 only || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1999 32bit 10" 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->14.1 inch with minimal support |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook e8010 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || <!--Audio-->AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5336&forum=18&post_id=49506#forumpost49506 Icaros 1.3.1] || <!--Comments-->15.1 inch |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || <!--Chipset-->1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 use VESA || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Pro V2010 || <!--Chipset-->VIA CN400 PM880 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Rhine 6102 6103 || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT2500 || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || <!--Chipset--> with VIA P4M900 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE}} || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->VT82xx 62xx || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->random freezes |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE and EIDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}} | <!--Gfx--> {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}} | <!--USB--> {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}} | <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.5 usb | <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo SI 1520 1521p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Comments-->Some support but Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7020 S7020D || <!--Chipset--> Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 915 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC260 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || <!--Chipset-->1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo / 1.2GHz 1.3GHz Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{No}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio-->HD audio with STAC9228 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® |- | <!--Name-->E8110 S7110 E8210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0 || <!--Comments-->32bit Core Duo |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook PH521 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-450 1.65GHz DDR3 1066MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6320M || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 802.11 bgn || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6 inch HD SuperFine LED 1366x768 pixels |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Presario Pavilion Omnibook ProBook Armada Elitebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->1c00 series Compaq Presario [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || <!--Chipset-->K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || <!--Audio-->VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116 XL118 XL119 XL125 |- | <!--Name-->1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with VIA PLE133 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || <!--Audio-->VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82557 Pro 100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL |- | Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || a little support via F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || <!--USB-->Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|e100 82557}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.51 || <!--Comments-->Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB |- | <!--Name-->TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || <!--Audio-->VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || <!--USB-->OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || <!--Wireless-->Atmel at76c506 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03) with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M] || <!--Audio-->Nvidia || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Some laptops, especially HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected |- | <!--Name-->Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || <!--Chipset-->VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || P4M CPU can get very warm |- | <!--Name-->NX7010 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 |- | <!--Name-->TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset-->855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia Geforce4 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name-->NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || <!--Chipset-->855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->max 160 GB for NW 8000 || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15" SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio) |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || <!--Chipset-->GMA 915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Sonoma based - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8285&forum=4&post_id=82082#forumpost82082 Works well with some support] Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM Core Duo || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB * 32bit Core Duo T2400 * 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NV NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo + 945PM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Opinion--> Harmon Kardon speakers |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6320 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with * 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 * 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5788}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2 || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1" or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - |- | <!--Name-->HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo with 82945 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - * 32bit 1.86GHz core duo * 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz |- | <!--Name-->HP DV6000 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel PRO 100 VE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia MCP51 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY |- | Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci}} || {{No| }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and 2.2 xmas || Unable to boot from cd or usb - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - |- | <!--Name-->Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || <!--Audio-->conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || <!--Chipset-->Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || <!--USB-->3 OHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 - || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&forum=48 works well] - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - |- | <!--Name-->v6630em v6642em || <!--Chipset-->nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario C700 || <!--Chipset-->GMA960 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || <!--Chipset-->GMA 965GM GL960 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || <!--Comments-->no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] |- | <!--Name-->HP 630 || <!--Chipset-->i3 CPU M 380 @ 2.53GHz 5 Series 3400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 2D only || <!--Audio-->HD audio with Realtek ALC270A GR || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ40 CQ41 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BC4310 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Compal LA-4743P - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Coxenant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> (Quanta AX1) |- | <!--Name-->CQ50 CQ56 || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Geforce 8200M || <!--Audio-->nVidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->nvidia MCP77 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR928X || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 6310 wrestler || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 RTL8106E || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT5390 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ58 103SA || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310M IGP || <!--Audio-->Realtek or idt || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ60 CQ61 CQ62 || <!--Chipset-->MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->rebrand wifi card (risky) or ar5b91 with no pins missing || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->cq70 cq71 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP DM1 635 || <!--Chipset-->E300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->ATI SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 SATA AHCI mode || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - AMD HD6310 or 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8106E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 6470b and 6570b || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 8470p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProBook 6475b || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit thick runs hot 14-inch (model C5A55EA) WXGA++ panel or 13-inch (6360b), 14-inch (6470b), 15-inch (4540s, 4535s) and 17-inch (4740s) |- | <!--Name-->HP Probook 4445s 4545s 455 645 HP Pavilion 15-b115sa || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4 4300M A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M FCH || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->7420 7520G 7640G 7660G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin and light Sleekbook 15.6-inch |- | <!--Name-->15-bw0xx || <!--Chipset-->A9 9420 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC3227 and ATI R6xx HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->RTL 8723DE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->15-db1xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon 300U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP Spectre X360 13 15 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 6500U 6560U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris 540 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 4K (3840 x 2160) down to 2560 x 1440 instead of 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->14-cm0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2500U AMD Ryzen SOC 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->17-ca1xxx || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3500u AMD ID15D0 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek RTL8821CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Envy x360 2 in 1 13-ay0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->PCIe M.2 NVMe || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel wifi 6}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 13.3in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====IBM/Lenovo==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > iSeries Edge Ideapad Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 600x || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX || <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3.1 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit a little support - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4120&start=0 Earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based] |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440 BX ZX DX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || <!--USB-->1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->no mini pci intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || a little support - no audio |- | <!--Name-->A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || <!--Chipset-->440MX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati rage mobility || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 |- | Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Mobility M6 LY || <!--Audio-->Ac97 CS4299 || <!--USB-->2 x 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 || <!--Wireless-->Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->with slice Ultrabase X2 - |- | <!--Name-->A30 A30p || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS 4299 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 ve || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || <!--Comments--> Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. |- | Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || sound bit distorted |- | <!--Name-->R51 || <!--Chipset-->855M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip |- | Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5" PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1" TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit last IBM design |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X41 MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t MT 1866 1867 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit support [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=61499#forumpost61499 some] amongst first Lenovo design |- | <!--Name-->R52 (most 18xx) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || <!--Chipset-->ATi 200m || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|ATI}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T60 T60P without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || <!--Chipset-->*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA (2D) The "p" has powerful graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 * 64bit model starting 6 or 8 is widescreen on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4" widescreen 16:10 formats * 32bit model starting with 1 and 2 are standard 4:3 machines, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 14", 15" standard 4:3 |- | <!--Name-->X60 x60s x60t tablet || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 ABG and atheros AR5BXB6 (54Mbit) with bios hacking}} || <!--Comments-->Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - untested fru 39T5578 Atheros AR5BXB6 ar5007eg and ath5k AR5BXB72 (AR5008) ath9k - an Apple branded Atheros AR9820 (AR5BXB92) perhaps needs a zendered bios risky |- | <!--Name-->R60 R60e || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 1981HD codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X61 x61s X61T Tablet || <!--Chipset-->i965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->82566DM || <!--Wireless-->{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2007 64bit possible <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6744&forum=24&post_id=64541#forumpost64541 some support] with ultrabook running very hot - |- | <!--Name-->R61 R61i || <!--Chipset-->Intel 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 || <!--Chipset-->Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy. |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || bits of laptop works |- | <!--Name-->X300 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3" TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad [http://x301.mcdonnelltech.com/ X301] || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || <!--Gfx-->Intel X4500 || <!--Audio-->AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display - 2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m |- | <!--Name-->[http://blog.maniac.nl/2010/11/06/thinkpad-edge-11-amd-nile-and-using-it-with-ubuntu-gnulinux/#comments Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325] || <!--Chipset-->M880G || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{no|ATI HD4200}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name-->X100e || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v some support - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - |- | <!--Name-->SL400 SL500 || Intel || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || || |- | <!--Name-->SL410 SL510 || 965 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || SL-410 |- | <!--Name-->T400 ODM Wistron || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->T400s || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585 (T400s) untested}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T500 T510 || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|switchable Intel / AMD HD 3640}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot replaced BIOS] || <!--Chipset-->GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 12.1" CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || <!--Chipset-->qm57 with i5 m || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 xmas || <!--Comments-->battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400 |- | <!--Name-->X201 X201s x201t || <!--Chipset-->QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5" WXGA |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T420 type 4180 4236 t420s T520 4239 L520 || <!--Chipset-->i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W520 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m || <!--Audio-->Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579 Lm || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6000s || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6" TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->X220 x220t || <!--Chipset-->QM67 express sandy bridge i5 2520M dual or i7 dual 2620M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 with AMD E350 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->yes || <!--Gfx-->ATI 0x9802 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8169 RTL8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S205 G575 G585 || <!--Chipset-->E-350 later E-450 with A75 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD6310 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit removeable and plug in battery - slow cpu |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S206 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec || <!--USB-->3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 11.6" and integrated battery - Conexant® |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec || <!--USB-->USB 30 and USB 20 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit rubber edged bumper for K12 education market |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad U310 U410 || <!--Chipset-->i5 3317 3rd gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T430 t430i T530 || <!--Chipset-->ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269 codec playback ear phones - HDA 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 17aa / 30a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad L430 L530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit alps trackpad |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6300 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - |- | <!--Name-->X230 x230t || <!--Chipset-->Intel QM67 express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Yoga S1 20CD 20c0 || <!--Chipset-->i5 4200U 4300, i7 4500U 4600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 4400 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio codec || <!--USB-->2 USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 7260 AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 12.5" 1366 x 768 to 1920 x 1080 IPS 400 nits touchscreen (Elan Microelectornics 0x04f3 0x0254) with Wacom 0x056a 0x00ec active digitizer pen - backlit keyboard - dock inline onelink - |- | <!--Name-->x140e E145 || <!--Chipset-->E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8260 or 8330 || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit 11.6" 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - |- | <!--Name-->T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || <!--Chipset-->intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 7260}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 14 and 15" models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available |- | <!--Name-->X240 x240t || <!--Chipset-->haswell || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 |- | <!--Name-->T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M see bottom of case || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 14" 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - |- | <!--Name-->x250 x250t || <!--Chipset-->i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I218 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5" screen - partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - uefi issues - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T460 T460s T460p T560 L560 || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U i7 6600U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel with Nvidia GeForce 940MX optimus || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 14 and 15" models - |- | <!--Name-->x260 x260t || <!--Chipset-->Intel Sky Lake i5 i7 6500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD Graphics 520 (Skylake GT2) || <!--Audio-->Intel Sunrise Point-LP HD Audio (rev 21) with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I219-V || <!--Wireless-->Intel 8260AC AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12.5" 1920x1080 (FHD) matte IPS - 16GB DDR4 (2133) - |- | <!--Name-->T470 T470t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x270 x270t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X1 Carbon Gen 5 || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U 7300U i7 7500U 7600U with vPro 7th gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 SSD 128GB on PCIe || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Conexant® CX11871 codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 USB-C 3.1 gen 2}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel l219 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit - very little direct support - 14" FHD 1920 x 1080 or 14” WQHD 2560 x 1440, anti-glare, 300 nits, 700:1 contrast ratio, IPS - Webcam HD 720p fixed focus - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T480 T480t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x280 x280t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 6x0 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T490 T490t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x390 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 whisky lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD UHD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9560 AC soldered || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3 1388 x 768 TN or IPS - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->RTL8822BE AC (1×1) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad 5 15 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500u 4700u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax200 wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 15 inch mid srgb display |- | <!--Name-->Flex 5 14 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 4500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 NVMe ssd || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->socket realtek ac wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in 1080p touch low nits - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo ThinkBook 13S || <!--Chipset-->6800u 2.7GHz 6600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{No|NVMe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 680M RNDA2}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB4}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 13in most components soldered down |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->NP-Q1 Q1 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1.8" SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec - head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7" WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - |- | <!--Name-->NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - |- | <!--Name-->NP P500 family P500Y || <!--Chipset-->AMD with SB600 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| Audio with codec }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - |- | <!--Name-->R505 R510 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R520 R522 R610H R620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730) || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5007EG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit possible |- | NP-R530 || || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 or E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 6320 || <!--Audio-->ALC ACL 269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || <!--Chipset-->E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 6470 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 8168B || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony==== [[#top|...to the top]] <pre> VAIO = Video Audio Integrated Operation and later as Visual Audio Intelligent Organizer (2008) VPC = VAIO PC VGN = </pre> 2014 Sony looks to sell off to another company their laptop lines and PC Vaio divisions as sales decline {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Sony C1 VN XS MZX MHP - U Series PCG-U3 || <!--Chipset-->TM5800 or PII 400Mhz mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Picturebook series Transmeta Crusoe used swivel camera - |- | <!--Name-->Z505LE Z505JE || <!--Chipset-->P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->n/a || <!--Gfx-->Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || <!--Audio-->no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || <!--Wireless-->n/a || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->parent company of the Sony Group through its five operating segments — electronics (Sony Corp), games, entertainment (motion pictures Columbia and music), financial services and other |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG - FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 [http://www.litzinger.com/fxa32.html PCG-FXA32], FXA33, FXA35/D, FXA36, FXA47, FXA48, FXA49, FXA59 || <!--Chipset-->[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{partial|boot issue with latest 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Comments-->Nightly 1st March 2013 || <!--Comments-->booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze ocassionally hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || <!--Chipset-->Intel i815 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || <!--Audio-->Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 32 bit some support 2004 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a "chiclet" keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || <!--IDE-->1.8 inch ZIF || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945GMS || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 8036 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC |- | <!--Name-->E Series VPC EB11 FX/T EB15 FM/T || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->consumer grade |- | Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->YB Series || <!--Chipset-->E 350 AMD dual core || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.5" VAIO VPC YB13KXP EL1E1E/B vpcel1e1e |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio VPC || <!--Chipset-->AMD E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6" - EL2S1E YB3V1E YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/G |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Toshiba==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Equium Satellite (Pro) Libretto Portege Tecra </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support |- | <!--Name-->Tecra 9100 || <!--Chipset-->810 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ymf754}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->eeee pro100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support |- | Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || <!--Chipset-->P4M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GM or Radeon || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a few models came with antenna leads |- | Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A40 A45 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Portege M300 - M200 tablet || <!--Chipset-->855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 || <!--Chipset-->915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861 routes audio]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->100 101 120 121 180 181 182 183 - |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A5 || <!--Chipset-->910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Portege R100 R200 || <!--Chipset-->915GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros ar5005gs - askey AR5BMB5 - PA3416U || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M3 || <!--Chipset-->915GM with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia TE 6200 6600 128MB || <!--Audio--> AC97 STAC9750 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8053 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Dark screen issues |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 370 1.5GHz with RC410M SB400 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros maybe not working with ATi chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 14" pioneer dvd-rw - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - |- | Satellite Pro M40 || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{dunno}} || || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L PSL43E || <!--Chipset-->945GM with U7700 1.3GHz ULV || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - |- | <!--Name-->Portege M400 tablet || <!--Chipset-->945 12.1 inch || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 950 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with STAC9200 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit mostly - Core Duo T2400 / T4200 1.83Ghz or Intel Core Solo T1300 @ 1.66 GHz with later models having Core 2 Duo T5500 1.66Ghz |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M5 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA950 or Nvidia Quadro NVS 110M or Radeon X1400 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A6 A7 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 or Radeon X1400 or X1600 (M56P) or Nvidia Quadro NVS 300M || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Realtek ALC861}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A8 PTA82e PTA83E || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC262 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->e1000 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A100 || <!--Chipset-->940G || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC861 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 100 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6), || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8136 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 945 || <!--Audio-->ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || <!--USB-->UHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15V 4A charger - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || <!--Audio-->ALC262 || <!--USB-->OCHI UHCI || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15v 5a proprietary charger needed |- | <!--Name-->Satelite A130 PSAD6U || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M with 945GM Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination |- | <!--Name--> A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || <!--Chipset--> Ati with SB690 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC268 || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - |- | <!--Name--> [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || <!--Chipset--> Ati X1200 with SB600 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Tecra A10 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible |- | <!--Name-->L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || <!--Chipset-->GL960 with Intel Celeron || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->1,73Ghz M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz) T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - |- | <!--Name-->P305 || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->RV635 HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 3600 Series] || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel3945 ABG [Golan] || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio - Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->satellite l300 l300d l305 (inventec ps10s) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion RM70 + || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Toshiba Satellite R630 Portege R700 || i5-450M || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA (2D) || {{dunno}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 82577LC Gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || 1 hr battery life - Ricoh e822 SD host no |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L450 12 13 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8172 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || <!--Chipset-->intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 4500m || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->RTL8191 SEvB || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 |- | <!--Name-->satellite l350d || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8187b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 6320 || <!--Audio-->AMD HD Audio conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D C670D || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6310G || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC259 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 zacate |- |<!--Name-->Toshiba Satellite C660D 19X || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->r8169 rtl8101e || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C70D-A C75D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1-1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD HD8330 || <!--Audio-->HA Audio CX20751 11Z || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8162 8166 8168 alx || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8188e || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C40D C50D-A C55D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1 2100 or A4 5000 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->8330 || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC269Q || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->kabini |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.laptopsolutions.net/Mitac-laptop-notes.htm Mitac 5033] || <!--Chipset-->K6-2 333Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit 5033H MiNote 5033K MyNote 810 Mitac 7020, the Mitac M722, the MyNote 820 - Mitac 5033L, Schneider 5033, LifeTec LT98 |- | <!--Name-->Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || <!--Chipset-->K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|Issues}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} - untested || <!--USB-->via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK |- | <!--Name-->NEC Versa S260 || <!--Chipset-->P3-M with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->VIA Audio Adapter with AD 1886 codec || <!--USB-->VIA || <!--Ethernet-->intel pro 100 82551QM or rhine2 || <!--Wireless-->Mini PCI card ORiNOCO || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit North Bridge: VIA VT83C694T / South Bridge: VIA VT82C686B |- | <!--Name--> Medion 9626 Maxdata M-Book 1000T Targa Gericom 1400c || <!--Chipset-->Athlon with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - S3 ProSavage || <!--Audio-->via ac97 686b || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1GHz 1.2GHz 1.4GHz 1.6GHz 1.8GHz and VIA KN133 PN133 - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name--> Medion MD9703 FIC A360 A380 Gericom 1st Supersonic M6T || <!--Chipset-->Pentium 1.2GHz and VIA Apollo MVP3 Pro133x || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->ac97 via with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->FIC MB05 Medion MD41100 Cebop CDG || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M, 1.4 GHz with i855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel i855GM || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->8080B, Advent 7041, Medion MD 40676 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium-M 1.5GHz with i855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->64 MB nVidia GeForce FX Go 5200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 ALC202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2100 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.ecs.com.tw/ECSWebSite/Product/Product_Detail.aspx?CategoryID=3&DetailID=540&DetailName=Feature&MenuID=93&LanID=0 ECS 321] Advent 7094 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M with SIS 661GX 963L || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SiS 661 741 760 PCI/AGP or 662/761Gx PCIE || <!--Audio-->AC97 SIS rev a0 or Realtek ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 CF-29 CF-30 || <!--Chipset-->Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->AC97 SigmaTel || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139C || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->MSI Microstar PR210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->204 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option |- | <!--Name-->Gateway LT3100 (LT3103u) || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{dunno|legacy mode?}} || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Advent 7106 EAA-88 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - |- | <!--Name-->Quanta KN1-GM (Intel) KN1-PM (Nvidia) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel or Nvidia MXM card 6600 6800go 8600 9600m || <!--Audio-->ALC260 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->IIntel Pro 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit aka Gericom 1st Supersonic PCIE-KN1, Advent 6001, Advent 7098, Enpower 611, CTL, ECS |- | <!--Name-->Sahara slate sg22 I400 series and i440D || <!--Chipset-->900 950 with Celeron 423 and later Core 2 Duo L2500 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 early 32bit intel tablets kiosk based 12.1-inch fujitsu resistive screen with magnetic pen or with wacom digitiser - short battery life |- | <!--Name-->Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915 || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Wyse XM Class || <!--Chipset-->T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{No| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 6310 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 14" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI GS60 Ghost Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 4700HQ Quad || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 970M 980M discrete || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 15.6" Full HD 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago UltraPro galu1 Gazelle - Taiwan OEM Clevo W740SU || <!--Chipset-->4th Gen Intel® Core i7 4770HQ 14" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris Pro 5200 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA Vt1802 or vt1812 codec || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel® Wireless AC WiFi 3160 or 7260 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->plastic construction |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core M5 M7 M3-6Y30 Dual Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GTX 760M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 12.5 Inch - |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 13.3" Classic Fingerprint edition |- | <!--Name-->Microsoft Surface Book || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel (i5) Nvidia (i7) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 13.5" 3000 x 2000 ultrabook |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade Stealth 14 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core m3-6Y30 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 2160 x 1440 Pixels - |- | <!--Name-->Matebook D || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 8275 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 15.6-inch PC |- | <!--Name-->Matebook E || <!--Chipset-->i5 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 2 in 1 - 12" |- | <!--Name-->Matebook X || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 7500u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 GPU || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 usb-c ports}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 A4 size 13" IPS 2K 1440p 2160 x 1440 - dolby atmos speakers - 4 hrs battery lhs charging - one hand opening - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Gazelle - Clevo N850HZ || <!--Chipset-->i3 7100H i5 7300HQ i7 7700HQ || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 630 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 15.6" 1920 × 1080 LED Backlit, Matte - Chicony PSU - 720p webcam better at 480 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago Pro galp2 - Clevo N130BU || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U i7 7500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 13.3″ 3K 1800p so 3200 × 1800 HiDPI glossy - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Oryx Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia GTX 1070 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Aorus X5 MD Gaming || <!--Chipset-->i7 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 GDDR5X 8GB Max-Q || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 32-bit ESS Sabre Hi-Fi Audio DAC || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - up to 15.6″ UHD 3840 x 2160 IPS Anti-Glare - External 8K Display Output - RGB backlit keyboard - |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade 15 || <!--Chipset-->HM370 with i7 8750H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->M.2 or PCIe SSD || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD with Optimus Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{N/A} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9260AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit 15inch FHD 4k DDR4 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || <!--Chipset-->2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 14inch 1080p budget entry |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 2019 2020 budget model - f6.5 recessed webcam - D 14 42Whr later 56Whr battery |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook X Pro || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit top end model |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->SSD 3 || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Netbook=== [[#top|...to the top]] * One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] * installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) * PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook * SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100, EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, [http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] ====Acer Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - |- | Aspire One [http://overthis.com/2008/12/stubborn-aspire-one-hacking/ AOA150 (A150)] (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | Aspire One AOD150 [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=47829#forumpost47829 D150 (Compal LA-4781P)] || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 alc272] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5082&forum=4&post_id=46956#forumpost46956 Acer Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5138&forum=26 alc272 HD Audio] || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM350 NAV51 || <!--Chipset--> with N450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1" LED backlit screen and Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM355 || <!--Chipset--> with N455 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64bit support possible - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One 533 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ALC272 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros 1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support |- | Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C50 or C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || || |- | <!--Name-->AAOD270 Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3650 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Dunno|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C60 with SB900 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || Power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A - |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions |- | eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=70963#forumpost70963 Nightly Build 2012 05-25] || |- | eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=59063#forumpost59063 Icaros 1.4] || |- | eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=63608 Aspire OS 1.6] || |- | <!--Name-->eeePC 1001ha || <!--Chipset-->GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->some support |- | eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview || NM10 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6760&forum=4&post_id=64732#forumpost64732 Icaros 1.3.3] || |- | EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C30 or dual C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Flare X101CH Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 + N10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 6300 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Flare 1025CE 1225CE || <!--Chipset-->N2800 + N10 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Mini 110 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950}} | <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Atheros}} | <!--Wireless--> {{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Inspiron [http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Dell_Inspiron_Mini Mini 9 910] || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC PATA IDE Mini PCIe Interface 16GB SSD very slow - replace with RunCore and SuperTalent GFDL part}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and possible 3D}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Realtek RTL8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=58942#forumpost58942 Tested with ICAROS 1.3.] but later Icaros Desktops do not fully boot up and AspireOS || IDE SSD appears not reason for non boot |- | <!--Name-->Mini 10 1010 || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z520 Z530 Poulsbo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || |- | <!--Name-->1012 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron Mini 1018 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode }} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A90 A90n || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS 1.8 and Icaros 2.1.1 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue |- | <!--Name-->Latitude 2110 2120 || <!--Chipset-->N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|ATA mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit ddr2 sodimm |- |} ====HP Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || Gfx || HD Audio || USB || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Mini 700 702 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Mini 100 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || || |- | Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || |- | HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || wire || || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |} ====Lenovo Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || little support |- | IdeaPad S12 || N270 + Nvidia ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5134&forum=26&post_id=46939#forumpost46939] || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad 100S || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8723BS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Packard Bell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S || <!--Chipset-->N280 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC272X || <!--USB--> USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Atheros l1e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .SE || <!--Chipset-->N450 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC|| <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S2 NAV50 || <!--Chipset-->N455 NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot M/A || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy mode? || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ATI SBx00 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&topic_id=33755&forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues |- | [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || little support |- | N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none |- | N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187}} || || good support - but nothing for wireless or Namuga 1.3M Webcam |- | <!--Name-->Go NP-N310 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GME || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6797&forum=4&post_id=65793#forumpost65793 works well] but N280 version changed specs |- | N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Axx || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=53642#forumpost53642 ] || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || some support |- | NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6294&forum=24&post_id=59122#forumpost59122 some support] but often the trackpad does not work |- | <!--Name-->[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || <!--Chipset-->MN10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Pxx Cedarview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6000g}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Vaio VGN-P11Z | <!--IDE--> {{dunno}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Marvell}} | <!--Wireless--> {{no|Atheros AR928X}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 2.0.3 | <!--Comments--> Rarely boots! |- | <!--Name-->Sony VPC-W11S1E | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 N280 with 945GSE - 10.1" 1366 x 768 - 3hr battery life - |- |} ====Toshiba Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->NB100 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->some support |- | <!--Name-->Mini NB200 series NB205 || <!--Chipset-->N280 + GSE945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 300 series NB305 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || Realtek SD card reader |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="30%" |Comments |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=3944&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Cammy's A1600] || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945 || <!--ACPI--> || <!--SATA-->{{yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->good |- | Guillemot [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=45734#forumpost45734 Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->IDE legacy mode || <!--Gfx-->Pineview Intel (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros l1c || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Archos 10 Netbook || <!--Chipset-->Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{No }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HS Audio with ALC662 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || <!--Chipset-->Intel N455 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR 9K}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Desktop Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. ====Acer==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| with realtek codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 dvd | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, Intel Atom 230 single core slim nettop subcompact | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ?? codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Will not often boot usb2 stick but more issues / slow with usb3 based pen drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu - atheros 5k and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|1% chance will boot with usb2 sticks but more issues / slow with usb3 drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.5 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2010 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k or keep and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G *one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged *looping one long two short, a video card fault *two short beeps... CMOS damaged *got one long and one short beep... board error? | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d & 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 only 2GB maybe 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe * Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip using ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - |- | <!--Name-->Revo 70 (RL70) - AMD E450 1.65GHz | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit - |- |} ====Asus==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->EEEbox B202 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 | <!--Audio-->Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 or JM250 | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros | <!--Comments-->internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Precision 340 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} | <!--SATA--> {{n/a}} | <!--Gfx--> {{n/a}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|3Com}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 2400 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}} | <!--Test Distro-->[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4] | <!--Comments-->Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution. |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 4600 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno}} | <!--Gfx-->{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 170L | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX260 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX270 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX280 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Broadcom}} | Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX520 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{yes|Intel GMA}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 745 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}} | <!--USB--> {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 755 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 | <!--Comments--> Around 25 second delay in booting from USB |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 990 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|non-RAID mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 360 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA untested}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aspire Xenon | <!--Comments-->poor support |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 outside 2 inside USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dell RxxL thin client | <!--IDE-->128Mb IDE or 1GB | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 & CN15) can used to power the SATA device "4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm - SATA Hyperdisk}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, 1GB 2GB or 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - *R00L Cloud PC of Wyse WSM *R10L Wyse Thin OS *R50L Suse Linux Enterprise *R90L Windows XP Embedded *R90LW Windows Embedded Standard 2009 *R90L7 Windows Embedded Standard 7 |- | <!--Name-->Dell Optiplex FX170 thin client aka 10Zig 56xx range, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.5 | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v psu - Password Fireport |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - dt very slim - mt mini tower desktop | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|realtek}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek pcie bt not Broadcom 57XX}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 *username: Administrator, admin, [blank] *password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+ | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode may need ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased 120gb wd green ssd??}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable - 1 display port untested, no hdmi port}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker - none if v6.29 used}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - boot with noacpi - BIOS via delete during boot - p key to select boot - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6" small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 7010 Zx0D thin client black case | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode for half slim sata2 ssd ata.device, uncased sandisk z300s z400s goodram cl100 120gb gen3 untried}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 through DVI and DP 1.1a hdmi adapters - no 3d support r600}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269 codec works on one case speaker only - HD Audio 6.29 no output}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but seems to work like 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8" high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - wifi card and 2 40cm SMA female bulkhead WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl WLAN Cable pigtail maybe *2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR *2013 Z10D *2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR *2015 Zx0 Z90D7 8GF/4GR *2017 Zx0 Linux ThinOS 8GF/2GR *20?? Cisco VXC white cases 6000 6215 CVXC-6215-K9 |- | <!--Name-->Wyse 7020 Thin Client * 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - * 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display)}} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - * 16/32GB Flash / 4GB RAM DDR3 (Windows 10, WE8S and WES7P) * Zx0Q 8GB Flash / 2GB RAM DDR3 (Linux) |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 8330E GCN 2.0 | <!--Audio--> with Realtek codec | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE bios mode}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi/dvi ports}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek 8169 8111h}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu Siemens==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop) | | | {{partial|VESA only}} | {{yes|AC97}} | | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | {{dunno}} | Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support. |- | Scenic T i845 | {{dunno}} | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | {{dunno|Intel AC97}} | {{dunno|UHCI}} | {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | AROS does not boot |- | <!--Name-->FUJITSU Futro S700 S900 Thin Client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 (DP runs higher) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD 1.2Ghz - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 SODIMM sockets for DDR3 - *G-T56N 1.65GHz *G-T40N 1.00GHz *G-T44R 1.20GHz |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 8280E later R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 1 Sodimm slot - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - *2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB *2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz up to 2.4 GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR all begin VFY:S0720P and end with a two digit country code |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E D3313-G | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 1 so dimm slot - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - *2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual *2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario 7360 | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Working}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 via}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq EP Series 6400/10 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{N/A}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|ISA}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Evo D510 | {{yes|Working}} | {{N/A}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|AC97}} | {{yes|Working}} | {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX2000 MT | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.51 | <!--Comments-->boots ok but no audio |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX 2200 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments-->issues |- | <!--Name--> d230 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->t500 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2012-09-22 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->DC7700 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ICH8}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|82566DM e1000e}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2013-??-?? | <!--Comments-->Some support at low cost |- | <!--Name-->HP dc 7600 CMT | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz | <!--IDE-->128mb to 512MB | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7000M | <!--Audio-->VIA with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|Issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->VIA Rhine 2 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series CN700 *HSTNC-002L-TC t5135, t5530 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->SiS SiS7012 AC'97 | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio VIA | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->t5730w Geode NX HSTNC-003-TC t5730 | <!--IDE-->{{n/a|ATA Flash}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{Yes|8 x USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - RAM 1GB (Max 4GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D & DVI-H | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->8 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|CL40 gfx }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly build and Icaros | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 *t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3 *t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro *t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->VIA 9170 VT1708S codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm "Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - |- | <!--Name-->HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z | <!--IDE-->2G ATA Flash DOM | <!--SATA-->one | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|6 USB2 }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP T610 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->64 bit AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T420 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8180 dvi vga | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 front 2 rear USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64 bit AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - |- | <!--Name-->HP t520 TPC-W016 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA non-NVME | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 2017 64 bit AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin |- | <!--Name-->HP t620 TPC 1004 TC and t620 PRO (wider version) TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->mSATA socket removed end of 2014; single M.2 socket non-NVME sata most models | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E up to two 30in displays 2 dp ports no dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 2 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T530 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->two SATA M.2 SSDs, 1st up to 2280, 2nd socket up to 2242 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon AMD Wani R7E up to four displays 2 dp ports - no dvi / hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 1 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 8111H}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AMD GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T730 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R7 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek rtl8169 RTL8111 8168 8411 and/or Broadcom | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit RX-427BB With |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}} | <!--Gfx-->i pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|8200 works}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel or Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProDesk | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr AMD Ryzen 2200G | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Nvme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio | <!--USB-->USB2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 with DP and HDMI flex io2 output options | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Lenovo==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE - 2 core version avoid | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB-->3 USB3 Gen 1 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 20v rectangle psu - 2 sodimm max 32GB - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24" LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->8gb SSD || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin Client C-50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless |- | <!--Name-->Advantech TPC-2140 G-T56E | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10Zig 6872 G-T56N | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10ZiG 7800q | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64bit AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 *2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E graphics *2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E graphics | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->SATA half slim | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) pc speaker only - Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424) untested}} | <!--USB-->usb3 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) but (424) untested}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aros One x86 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 20cm/8" high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot - external 12V supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial connector - IDE looking external Interface under base stand for legacy addon ports RS232 - touch power on - Hit the DELete repeatedly before the beep to get to the BIOS - F12 boot |- | <!--Name--> *Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 *VXL Itona LQ50 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit quad - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - |- | <!--Name-->LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Unk|Intel NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|Realtek PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum DeskMini UM350 DMAF5 3550H | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme untested 1 sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|4 usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 12w round barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Chuwi RzBox | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 vga, dp, hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->usb-c usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->dual gigabit | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit amd 5800h 4800h - 90w psu - |- | <!--Name-->Valve Steam Deck | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD radeon custom GPU 0405 (8 RDNA2 CUs) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit amd Zen2 |- | <!--Name-->Ayn Loki Pro Max Mini | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit AMD Ryzen 5 6600u 7 6800u (Zen 3+ RNDA) Mendocino (zen 2 4C/8T RDNA2 2CUs) LPDDR5 memory, |- | <!--Name-->AyaNeo Air and Pro | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 5560u or 5825u |- | <!--Name-->Aya Neo Air Plus | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit 6600u 6800u medocini |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Server Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] ====IBM==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->xSeries 206m | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{n/a}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014-09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Motherboard=== [[#top|...to the top]] * Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared * 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] * Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) * Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 * Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs * Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot * Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets ====AMD==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket A 462 (2001/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] | <!--Chipset-->nForce 2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->SIL 3112A | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201LB | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Realtek RTL8801B |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7NF2 | <!--Chipset-->nforce2 ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97 | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8201 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S8X | <!--Chipset-->SIS 746FX | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS900}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S41GX | <!--Chipset-->SIS 741GX + DDR 333 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS 900}} | <!--Opinion-->works ok |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->Silicon Image Sil 3112A | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz |- | <!--Name-->Biostar M7NCD | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Promise PDC 20376 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|CMI8738}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8139C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ECS N2U400-A | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|VIA VT6103L}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA7N400L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8100C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] | <!--Chipset-->SIS 650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|working}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E | <!--Chipset-->SIS730 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|SiS 5513}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|sis7018}} | <!--USB-->{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SIS900}} | <!--Opinion-->little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&lc=en&dlc=en&cc=us&dest_page=softwareCategory&os=228&tool=softwareCategory&query=Pavilion%20742n&product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] | <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|nForce}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&maincat_no=1&prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 ALC655}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|3 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A7V266 | <!--Chipset-->via KT266A + 8233 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{no|issues}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->AD1980 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6103 | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4436&forum=24&post_id=38874#forumpost38874 issues with booting] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 754 (2004/5)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit NF8-V2 | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB (2004/5) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot x8 | <!--Audio-->ALC658 ac97 | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->VT6420 thru ide legacy only | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 ALC655}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}} | <!--Opinion-->very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work | <!--Opinion-->[[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5804&forum=24&post_id=54295#forumpost54295 works well] but no Firewire VIA VT6307 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8N | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8100C | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI43AB23 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte K8NNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sata sil3512 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTl8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI STB82AA2 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R | <!--Chipset-->nVIDIA NF3-250Gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] | <!--Chipset-->nF3-150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sil 3112 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC650 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name--> Foxconn WinFast K8S755A | <!--Chipset-->SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> {{yes|AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 939 (2005)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE | <!--Chipset-->Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|two ATA 133}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} | <!--Gfx-->built in or PCI-E x16 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC883 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201CL | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-SLI Premium | <!--Chipset-->NVidia | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|PCIe slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=69814#forumpost69814 Works well] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8V E SE | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 | <!--ACPI-->{{N/A}} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only | <!--Ethernet-->{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 | <!--Opinion-->Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->Promise 20378 2 ports | <!--SATA-->2 SATA2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->needs extra PCI cards |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM2 (2006/8)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L (1.x) | <!--Chipset-->nForce 630a chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM2+ (2007/9)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASROCK N68-S N68C-S | <!--Chipset-->AMD based nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|VIA 1708S VT1705 HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|echi usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->being [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4938&forum=26&post_id=46635#forumpost46635 tested] unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - |- | <!--Name-->Asus M2N68-AM Plus | <!--Chipset-->Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with NVIDIA® GeForce™ 7025 nForce™ 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} | <!--Opinion-->adding "noacpi noapic noioapic" to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011] | <!--Chipset-->4 DDR3 memory sockets | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet<br>vesa driver works<br>possibility to add PCIe card}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support |- | <!--Name-->Asus [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=45243#forumpost45243 M4A785TD-M] PRO | <!--Chipset-->785G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->ALC888 (r1.x),ALC (r2.0), ALC888B (r4.0), ALC (r4.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111C later 8111D | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890GX together with SB850 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Yes | <!--Gfx-->use pci-e nvidia | <!--Audio-->Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 | <!--USB-->Yes | <!--Ethernet-->Yes | <!--Opinion-->works well overall |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 890GXM-G65 | <!--Chipset-->890GX + SB750 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4N78 PRO | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 8300 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 xUltraDMA 133/100 | <!--SATA-->6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel codec | <!--USB-->12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel) | <!--Ethernet-->NVIDIA Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2013/15)===== *095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX FX-8370E (Vishera/Piledriver) *125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) *220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC892}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 | <!--Chipset-->760G SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->V? ALC887, V? ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M5A97 R2.0 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 970 and SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->n/a | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 and 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111F | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.1), ALC887 (r5.x) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.1), Atheros (r5.x) | <!--Opinion-->offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1 Blue board), VIA VT2021 (r5.0 Black board) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 760GM | <!--Chipset-->ATI 760G plus SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Untested | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 Use Vesa | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887 with crackles thru earphones; E51 ALC892 No}} | <!--USB-->Untested | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Opinion-->P23 issues with audio ALC887 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====AMD Fusion (2011/14)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | IDE | SATA | AMD 6250 | Audio | USB | Ethernet | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX | 1.6GHz dual 18W AMD Fusion E-350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC887 VD2 | USB | RTL8111E | EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] |- | Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC892 | USB | Realtek 8111E | {{no|Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E}} |- | ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA - 4 SATA3 | {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} | {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} | USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 | {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}} | |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX | <!--Chipset--> Hudson M1 FCH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx--> plus HDMI, DVI | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB-->2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 | <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 FCH A45 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} | <!--Opinion-->works well but need to test with sata hard disk |- | <!--Name-->MSI E350IA-E45 | <!--Chipset-->e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI-->no support | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 Sata3 ports | <!--Gfx-->AMD 6310 gpu | <!--Audio-->ALC HDA | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-M PRO | <!--Chipset-->E450 APU with Hudson M1 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->E-450 together | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM1 (2011/13)===== On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS F1A55-M LE | <!--Chipset--> with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E rtl8169 | <!--Opinion-->2012 A- Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A75 A85X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A88X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)===== 5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS AM1I-A | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111GR 8168 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1I | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1M | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->BGA FT3 AM1x |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Zen Zen+ Am4 FM3 Summit Ridge (2017/19)===== Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero | <!--Chipset-->X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) | <!--Audio-->SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel I211 | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium | <!--Chipset--> X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Prime B350 Plus | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM, Max. 64GB, DDR4 3200(O.C.)/2933(O.C.)/2666/2400/2133 MHz ECC and non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm ) - 2 pci |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Pro4 AB350 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A320 A/B300 SFF | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> 2700U 2500U 2300U 2200U APUs |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> B450 with APU 2200G 2400G | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ |- | <!--Name-->AsRock B450 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B450 Aorus Pro Wifi | <!--Chipset--> B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->very high vrm temps |- | <!--Name-->MSI b450 tomahawk | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK board |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450 Pro Carbon | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen2 2019/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> with 2700X 2700 2600X 2600 cpus | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> pinnacle ridge 12nm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> 2500X 2500 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen3 AM4 2020/22)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM5 2022/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x670e x650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->rnda3 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM4 2023/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ====Intel==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket 370 (2000/2)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Intel D815EEA | <!--Chipset-->866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}} | <!--Audio-->{{N/A}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 USB1.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket 478 (2002/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] | <!--Chipset-->865PE | <!--ACPI-->{{dunno| }} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|tested with CDROM}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AGP slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} | <!--Opinion-->Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865P | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865GC | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)===== an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an "AMD" CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an "INTEL" CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an "AMD" CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot. entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a "CL6 only" PC) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit AG8 (2004) | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8110S-32 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI 4200R7T no |- | <!--Name-->MSI 915 Neo2 | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->CMI 9880L HD Audio | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6306 no |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5GC P5GC-MX | <!--Chipset-->P945GC + ICH7R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->i PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|atheros L2}} | <!--Opinion-->ICH7 mates with the 945 and G31 northbridge and is limited up to six USB 2.0 ports, four PCIe 1.1 lanes, a 10/100 network MAC, and four SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports and two Ultra ATA 100 drives - 3 / 5 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}} | <!--Opinion-->2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH | <!--Chipset-->Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 MoDT is a relatively new concept, derived from the term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm with 2 pci one which gets blocked - 2 DDR2 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCi-E slot | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets up to 4 GB DDR2 667/533/400 MHz memory modules - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC662 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L | <!--Chipset-->P31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCI Express x16 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111B | <!--Opinion-->DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin with limitations - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0" x 8.3" - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL-AM /PS | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (Intel® GMA 3100) | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with /PS has ALC662 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with /ps Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion-->2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL/EPU | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Pci-e 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www2.aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8580 Tested] 4 x240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB, DDR2 1066(O.C.)/800/667 Dual Channel memory architecture - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L | <!--Chipset-->G31 plus ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB |- | <!--Name-->ASRock G31M-S r2.0 | <!--Chipset-->G31 + ICH7 + DDR2 800 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] | <!--Chipset-->iG31 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|3100 untested but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 playback}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS P5G41T-M LX | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}} | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 Port | <!--SATA-->4 Ports | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888B}} | <!--USB-->4 ports + headers | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4ports | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888 889/892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111C or D/E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Intel DG41AN Classic | <!--Chipset-->iG41 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888S ALC888VC | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock P5B-DE | <!--Chipset-->P965 + ICH8 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->untested | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|works ide legacy}} |<!--Gfx-->{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6879&forum=4&post_id=65766#forumpost65766 works well] |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5B SE | <!--Chipset-->965 intel | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->works well except ethernet |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO | <!--Chipset-->975X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->2 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IP35 | <!--Chipset-->P35 Express + ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->two RTL8110SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 | <!--Chipset-->Intel P35 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Base model of this range of P35 mobos |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IX38 Quad GT | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio--> HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte X38-DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC889A HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->twin 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5) | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 or ALC889A codec | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit) | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC |- | <!--Name-->MSI P45 Platinum (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G45 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G43 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5E Deluxe | <!--Chipset--> X48 with ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8001 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X48 plus ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->8 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC889A | <!--USB-->8 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte EP43-DS3L and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L | <!--Chipset-->P43 with ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111C | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0 | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire No, Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 |- | <!--Name-->Nvidia 7150 630i | <!--Chipset-->intel based nForce 630i (MCP73) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--GFX-->GF 7150 | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ohci echi}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->being tested |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->750i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 x16 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->780i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->790i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Atom SOC (2008/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D945CLF | <!--Chipset-->N230 single core | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA945}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441 | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works very well |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo] | <!--Chipset-->Intel Atom N330 Dual Core | <!--ACPI-->wip | <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|gma}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www.clusteruk.com works well] |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com D945GSEJT + Morex T1610] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 230 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA900}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works well and small size, runs off 12V |- | <!--Name-->ASUS [http://www.legitreviews.com/article/1057/3/ AT3N7A-I] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 330 Nvidia ION | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|nouveau cube cube 2 45 quake 3 }} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 device}} | <!--Opinion--><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw</ref> good but can freeze randomly at times (could be nvidia chipset solder issues from that era) |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D410PT 45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D410 and NM10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA3150}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA3150 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B or ALC66x | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111DL | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1366 (2009/10)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P6T DELUXE | <!--Chipset-->x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots | <!--Audio-->ADI AD2000B HD Audio | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6308 no |- | <!--Name-->gigabyte ex58 ds | <!--Chipset--> x58 + ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111D rtl8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1156 (2010)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H | <!--Chipset-->H55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) | <!--Opinion-->Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI H55M-E33 v1.0 | <!--Chipset-->E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC889}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->Works well |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->P55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket GMA 2100 (2011/2012 )===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X79 | <!--Chipset-->X79 with Sandy Bridge-E Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X79-UP4 | <!--Chipset-->X79 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Biostar H61 | <!--Chipset-->H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 | <!--Chipset-->H61 + Sandybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-H61M-S2PV | <!--Chipset-->H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--Opinion-->Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - |- | <!--Name-->Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82579V}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8H67-M | <!--Chipset-->H67 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8Z68-V LX | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion-->EFI bios |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Ivybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H77 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 4000 | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z77 | <!--Chipset-->Z77 with 3rd generation (Ivy Bridge) Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX | <!--Chipset-->H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus H81 H81M-C | <!--Chipset-->H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2x3g 2x6g | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->alc 887 vd | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111g | <!--Opinion-->skt 1150 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z87-K | <!--Chipset-->Z87 with 4th generation (New Haswell) Core i7 i5 CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z87 Express | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA H97M D3H with i3 4360 or 4370 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with i5 4690K | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z97 | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with 4th generation (new revision Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2011 v3 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X99 | <!--Chipset-->X99 with Haswell-E Core i7 (5xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X99-UD4 with Core i7-5930K Haswell-E 6-Core | <!--Chipset-->X99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1151 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H110 Plus | <!--Chipset--> with Pentium G4400 6600K 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] | <!--Gfx-->Skylake Integrated HD Graphics | <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411 PCI Express Gigabit (rev 15)}} | <!--Opinion-->ATX with 3 pci and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z170 Pro with i7 6700K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H170 Pro Gaming | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus B150 B150M Pro Gaming B150i | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V | <!--Chipset-->B250 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2066 (2017/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Rampage | <!--Chipset-->x299 with i9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte | <!--Chipset--X299 > | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> Z390 with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Q370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> H370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B360M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===Chromebooks=== https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/ Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty. [https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices From] Stoneyridge Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method Acer Chromebook 315 (CB315-2H) ALEENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 11A G6 EE HP Chromebook 11A G8 EE BARLA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14A G5 CAREENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook 311 (C721) KASUMI ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 311 (R721T) KASUMI360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 14e Chromebook (S345) LIARA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 100e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 300e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Picasso/Dali Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method HP Pro c645 Chromebook Enterprise BERKNIP ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14a DIRINBOZ ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 514 EZKINIL ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook x360 14a GUMBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo ThinkPad C13 Yoga Chromebook MORPHIUS ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 100e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 300e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ360 ✅ CR50 ASUS Chromebook Flip CM5 WOOMAX ✅ CR50 ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} oabhqppifvq8410jqsk3skb2vom57fx 4095938 4095899 2022-08-25T02:03:11Z Jeff1138 301139 wikitext text/x-wiki === Laptops === The following hardware has been tested with AROS and any issues have been noted. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. * 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card * 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] * 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks Usually avoid HP and Lenovo as the wifi card is bios locked cannot be swapped without hacking Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. So support is very slow after some improvement after 2005/6 for a few years. So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Date ! width="5%" |Overall ! width="5%" |Gfx VESA ! width="5%" |Gfx 2D Acceleration ! width="10%" |Gfx 3D Acceleration ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB |- | 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB |- | 2005-2010 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 20% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 20% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB |- | 2011-2014 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 15% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB |- | 2015-2017 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB |- | 2018-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 0% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB Ryzen |- |} 3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -> Show All to see them. Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from an ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) with together 80% market share and MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo (remaining 20%). ====Acer/Gateway/Emachines==== Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987 Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Packard Bell Aspire Extensa TimeLine Travelmate </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || <!--Chipset-->P2 Celeron 466Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || <!--Chipset-->ALi M1621 with piii || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber 9525 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || <!--USB-->2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->a few have Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || <!--Chipset-->Ali with piii || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ali5451}} || <!--USB-->2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->e100 || <!--Wireless-->Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || <!--Chipset-->815 P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 82815 cgc || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 pro || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC |- | Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron |- | Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} || || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || <!--Chipset-->AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SIS 760 || <!--Audio-->SIS || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL-8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005GS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&postcount=13 AC97]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+ or AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || <!--Chipset-->940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || <!--Chipset-->940GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - |- | <!--Name-->Gateway ML6227B MA7 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - |- | <!--Name-->eMachines E510 series KAL10 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel x3100 || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel with codec}} || <!--USB-->Intel || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu |- | A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 64bit possible |- | <!--Name--> Extensa 5630Z || <!--Chipset--> Intel GL40 Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || <!--Wireless--> {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || <!--Chipset-->E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6310 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C-70 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 codec || <!--USB-->USB untested || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5-122P || <!--Chipset-->C70 with M55 or A6 1450 with ??? || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> 8210 || <!--Audio-->ATI Device 9840 || <!--USB-->FCH USB EHCI OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR9565 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->bios hacking needed for virtualisation |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || <!--Chipset-->E1-2500 Dual or A4-5000 Quad BGA769 (FT3) both soldered || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320 or 8330}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Both AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec and HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{No|OHCI and EHCI detected but not XHCI USB 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit big netbook - Boots after using F2 to enter EFI firmware Hudson-2 and setting AHCI to IDE mode |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3 A315 41 || <!--Chipset-->2 core 4 thread Ryzen 2200u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" 1366 x 768 8gb 1080p 4g single channel ram |- | <!--Name-->Nitro 5 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 5 2500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->radeon rx560 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8168 8111 || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm ACA || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" |- | <!--Name-->Swift 3 || <!--Chipset-->4700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> codec || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6 ac || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit very low srgb screen - LPDDR4 ram |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || <!--Chipset-->Intel desktop 850MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->S3 Savage MX || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || <!--Chipset-->Athlon 4 mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use vesa sis630 || <!--Audio-->{{No|sis7018}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->sis900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->x51R X51RL || <!--Chipset-->Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k - could be ATI Chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA900 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8169 8101e || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] |- | <!--Name-->Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || <!--Chipset-->P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit only |- | <!--Name-->Z33 || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915GM || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2915ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A |- | Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit |- | [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X50GL F5GL || <!--Chipset-->T5800 with 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel |- | <!--Name-->Asus ASUS G50 & G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || <!--Chipset-->AMD64 with MCP71 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || <!--Audio-->Nvidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G or Intel || <!--Test Distro-->ICaros || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - |- | <!--Name-->Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || <!--Chipset-->965GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|intel 3495 not working}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.41 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - small form factor sub notebook, compact and works well but no 3D graphics |- | P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->A53U XT2 A53Z K53B X53U || <!--Chipset-->E350 or A6 3400M (A43TA A53TA XE2 A73T) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No| use VESA ATi 6310 or 6520}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->X55U X401U X501U || <!--Chipset-->C60, C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->K55N || <!--Chipset-->AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD 7640G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio through ATi Trinity HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X102BA || <!--Chipset-->Llano E1 1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8180 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X452EA X552EA F552E K55N K75D || <!--Chipset-->AMD with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64BIT kabini trinity E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Vivobook X512DA F512DA || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 3500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 2020 15.6in FHD IPS |- | <!--Name-->ROG Zephyrus G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4900HS 4800HS 4600HS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia 1650Ti 1660Ti 2060}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Zenbook 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - LPDDR4 ram - |- | <!--Name-->G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 6900HS 6800u 6600u 6400u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->680M RDNA2 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== Dell ==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Studio Inspiron Vostro XPS Alienware Precision Latitude - good cases - electronics similar to everyone else as long as avoiding ATi Nvidia GPU BGA balled soldered graphics </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || <!--Audio-->{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || <!--IDE-->{{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || <!--Chipset-->440BX ZX/DX || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || <!--Chipset-->i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->poor build quality - hard to find in good working order |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C400 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Slim for the time - no media bays |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || <!--Chipset-->P4M with 845EP || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS4205 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->3com 905c || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit will boot from USB stick - won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style changed |- | Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L || 855GME * revA00 * revA03 * revA06 | {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - |- | Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} || || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1000 || <!--Chipset-->SIS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA SIS}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd9eGGfFc7I boots James Kendall Celeron Amiga]] and [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1100 || <!--Chipset-->845 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 8500 5150 || <!--Chipset-->P4 855GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x untested}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit P4 runs well but wifi needs to be changed to Mini PCI Atheros to get Internet |- | Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case || 855GME * revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz * revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz | {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb, || 2004 12.1" 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max ddr 2700 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 * reva00 * revA01 * revA02 * revA03 * revA04 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 || <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14" - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - |- | <!--Name-->D800 (Compal LA-1901) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - |- | <!--Name-->D800 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia }} || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 15inch 39cm |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 single core 32bit 14" 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb, || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4" WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 ram (2gb max) and wireless card access underside - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 bios |- | Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel and gearbox }} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but will not boot AROS One USB version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aros One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm slot ddr2 under keyboard - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port - |- | Latitude D410 PP06S *rev A00 *A01, A02 *A03 || GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz & 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5" - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || <!--Chipset-->915GM socket 479 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 14.1" 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L || <!--Chipset-->910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz * Rev A0x * Rev A0x * Rev A07 1.73Ghz | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 15.4" F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - |- | <!--Name-->Studio XPS M1210 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia G72M 7300 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92xx || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || <!--Chipset-->AMD on ATI RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 E1505 PP20L *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A0? Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on daughter board}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|usb boot }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1) *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A08 Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 T2050 T2060 T2080 32bit || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92xx}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15.4" glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard for the time - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo to T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 43xx firmware licencing issues - swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - |- | <!--Name-->Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || <!--Chipset-->945PM with T2600 T2700 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5752 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 17" workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage |- | <!--Name-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=10&topic_id=6931&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P)] PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 * revA00 Core Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400 * revA01 Core Duo 1.06Ghz u2500 * revA02 Core Duo 1.2Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{yes|ZIF 1.8" slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros Desktop 1.4 || <!--Opinion-->2006 32bit only - 12.1" 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D520 PP17L || <!--Chipset-->GMA950 * rev A02 64bit and to 4GB * rev A01 945GM Core Duo 32bit to 2GB * rev A00 940GML Celeron M / Core Solo 1.86Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || {{Yes|SATA}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 2D and OpenGL 1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes| }} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 || 2005 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or 15 inches (with up to XGA+ 1400 by 1050) |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->945GMS * rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS Xenon || <!--Opinion-->2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14" 1280 x 800 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i945 * revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless--> {{dunno}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * rev A00 * rev A01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Opinion-->2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte - - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude D531 15" || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with IDT codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D430 PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz * rev A00 * rev A01 * rev A02 | <!--IDE-->ZIF PATA 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|3 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1" 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D530 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 * revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper * revA01 0DT785 heatsink | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->965GM with Core2 * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->2007 15 inch [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=10480&forum=4&post_id=104520#forumpost104520 works well] updating the LCD is quite easy if you get the WXGA or WSXGA+. you disassemble the front bezel, unscrew the panel, disconnect the old display and connect the new one |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 15." - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 |- | <!--Name-->XPS M1330 M1530 M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio STAC 9228 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->ICAROS 1.5 || <!--Comments-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7767&forum=1 Did not boot] |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GM965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC268 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 965 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2008 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Studio 17 Studio 1735 (Intel Santa Rosa), Studio 1736 (AMD Turion 64 CPU), Studio 1737 (Intel Montevina), Studio 1745 1747 1749 Intel Calpella || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 / 2009 17inch Core2 or later i7 processor and DDR3 memory - JBL 2.1 speakers 2 x 1.5 watt and 3 watt subwoofer - random keyboard and sound malfunctions - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4200 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GM45 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4322 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5400 E5500 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM5761e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap with pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4300 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 4500 MHD || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82567LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - 13.3" WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - |- | <!--Name-->E6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo P9500 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good |- | <!--Name-->[http://pick.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=28&topic_id=33755&post_id=617219&viewmode=thread&order=0 Latitude E6410] E6510 E6310 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8999&forum=4&post_id=92267#forumpost92267 ] |- | <!--Name-->E4310 E5410 ATG || <!--Chipset-->Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82577LM || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1525 PP29L || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo or Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit 32bit 15.4" 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1545 PP41L || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 15.6" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || <!--Chipset-->i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555 to 525M 540M 555M GT 435M 420M GF108M optimus || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit first models are pre and later Sandybridge - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - |- | <!--Name-->E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || <!--Chipset-->sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio no playback - IDT 92HD90 BXX codec or HDMI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6205 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit very little total support - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - |- | <!--Name-->E6220 E6320 || <!--Chipset-->2nd gen series 6 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio-->IDT 92HD90 BXX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 5100 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5420 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron M5040 || <!--Chipset-->E450, C50 or C60 with A50M chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit some support |- | Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great better under hosted |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC850 ?? || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2200U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->R5 2500u 3500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon RX Vega8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64 bit - |- | <!--Name-->G5 15 SE || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4600H 4800H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 5600 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 14 7000 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen R7 4700U R5 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3.1 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 metal 1.5kg - chiclet keyboard - 270 nits screen 45% srgb - 40whr battery 5 hrs - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu-Siemens==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Amilo Esprimo Lifebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || <!--Chipset-->Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 only || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1999 32bit 10" 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->14.1 inch with minimal support |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook e8010 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || <!--Audio-->AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5336&forum=18&post_id=49506#forumpost49506 Icaros 1.3.1] || <!--Comments-->15.1 inch |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || <!--Chipset-->1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 use VESA || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Pro V2010 || <!--Chipset-->VIA CN400 PM880 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Rhine 6102 6103 || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT2500 || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || <!--Chipset--> with VIA P4M900 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE}} || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->VT82xx 62xx || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->random freezes |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE and EIDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}} | <!--Gfx--> {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}} | <!--USB--> {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}} | <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.5 usb | <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo SI 1520 1521p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Comments-->Some support but Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7020 S7020D || <!--Chipset--> Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 915 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC260 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || <!--Chipset-->1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo / 1.2GHz 1.3GHz Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{No}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio-->HD audio with STAC9228 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® |- | <!--Name-->E8110 S7110 E8210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0 || <!--Comments-->32bit Core Duo |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook PH521 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-450 1.65GHz DDR3 1066MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6320M || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 802.11 bgn || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6 inch HD SuperFine LED 1366x768 pixels |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Presario Pavilion Omnibook ProBook Armada Elitebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->1c00 series Compaq Presario [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || <!--Chipset-->K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || <!--Audio-->VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116 XL118 XL119 XL125 |- | <!--Name-->1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with VIA PLE133 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || <!--Audio-->VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82557 Pro 100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL |- | Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || a little support via F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || <!--USB-->Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|e100 82557}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.51 || <!--Comments-->Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB |- | <!--Name-->TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || <!--Audio-->VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || <!--USB-->OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || <!--Wireless-->Atmel at76c506 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03) with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M] || <!--Audio-->Nvidia || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Some laptops, especially HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected |- | <!--Name-->Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || <!--Chipset-->VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || P4M CPU can get very warm |- | <!--Name-->NX7010 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 |- | <!--Name-->TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset-->855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia Geforce4 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name-->NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || <!--Chipset-->855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->max 160 GB for NW 8000 || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15" SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio) |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || <!--Chipset-->GMA 915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Sonoma based - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8285&forum=4&post_id=82082#forumpost82082 Works well with some support] Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM Core Duo || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB * 32bit Core Duo T2400 * 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NV NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo + 945PM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Opinion--> Harmon Kardon speakers |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6320 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with * 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 * 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5788}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2 || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1" or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - |- | <!--Name-->HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo with 82945 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - * 32bit 1.86GHz core duo * 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz |- | <!--Name-->HP DV6000 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel PRO 100 VE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia MCP51 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY |- | Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci}} || {{No| }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and 2.2 xmas || Unable to boot from cd or usb - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - |- | <!--Name-->Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || <!--Audio-->conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || <!--Chipset-->Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || <!--USB-->3 OHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 - || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&forum=48 works well] - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - |- | <!--Name-->v6630em v6642em || <!--Chipset-->nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario C700 || <!--Chipset-->GMA960 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || <!--Chipset-->GMA 965GM GL960 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || <!--Comments-->no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] |- | <!--Name-->HP 630 || <!--Chipset-->i3 CPU M 380 @ 2.53GHz 5 Series 3400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 2D only || <!--Audio-->HD audio with Realtek ALC270A GR || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ40 CQ41 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BC4310 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Compal LA-4743P - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Coxenant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> (Quanta AX1) |- | <!--Name-->CQ50 CQ56 || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Geforce 8200M || <!--Audio-->nVidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->nvidia MCP77 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR928X || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 6310 wrestler || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 RTL8106E || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT5390 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ58 103SA || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310M IGP || <!--Audio-->Realtek or idt || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ60 CQ61 CQ62 || <!--Chipset-->MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->rebrand wifi card (risky) or ar5b91 with no pins missing || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->cq70 cq71 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP DM1 635 || <!--Chipset-->E300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->ATI SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 SATA AHCI mode || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - AMD HD6310 or 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8106E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 6470b and 6570b || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 8470p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProBook 6475b || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit thick runs hot 14-inch (model C5A55EA) WXGA++ panel or 13-inch (6360b), 14-inch (6470b), 15-inch (4540s, 4535s) and 17-inch (4740s) |- | <!--Name-->HP Probook 4445s 4545s 455 645 HP Pavilion 15-b115sa || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4 4300M A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M FCH || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->7420 7520G 7640G 7660G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin and light Sleekbook 15.6-inch |- | <!--Name-->15-bw0xx || <!--Chipset-->A9 9420 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC3227 and ATI R6xx HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->RTL 8723DE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->15-db1xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon 300U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP Spectre X360 13 15 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 6500U 6560U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris 540 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 4K (3840 x 2160) down to 2560 x 1440 instead of 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->14-cm0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2500U AMD Ryzen SOC 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->17-ca1xxx || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3500u AMD ID15D0 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek RTL8821CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Envy x360 2 in 1 13-ay0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->PCIe M.2 NVMe || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel wifi 6}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 13.3in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====IBM/Lenovo==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > iSeries Edge Ideapad Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 600x || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX || <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3.1 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit a little support - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4120&start=0 Earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based] |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440 BX ZX DX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || <!--USB-->1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->no mini pci intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || a little support - no audio |- | <!--Name-->A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || <!--Chipset-->440MX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati rage mobility || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 |- | Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Mobility M6 LY || <!--Audio-->Ac97 CS4299 || <!--USB-->2 x 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 || <!--Wireless-->Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->with slice Ultrabase X2 - |- | <!--Name-->A30 A30p || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS 4299 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 ve || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || <!--Comments--> Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. |- | Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || sound bit distorted |- | <!--Name-->R51 || <!--Chipset-->855M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip |- | Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5" PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1" TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit last IBM design |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X41 MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t MT 1866 1867 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit support [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=61499#forumpost61499 some] amongst first Lenovo design |- | <!--Name-->R52 (most 18xx) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || <!--Chipset-->ATi 200m || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|ATI}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T60 T60P without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || <!--Chipset-->*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA (2D) The "p" has powerful graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 * 64bit model starting 6 or 8 is widescreen on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4" widescreen 16:10 formats * 32bit model starting with 1 and 2 are standard 4:3 machines, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 14", 15" standard 4:3 |- | <!--Name-->X60 x60s x60t tablet || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 ABG and atheros AR5BXB6 (54Mbit) with bios hacking}} || <!--Comments-->Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - untested fru 39T5578 Atheros AR5BXB6 ar5007eg and ath5k AR5BXB72 (AR5008) ath9k - an Apple branded Atheros AR9820 (AR5BXB92) perhaps needs a zendered bios risky |- | <!--Name-->R60 R60e || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 1981HD codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X61 x61s X61T Tablet || <!--Chipset-->i965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->82566DM || <!--Wireless-->{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2007 64bit possible <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6744&forum=24&post_id=64541#forumpost64541 some support] with ultrabook running very hot - |- | <!--Name-->R61 R61i || <!--Chipset-->Intel 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 || <!--Chipset-->Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy. |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || bits of laptop works |- | <!--Name-->X300 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3" TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad [http://x301.mcdonnelltech.com/ X301] || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || <!--Gfx-->Intel X4500 || <!--Audio-->AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display - 2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m |- | <!--Name-->[http://blog.maniac.nl/2010/11/06/thinkpad-edge-11-amd-nile-and-using-it-with-ubuntu-gnulinux/#comments Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325] || <!--Chipset-->M880G || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{no|ATI HD4200}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name-->X100e || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v some support - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - |- | <!--Name-->SL400 SL500 || Intel || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || || |- | <!--Name-->SL410 SL510 || 965 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || SL-410 |- | <!--Name-->T400 ODM Wistron || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->T400s || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585 (T400s) untested}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T500 T510 || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|switchable Intel / AMD HD 3640}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot replaced BIOS] || <!--Chipset-->GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 12.1" CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || <!--Chipset-->qm57 with i5 m || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 xmas || <!--Comments-->battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400 |- | <!--Name-->X201 X201s x201t || <!--Chipset-->QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5" WXGA |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T420 type 4180 4236 t420s T520 4239 L520 || <!--Chipset-->i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W520 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m || <!--Audio-->Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579 Lm || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6000s || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6" TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->X220 x220t || <!--Chipset-->QM67 express sandy bridge i5 2520M dual or i7 dual 2620M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 with AMD E350 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->yes || <!--Gfx-->ATI 0x9802 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8169 RTL8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S205 G575 G585 || <!--Chipset-->E-350 later E-450 with A75 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD6310 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit removeable and plug in battery - slow cpu |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S206 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec || <!--USB-->3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 11.6" and integrated battery - Conexant® |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec || <!--USB-->USB 30 and USB 20 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit rubber edged bumper for K12 education market |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad U310 U410 || <!--Chipset-->i5 3317 3rd gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T430 t430i T530 || <!--Chipset-->ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269 codec playback ear phones - HDA 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 17aa / 30a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad L430 L530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit alps trackpad |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6300 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - |- | <!--Name-->X230 x230t || <!--Chipset-->Intel QM67 express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Yoga S1 20CD 20c0 || <!--Chipset-->i5 4200U 4300, i7 4500U 4600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 4400 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio codec || <!--USB-->2 USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 7260 AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 12.5" 1366 x 768 to 1920 x 1080 IPS 400 nits touchscreen (Elan Microelectornics 0x04f3 0x0254) with Wacom 0x056a 0x00ec active digitizer pen - backlit keyboard - dock inline onelink - |- | <!--Name-->x140e E145 || <!--Chipset-->E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8260 or 8330 || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit 11.6" 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - |- | <!--Name-->T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || <!--Chipset-->intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 7260}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 14 and 15" models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available |- | <!--Name-->X240 x240t || <!--Chipset-->haswell || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 |- | <!--Name-->T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M see bottom of case || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 14" 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - |- | <!--Name-->x250 x250t || <!--Chipset-->i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I218 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5" screen - partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - uefi issues - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T460 T460s T460p T560 L560 || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U i7 6600U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel with Nvidia GeForce 940MX optimus || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 14 and 15" models - |- | <!--Name-->x260 x260t || <!--Chipset-->Intel Sky Lake i5 i7 6500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD Graphics 520 (Skylake GT2) || <!--Audio-->Intel Sunrise Point-LP HD Audio (rev 21) with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I219-V || <!--Wireless-->Intel 8260AC AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12.5" 1920x1080 (FHD) matte IPS - 16GB DDR4 (2133) - |- | <!--Name-->T470 T470t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x270 x270t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X1 Carbon Gen 5 || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U 7300U i7 7500U 7600U with vPro 7th gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 SSD 128GB on PCIe || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Conexant® CX11871 codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 USB-C 3.1 gen 2}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel l219 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit - very little direct support - 14" FHD 1920 x 1080 or 14” WQHD 2560 x 1440, anti-glare, 300 nits, 700:1 contrast ratio, IPS - Webcam HD 720p fixed focus - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T480 T480t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x280 x280t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 6x0 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T490 T490t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x390 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 whisky lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD UHD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9560 AC soldered || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3 1388 x 768 TN or IPS - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->RTL8822BE AC (1×1) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad 5 15 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500u 4700u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax200 wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 15 inch mid srgb display |- | <!--Name-->Flex 5 14 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 4500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 NVMe ssd || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->socket realtek ac wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in 1080p touch low nits - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo ThinkBook 13S || <!--Chipset-->6800u 2.7GHz 6600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{No|NVMe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 680M RNDA2}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB4}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 13in most components soldered down |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->NP-Q1 Q1 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1.8" SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec - head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7" WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - |- | <!--Name-->NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - |- | <!--Name-->NP P500 family P500Y || <!--Chipset-->AMD with SB600 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| Audio with codec }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - |- | <!--Name-->R505 R510 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R520 R522 R610H R620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730) || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5007EG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit possible |- | NP-R530 || || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 or E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 6320 || <!--Audio-->ALC ACL 269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || <!--Chipset-->E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 6470 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 8168B || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony==== [[#top|...to the top]] <pre> VAIO = Video Audio Integrated Operation and later as Visual Audio Intelligent Organizer (2008) VPC = VAIO PC VGN = </pre> 2014 Sony looks to sell off to another company their laptop lines and PC Vaio divisions as sales decline {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Sony C1 VN XS MZX MHP - U Series PCG-U3 || <!--Chipset-->TM5800 or PII 400Mhz mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Picturebook series Transmeta Crusoe used swivel camera - |- | <!--Name-->Z505LE Z505JE || <!--Chipset-->P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->n/a || <!--Gfx-->Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || <!--Audio-->no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || <!--Wireless-->n/a || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->parent company of the Sony Group through its five operating segments — electronics (Sony Corp), games, entertainment (motion pictures Columbia and music), financial services and other |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG - FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 [http://www.litzinger.com/fxa32.html PCG-FXA32], FXA33, FXA35/D, FXA36, FXA47, FXA48, FXA49, FXA59 || <!--Chipset-->[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{partial|boot issue with latest 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Comments-->Nightly 1st March 2013 || <!--Comments-->booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze ocassionally hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || <!--Chipset-->Intel i815 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || <!--Audio-->Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 32 bit some support 2004 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a "chiclet" keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || <!--IDE-->1.8 inch ZIF || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945GMS || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 8036 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC |- | <!--Name-->E Series VPC EB11 FX/T EB15 FM/T || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->consumer grade |- | Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->YB Series || <!--Chipset-->E 350 AMD dual core || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.5" VAIO VPC YB13KXP EL1E1E/B vpcel1e1e |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio VPC || <!--Chipset-->AMD E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6" - EL2S1E YB3V1E YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/G |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Toshiba==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Equium Satellite (Pro) Libretto Portege Tecra </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support |- | <!--Name-->Tecra 9100 || <!--Chipset-->810 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ymf754}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->eeee pro100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support |- | Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || <!--Chipset-->P4M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GM or Radeon || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a few models came with antenna leads |- | Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A40 A45 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Portege M300 - M200 tablet || <!--Chipset-->855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 || <!--Chipset-->915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861 routes audio]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->100 101 120 121 180 181 182 183 - |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A5 || <!--Chipset-->910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Portege R100 R200 || <!--Chipset-->915GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros ar5005gs - askey AR5BMB5 - PA3416U || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M3 || <!--Chipset-->915GM with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia TE 6200 6600 128MB || <!--Audio--> AC97 STAC9750 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8053 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Dark screen issues |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 370 1.5GHz with RC410M SB400 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros maybe not working with ATi chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 14" pioneer dvd-rw - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - |- | Satellite Pro M40 || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{dunno}} || || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L PSL43E || <!--Chipset-->945GM with U7700 1.3GHz ULV || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - |- | <!--Name-->Portege M400 tablet || <!--Chipset-->945 12.1 inch || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 950 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with STAC9200 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit mostly - Core Duo T2400 / T4200 1.83Ghz or Intel Core Solo T1300 @ 1.66 GHz with later models having Core 2 Duo T5500 1.66Ghz |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M5 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA950 or Nvidia Quadro NVS 110M or Radeon X1400 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A6 A7 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 or Radeon X1400 or X1600 (M56P) or Nvidia Quadro NVS 300M || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Realtek ALC861}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A8 PTA82e PTA83E || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC262 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->e1000 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A100 || <!--Chipset-->940G || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC861 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 100 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6), || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8136 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 945 || <!--Audio-->ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || <!--USB-->UHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15V 4A charger - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || <!--Audio-->ALC262 || <!--USB-->OCHI UHCI || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15v 5a proprietary charger needed |- | <!--Name-->Satelite A130 PSAD6U || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M with 945GM Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination |- | <!--Name--> A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || <!--Chipset--> Ati with SB690 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC268 || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - |- | <!--Name--> [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || <!--Chipset--> Ati X1200 with SB600 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Tecra A10 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible |- | <!--Name-->L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || <!--Chipset-->GL960 with Intel Celeron || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->1,73Ghz M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz) T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - |- | <!--Name-->P305 || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->RV635 HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 3600 Series] || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel3945 ABG [Golan] || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio - Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->satellite l300 l300d l305 (inventec ps10s) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion RM70 + || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Toshiba Satellite R630 Portege R700 || i5-450M || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA (2D) || {{dunno}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 82577LC Gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || 1 hr battery life - Ricoh e822 SD host no |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L450 12 13 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8172 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || <!--Chipset-->intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 4500m || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->RTL8191 SEvB || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 |- | <!--Name-->satellite l350d || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8187b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 6320 || <!--Audio-->AMD HD Audio conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D C670D || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6310G || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC259 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 zacate |- |<!--Name-->Toshiba Satellite C660D 19X || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->r8169 rtl8101e || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C70D-A C75D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1-1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD HD8330 || <!--Audio-->HA Audio CX20751 11Z || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8162 8166 8168 alx || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8188e || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C40D C50D-A C55D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1 2100 or A4 5000 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->8330 || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC269Q || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->kabini |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.laptopsolutions.net/Mitac-laptop-notes.htm Mitac 5033] || <!--Chipset-->K6-2 333Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit 5033H MiNote 5033K MyNote 810 Mitac 7020, the Mitac M722, the MyNote 820 - Mitac 5033L, Schneider 5033, LifeTec LT98 |- | <!--Name-->Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || <!--Chipset-->K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|Issues}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} - untested || <!--USB-->via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK |- | <!--Name-->NEC Versa S260 || <!--Chipset-->P3-M with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->VIA Audio Adapter with AD 1886 codec || <!--USB-->VIA || <!--Ethernet-->intel pro 100 82551QM or rhine2 || <!--Wireless-->Mini PCI card ORiNOCO || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit North Bridge: VIA VT83C694T / South Bridge: VIA VT82C686B |- | <!--Name--> Medion 9626 Maxdata M-Book 1000T Targa Gericom 1400c || <!--Chipset-->Athlon with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - S3 ProSavage || <!--Audio-->via ac97 686b || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1GHz 1.2GHz 1.4GHz 1.6GHz 1.8GHz and VIA KN133 PN133 - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name--> Medion MD9703 FIC A360 A380 Gericom 1st Supersonic M6T || <!--Chipset-->Pentium 1.2GHz and VIA Apollo MVP3 Pro133x || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->ac97 via with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->FIC MB05 Medion MD41100 Cebop CDG || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M, 1.4 GHz with i855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel i855GM || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->8080B, Advent 7041, Medion MD 40676 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium-M 1.5GHz with i855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->64 MB nVidia GeForce FX Go 5200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 ALC202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2100 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.ecs.com.tw/ECSWebSite/Product/Product_Detail.aspx?CategoryID=3&DetailID=540&DetailName=Feature&MenuID=93&LanID=0 ECS 321] Advent 7094 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M with SIS 661GX 963L || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SiS 661 741 760 PCI/AGP or 662/761Gx PCIE || <!--Audio-->AC97 SIS rev a0 or Realtek ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 CF-29 CF-30 || <!--Chipset-->Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->AC97 SigmaTel || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139C || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->MSI Microstar PR210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->204 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option |- | <!--Name-->Gateway LT3100 (LT3103u) || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{dunno|legacy mode?}} || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Advent 7106 EAA-88 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - |- | <!--Name-->Quanta KN1-GM (Intel) KN1-PM (Nvidia) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel or Nvidia MXM card 6600 6800go 8600 9600m || <!--Audio-->ALC260 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->IIntel Pro 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit aka Gericom 1st Supersonic PCIE-KN1, Advent 6001, Advent 7098, Enpower 611, CTL, ECS |- | <!--Name-->Sahara slate sg22 I400 series and i440D || <!--Chipset-->900 950 with Celeron 423 and later Core 2 Duo L2500 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 early 32bit intel tablets kiosk based 12.1-inch fujitsu resistive screen with magnetic pen or with wacom digitiser - short battery life |- | <!--Name-->Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915 || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Wyse XM Class || <!--Chipset-->T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{No| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 6310 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 14" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI GS60 Ghost Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 4700HQ Quad || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 970M 980M discrete || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 15.6" Full HD 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago UltraPro galu1 Gazelle - Taiwan OEM Clevo W740SU || <!--Chipset-->4th Gen Intel® Core i7 4770HQ 14" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris Pro 5200 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA Vt1802 or vt1812 codec || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel® Wireless AC WiFi 3160 or 7260 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->plastic construction |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core M5 M7 M3-6Y30 Dual Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GTX 760M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 12.5 Inch - |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 13.3" Classic Fingerprint edition |- | <!--Name-->Microsoft Surface Book || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel (i5) Nvidia (i7) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 13.5" 3000 x 2000 ultrabook |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade Stealth 14 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core m3-6Y30 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 2160 x 1440 Pixels - |- | <!--Name-->Matebook D || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 8275 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 15.6-inch PC |- | <!--Name-->Matebook E || <!--Chipset-->i5 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 2 in 1 - 12" |- | <!--Name-->Matebook X || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 7500u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 GPU || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 usb-c ports}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 A4 size 13" IPS 2K 1440p 2160 x 1440 - dolby atmos speakers - 4 hrs battery lhs charging - one hand opening - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Gazelle - Clevo N850HZ || <!--Chipset-->i3 7100H i5 7300HQ i7 7700HQ || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 630 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 15.6" 1920 × 1080 LED Backlit, Matte - Chicony PSU - 720p webcam better at 480 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago Pro galp2 - Clevo N130BU || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U i7 7500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 13.3″ 3K 1800p so 3200 × 1800 HiDPI glossy - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Oryx Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia GTX 1070 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Aorus X5 MD Gaming || <!--Chipset-->i7 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 GDDR5X 8GB Max-Q || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 32-bit ESS Sabre Hi-Fi Audio DAC || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - up to 15.6″ UHD 3840 x 2160 IPS Anti-Glare - External 8K Display Output - RGB backlit keyboard - |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade 15 || <!--Chipset-->HM370 with i7 8750H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->M.2 or PCIe SSD || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD with Optimus Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{N/A} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9260AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit 15inch FHD 4k DDR4 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || <!--Chipset-->2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 14inch 1080p budget entry |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 2019 2020 budget model - f6.5 recessed webcam - D 14 42Whr later 56Whr battery |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook X Pro || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit top end model |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->SSD 3 || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Netbook=== [[#top|...to the top]] * One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] * installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) * PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook * SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100, EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, [http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] ====Acer Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - |- | Aspire One [http://overthis.com/2008/12/stubborn-aspire-one-hacking/ AOA150 (A150)] (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | Aspire One AOD150 [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=47829#forumpost47829 D150 (Compal LA-4781P)] || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 alc272] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5082&forum=4&post_id=46956#forumpost46956 Acer Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5138&forum=26 alc272 HD Audio] || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM350 NAV51 || <!--Chipset--> with N450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1" LED backlit screen and Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM355 || <!--Chipset--> with N455 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64bit support possible - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One 533 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ALC272 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros 1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support |- | Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C50 or C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || || |- | <!--Name-->AAOD270 Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3650 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Dunno|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C60 with SB900 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || Power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A - |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions |- | eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=70963#forumpost70963 Nightly Build 2012 05-25] || |- | eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=59063#forumpost59063 Icaros 1.4] || |- | eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=63608 Aspire OS 1.6] || |- | <!--Name-->eeePC 1001ha || <!--Chipset-->GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->some support |- | eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview || NM10 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6760&forum=4&post_id=64732#forumpost64732 Icaros 1.3.3] || |- | EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C30 or dual C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Flare X101CH Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 + N10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 6300 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Flare 1025CE 1225CE || <!--Chipset-->N2800 + N10 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Mini 110 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950}} | <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Atheros}} | <!--Wireless--> {{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Inspiron [http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Dell_Inspiron_Mini Mini 9 910] || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC PATA IDE Mini PCIe Interface 16GB SSD very slow - replace with RunCore and SuperTalent GFDL part}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and possible 3D}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Realtek RTL8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=58942#forumpost58942 Tested with ICAROS 1.3.] but later Icaros Desktops do not fully boot up and AspireOS || IDE SSD appears not reason for non boot |- | <!--Name-->Mini 10 1010 || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z520 Z530 Poulsbo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || |- | <!--Name-->1012 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron Mini 1018 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode }} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A90 A90n || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS 1.8 and Icaros 2.1.1 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue |- | <!--Name-->Latitude 2110 2120 || <!--Chipset-->N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|ATA mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit ddr2 sodimm |- |} ====HP Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || Gfx || HD Audio || USB || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Mini 700 702 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Mini 100 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || || |- | Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || |- | HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || wire || || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |} ====Lenovo Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || little support |- | IdeaPad S12 || N270 + Nvidia ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5134&forum=26&post_id=46939#forumpost46939] || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad 100S || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8723BS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Packard Bell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S || <!--Chipset-->N280 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC272X || <!--USB--> USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Atheros l1e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .SE || <!--Chipset-->N450 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC|| <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S2 NAV50 || <!--Chipset-->N455 NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot M/A || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy mode? || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ATI SBx00 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&topic_id=33755&forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues |- | [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || little support |- | N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none |- | N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187}} || || good support - but nothing for wireless or Namuga 1.3M Webcam |- | <!--Name-->Go NP-N310 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GME || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6797&forum=4&post_id=65793#forumpost65793 works well] but N280 version changed specs |- | N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Axx || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=53642#forumpost53642 ] || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || some support |- | NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6294&forum=24&post_id=59122#forumpost59122 some support] but often the trackpad does not work |- | <!--Name-->[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || <!--Chipset-->MN10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Pxx Cedarview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6000g}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Vaio VGN-P11Z | <!--IDE--> {{dunno}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Marvell}} | <!--Wireless--> {{no|Atheros AR928X}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 2.0.3 | <!--Comments--> Rarely boots! |- | <!--Name-->Sony VPC-W11S1E | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 N280 with 945GSE - 10.1" 1366 x 768 - 3hr battery life - |- |} ====Toshiba Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->NB100 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->some support |- | <!--Name-->Mini NB200 series NB205 || <!--Chipset-->N280 + GSE945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 300 series NB305 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || Realtek SD card reader |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="30%" |Comments |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=3944&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Cammy's A1600] || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945 || <!--ACPI--> || <!--SATA-->{{yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->good |- | Guillemot [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=45734#forumpost45734 Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->IDE legacy mode || <!--Gfx-->Pineview Intel (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros l1c || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Archos 10 Netbook || <!--Chipset-->Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{No }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HS Audio with ALC662 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || <!--Chipset-->Intel N455 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR 9K}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Desktop Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. ====Acer==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| with realtek codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 dvd | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, Intel Atom 230 single core slim nettop subcompact | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ?? codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Will not often boot usb2 stick but more issues / slow with usb3 based pen drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu - atheros 5k and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|1% chance will boot with usb2 sticks but more issues / slow with usb3 drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.5 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2010 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k or keep and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G *one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged *looping one long two short, a video card fault *two short beeps... CMOS damaged *got one long and one short beep... board error? | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d & 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 only 2GB maybe 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe * Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip using ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - |- | <!--Name-->Revo 70 (RL70) - AMD E450 1.65GHz | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit - |- |} ====Asus==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->EEEbox B202 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 | <!--Audio-->Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 or JM250 | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros | <!--Comments-->internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Precision 340 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} | <!--SATA--> {{n/a}} | <!--Gfx--> {{n/a}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|3Com}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 2400 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}} | <!--Test Distro-->[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4] | <!--Comments-->Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution. |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 4600 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno}} | <!--Gfx-->{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 170L | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX260 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX270 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX280 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Broadcom}} | Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX520 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{yes|Intel GMA}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 745 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}} | <!--USB--> {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 755 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 | <!--Comments--> Around 25 second delay in booting from USB |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 990 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|non-RAID mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 360 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA untested}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aspire Xenon | <!--Comments-->poor support |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 outside 2 inside USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dell RxxL Rx0L thin client | <!--IDE-->128Mb IDE or 1GB | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 & CN15) can used to power the SATA device "4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm - SATA Hyperdisk}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, 1GB 2GB or 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - *R00L Cloud PC of Wyse WSM *R10L Wyse Thin OS *R50L Suse Linux Enterprise *R90L Windows XP Embedded *R90LW Windows Embedded Standard 2009 *R90L7 Windows Embedded Standard 7 |- | <!--Name-->Dell Optiplex FX170 thin client aka 10Zig 56xx range, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.5 | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v psu - Password Fireport |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - dt very slim - mt mini tower desktop | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|realtek}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek pcie bt not Broadcom 57XX}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 *username: Administrator, admin, [blank] *password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+ | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode may need ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased 120gb wd green ssd??}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable - 1 display port untested, no hdmi port}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker - none if v6.29 used}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - boot with noacpi - BIOS via delete during boot - p key to select boot - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6" small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 7010 Zx0D thin client black case | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode for half slim sata2 ssd ata.device, uncased sandisk z300s z400s goodram cl100 120gb gen3 untried}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 through DVI and DP 1.1a hdmi adapters - no 3d support r600}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269 codec works on one case speaker only - HD Audio 6.29 no output}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but seems to work like 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8" high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - wifi card and 2 40cm SMA female bulkhead WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl WLAN Cable pigtail maybe *2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR *2013 Z10D *2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR *2015 Zx0 Z90D7 8GF/4GR *2017 Zx0 Linux ThinOS 8GF/2GR *20?? Cisco VXC white cases 6000 6215 CVXC-6215-K9 |- | <!--Name-->Wyse 7020 Thin Client * 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - * 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display)}} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - * 16/32GB Flash / 4GB RAM DDR3 (Windows 10, WE8S and WES7P) * Zx0Q 8GB Flash / 2GB RAM DDR3 (Linux) |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 8330E GCN 2.0 | <!--Audio--> with Realtek codec | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE bios mode}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi/dvi ports}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek 8169 8111h}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu Siemens==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop) | | | {{partial|VESA only}} | {{yes|AC97}} | | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | {{dunno}} | Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support. |- | Scenic T i845 | {{dunno}} | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | {{dunno|Intel AC97}} | {{dunno|UHCI}} | {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | AROS does not boot |- | <!--Name-->FUJITSU Futro S700 S900 Thin Client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 (DP runs higher) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD 1.2Ghz - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 SODIMM sockets for DDR3 - *G-T56N 1.65GHz *G-T40N 1.00GHz *G-T44R 1.20GHz |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 8280E later R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 1 Sodimm slot - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - *2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB *2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz up to 2.4 GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR all begin VFY:S0720P and end with a two digit country code |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E D3313-G | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 1 so dimm slot - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - *2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual *2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario 7360 | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Working}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 via}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq EP Series 6400/10 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{N/A}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|ISA}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Evo D510 | {{yes|Working}} | {{N/A}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|AC97}} | {{yes|Working}} | {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX2000 MT | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.51 | <!--Comments-->boots ok but no audio |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX 2200 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments-->issues |- | <!--Name--> d230 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->t500 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2012-09-22 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->DC7700 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ICH8}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|82566DM e1000e}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2013-??-?? | <!--Comments-->Some support at low cost |- | <!--Name-->HP dc 7600 CMT | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz | <!--IDE-->128mb to 512MB | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7000M | <!--Audio-->VIA with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|Issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->VIA Rhine 2 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series CN700 *HSTNC-002L-TC t5135, t5530 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->SiS SiS7012 AC'97 | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio VIA | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->t5730w Geode NX HSTNC-003-TC t5730 | <!--IDE-->{{n/a|ATA Flash}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{Yes|8 x USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - RAM 1GB (Max 4GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D & DVI-H | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->8 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|CL40 gfx }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly build and Icaros | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 *t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3 *t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro *t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->VIA 9170 VT1708S codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm "Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - |- | <!--Name-->HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z | <!--IDE-->2G ATA Flash DOM | <!--SATA-->one | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|6 USB2 }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP T610 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->64 bit AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T420 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8180 dvi vga | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 front 2 rear USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64 bit AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - |- | <!--Name-->HP t520 TPC-W016 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA non-NVME | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 2017 64 bit AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin |- | <!--Name-->HP t620 TPC 1004 TC and t620 PRO (wider version) TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->mSATA socket removed end of 2014; single M.2 socket non-NVME sata most models | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E up to two 30in displays 2 dp ports no dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 2 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T530 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->two SATA M.2 SSDs, 1st up to 2280, 2nd socket up to 2242 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon AMD Wani R7E up to four displays 2 dp ports - no dvi / hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 1 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 8111H}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AMD GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T730 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R7 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek rtl8169 RTL8111 8168 8411 and/or Broadcom | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit RX-427BB With |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}} | <!--Gfx-->i pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|8200 works}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel or Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProDesk | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr AMD Ryzen 2200G | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Nvme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio | <!--USB-->USB2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 with DP and HDMI flex io2 output options | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Lenovo==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE - 2 core version avoid | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB-->3 USB3 Gen 1 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 20v rectangle psu - 2 sodimm max 32GB - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24" LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->8gb SSD || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin Client C-50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless |- | <!--Name-->Advantech TPC-2140 G-T56E | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10Zig 6872 G-T56N | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10ZiG 7800q | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64bit AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 *2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E graphics *2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E graphics | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->SATA half slim | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) pc speaker only - Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424) untested}} | <!--USB-->usb3 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) but (424) untested}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aros One x86 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 20cm/8" high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot - external 12V supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial connector - IDE looking external Interface under base stand for legacy addon ports RS232 - touch power on - Hit the DELete repeatedly before the beep to get to the BIOS - F12 boot |- | <!--Name--> *Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 *VXL Itona LQ50 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit quad - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - |- | <!--Name-->LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Unk|Intel NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|Realtek PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum DeskMini UM350 DMAF5 3550H | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme untested 1 sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|4 usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 12w round barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Chuwi RzBox | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 vga, dp, hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->usb-c usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->dual gigabit | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit amd 5800h 4800h - 90w psu - |- | <!--Name-->Valve Steam Deck | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD radeon custom GPU 0405 (8 RDNA2 CUs) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit amd Zen2 |- | <!--Name-->Ayn Loki Pro Max Mini | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit AMD Ryzen 5 6600u 7 6800u (Zen 3+ RNDA) Mendocino (zen 2 4C/8T RDNA2 2CUs) LPDDR5 memory, |- | <!--Name-->AyaNeo Air and Pro | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 5560u or 5825u |- | <!--Name-->Aya Neo Air Plus | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit 6600u 6800u medocini |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Server Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] ====IBM==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->xSeries 206m | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{n/a}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014-09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Motherboard=== [[#top|...to the top]] * Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared * 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] * Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) * Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 * Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs * Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot * Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets ====AMD==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket A 462 (2001/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] | <!--Chipset-->nForce 2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->SIL 3112A | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201LB | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Realtek RTL8801B |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7NF2 | <!--Chipset-->nforce2 ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97 | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8201 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S8X | <!--Chipset-->SIS 746FX | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS900}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S41GX | <!--Chipset-->SIS 741GX + DDR 333 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS 900}} | <!--Opinion-->works ok |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->Silicon Image Sil 3112A | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz |- | <!--Name-->Biostar M7NCD | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Promise PDC 20376 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|CMI8738}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8139C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ECS N2U400-A | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|VIA VT6103L}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA7N400L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8100C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] | <!--Chipset-->SIS 650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|working}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E | <!--Chipset-->SIS730 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|SiS 5513}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|sis7018}} | <!--USB-->{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SIS900}} | <!--Opinion-->little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&lc=en&dlc=en&cc=us&dest_page=softwareCategory&os=228&tool=softwareCategory&query=Pavilion%20742n&product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] | <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|nForce}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&maincat_no=1&prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 ALC655}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|3 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A7V266 | <!--Chipset-->via KT266A + 8233 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{no|issues}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->AD1980 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6103 | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4436&forum=24&post_id=38874#forumpost38874 issues with booting] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 754 (2004/5)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit NF8-V2 | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB (2004/5) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot x8 | <!--Audio-->ALC658 ac97 | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->VT6420 thru ide legacy only | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 ALC655}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}} | <!--Opinion-->very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work | <!--Opinion-->[[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5804&forum=24&post_id=54295#forumpost54295 works well] but no Firewire VIA VT6307 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8N | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8100C | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI43AB23 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte K8NNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sata sil3512 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTl8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI STB82AA2 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R | <!--Chipset-->nVIDIA NF3-250Gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] | <!--Chipset-->nF3-150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sil 3112 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC650 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name--> Foxconn WinFast K8S755A | <!--Chipset-->SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> {{yes|AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 939 (2005)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE | <!--Chipset-->Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|two ATA 133}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} | <!--Gfx-->built in or PCI-E x16 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC883 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201CL | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-SLI Premium | <!--Chipset-->NVidia | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|PCIe slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=69814#forumpost69814 Works well] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8V E SE | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 | <!--ACPI-->{{N/A}} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only | <!--Ethernet-->{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 | <!--Opinion-->Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->Promise 20378 2 ports | <!--SATA-->2 SATA2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->needs extra PCI cards |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM2 (2006/8)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L (1.x) | <!--Chipset-->nForce 630a chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM2+ (2007/9)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASROCK N68-S N68C-S | <!--Chipset-->AMD based nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|VIA 1708S VT1705 HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|echi usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->being [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4938&forum=26&post_id=46635#forumpost46635 tested] unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - |- | <!--Name-->Asus M2N68-AM Plus | <!--Chipset-->Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with NVIDIA® GeForce™ 7025 nForce™ 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} | <!--Opinion-->adding "noacpi noapic noioapic" to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011] | <!--Chipset-->4 DDR3 memory sockets | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet<br>vesa driver works<br>possibility to add PCIe card}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support |- | <!--Name-->Asus [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=45243#forumpost45243 M4A785TD-M] PRO | <!--Chipset-->785G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->ALC888 (r1.x),ALC (r2.0), ALC888B (r4.0), ALC (r4.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111C later 8111D | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890GX together with SB850 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Yes | <!--Gfx-->use pci-e nvidia | <!--Audio-->Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 | <!--USB-->Yes | <!--Ethernet-->Yes | <!--Opinion-->works well overall |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 890GXM-G65 | <!--Chipset-->890GX + SB750 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4N78 PRO | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 8300 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 xUltraDMA 133/100 | <!--SATA-->6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel codec | <!--USB-->12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel) | <!--Ethernet-->NVIDIA Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2013/15)===== *095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX FX-8370E (Vishera/Piledriver) *125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) *220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC892}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 | <!--Chipset-->760G SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->V? ALC887, V? ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M5A97 R2.0 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 970 and SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->n/a | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 and 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111F | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.1), ALC887 (r5.x) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.1), Atheros (r5.x) | <!--Opinion-->offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1 Blue board), VIA VT2021 (r5.0 Black board) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 760GM | <!--Chipset-->ATI 760G plus SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Untested | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 Use Vesa | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887 with crackles thru earphones; E51 ALC892 No}} | <!--USB-->Untested | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Opinion-->P23 issues with audio ALC887 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====AMD Fusion (2011/14)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | IDE | SATA | AMD 6250 | Audio | USB | Ethernet | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX | 1.6GHz dual 18W AMD Fusion E-350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC887 VD2 | USB | RTL8111E | EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] |- | Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC892 | USB | Realtek 8111E | {{no|Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E}} |- | ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA - 4 SATA3 | {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} | {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} | USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 | {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}} | |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX | <!--Chipset--> Hudson M1 FCH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx--> plus HDMI, DVI | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB-->2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 | <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 FCH A45 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} | <!--Opinion-->works well but need to test with sata hard disk |- | <!--Name-->MSI E350IA-E45 | <!--Chipset-->e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI-->no support | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 Sata3 ports | <!--Gfx-->AMD 6310 gpu | <!--Audio-->ALC HDA | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-M PRO | <!--Chipset-->E450 APU with Hudson M1 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->E-450 together | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM1 (2011/13)===== On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS F1A55-M LE | <!--Chipset--> with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E rtl8169 | <!--Opinion-->2012 A- Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A75 A85X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A88X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)===== 5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS AM1I-A | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111GR 8168 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1I | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1M | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->BGA FT3 AM1x |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Zen Zen+ Am4 FM3 Summit Ridge (2017/19)===== Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero | <!--Chipset-->X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) | <!--Audio-->SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel I211 | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium | <!--Chipset--> X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Prime B350 Plus | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM, Max. 64GB, DDR4 3200(O.C.)/2933(O.C.)/2666/2400/2133 MHz ECC and non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm ) - 2 pci |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Pro4 AB350 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A320 A/B300 SFF | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> 2700U 2500U 2300U 2200U APUs |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> B450 with APU 2200G 2400G | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ |- | <!--Name-->AsRock B450 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B450 Aorus Pro Wifi | <!--Chipset--> B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->very high vrm temps |- | <!--Name-->MSI b450 tomahawk | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK board |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450 Pro Carbon | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen2 2019/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> with 2700X 2700 2600X 2600 cpus | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> pinnacle ridge 12nm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> 2500X 2500 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen3 AM4 2020/22)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM5 2022/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x670e x650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->rnda3 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM4 2023/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ====Intel==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket 370 (2000/2)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Intel D815EEA | <!--Chipset-->866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}} | <!--Audio-->{{N/A}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 USB1.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket 478 (2002/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] | <!--Chipset-->865PE | <!--ACPI-->{{dunno| }} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|tested with CDROM}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AGP slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} | <!--Opinion-->Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865P | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865GC | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)===== an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an "AMD" CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an "INTEL" CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an "AMD" CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot. entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a "CL6 only" PC) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit AG8 (2004) | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8110S-32 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI 4200R7T no |- | <!--Name-->MSI 915 Neo2 | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->CMI 9880L HD Audio | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6306 no |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5GC P5GC-MX | <!--Chipset-->P945GC + ICH7R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->i PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|atheros L2}} | <!--Opinion-->ICH7 mates with the 945 and G31 northbridge and is limited up to six USB 2.0 ports, four PCIe 1.1 lanes, a 10/100 network MAC, and four SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports and two Ultra ATA 100 drives - 3 / 5 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}} | <!--Opinion-->2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH | <!--Chipset-->Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 MoDT is a relatively new concept, derived from the term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm with 2 pci one which gets blocked - 2 DDR2 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCi-E slot | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets up to 4 GB DDR2 667/533/400 MHz memory modules - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC662 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L | <!--Chipset-->P31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCI Express x16 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111B | <!--Opinion-->DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin with limitations - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0" x 8.3" - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL-AM /PS | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (Intel® GMA 3100) | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with /PS has ALC662 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with /ps Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion-->2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL/EPU | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Pci-e 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www2.aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8580 Tested] 4 x240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB, DDR2 1066(O.C.)/800/667 Dual Channel memory architecture - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L | <!--Chipset-->G31 plus ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB |- | <!--Name-->ASRock G31M-S r2.0 | <!--Chipset-->G31 + ICH7 + DDR2 800 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] | <!--Chipset-->iG31 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|3100 untested but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 playback}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS P5G41T-M LX | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}} | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 Port | <!--SATA-->4 Ports | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888B}} | <!--USB-->4 ports + headers | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4ports | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888 889/892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111C or D/E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Intel DG41AN Classic | <!--Chipset-->iG41 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888S ALC888VC | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock P5B-DE | <!--Chipset-->P965 + ICH8 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->untested | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|works ide legacy}} |<!--Gfx-->{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6879&forum=4&post_id=65766#forumpost65766 works well] |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5B SE | <!--Chipset-->965 intel | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->works well except ethernet |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO | <!--Chipset-->975X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->2 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IP35 | <!--Chipset-->P35 Express + ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->two RTL8110SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 | <!--Chipset-->Intel P35 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Base model of this range of P35 mobos |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IX38 Quad GT | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio--> HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte X38-DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC889A HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->twin 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5) | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 or ALC889A codec | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit) | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC |- | <!--Name-->MSI P45 Platinum (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G45 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G43 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5E Deluxe | <!--Chipset--> X48 with ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8001 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X48 plus ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->8 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC889A | <!--USB-->8 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte EP43-DS3L and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L | <!--Chipset-->P43 with ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111C | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0 | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire No, Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 |- | <!--Name-->Nvidia 7150 630i | <!--Chipset-->intel based nForce 630i (MCP73) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--GFX-->GF 7150 | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ohci echi}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->being tested |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->750i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 x16 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->780i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->790i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Atom SOC (2008/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D945CLF | <!--Chipset-->N230 single core | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA945}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441 | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works very well |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo] | <!--Chipset-->Intel Atom N330 Dual Core | <!--ACPI-->wip | <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|gma}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www.clusteruk.com works well] |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com D945GSEJT + Morex T1610] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 230 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA900}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works well and small size, runs off 12V |- | <!--Name-->ASUS [http://www.legitreviews.com/article/1057/3/ AT3N7A-I] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 330 Nvidia ION | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|nouveau cube cube 2 45 quake 3 }} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 device}} | <!--Opinion--><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw</ref> good but can freeze randomly at times (could be nvidia chipset solder issues from that era) |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D410PT 45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D410 and NM10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA3150}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA3150 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B or ALC66x | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111DL | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1366 (2009/10)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P6T DELUXE | <!--Chipset-->x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots | <!--Audio-->ADI AD2000B HD Audio | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6308 no |- | <!--Name-->gigabyte ex58 ds | <!--Chipset--> x58 + ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111D rtl8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1156 (2010)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H | <!--Chipset-->H55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) | <!--Opinion-->Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI H55M-E33 v1.0 | <!--Chipset-->E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC889}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->Works well |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->P55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket GMA 2100 (2011/2012 )===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X79 | <!--Chipset-->X79 with Sandy Bridge-E Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X79-UP4 | <!--Chipset-->X79 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Biostar H61 | <!--Chipset-->H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 | <!--Chipset-->H61 + Sandybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-H61M-S2PV | <!--Chipset-->H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--Opinion-->Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - |- | <!--Name-->Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82579V}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8H67-M | <!--Chipset-->H67 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8Z68-V LX | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion-->EFI bios |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Ivybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H77 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 4000 | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z77 | <!--Chipset-->Z77 with 3rd generation (Ivy Bridge) Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX | <!--Chipset-->H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus H81 H81M-C | <!--Chipset-->H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2x3g 2x6g | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->alc 887 vd | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111g | <!--Opinion-->skt 1150 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z87-K | <!--Chipset-->Z87 with 4th generation (New Haswell) Core i7 i5 CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z87 Express | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA H97M D3H with i3 4360 or 4370 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with i5 4690K | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z97 | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with 4th generation (new revision Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2011 v3 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X99 | <!--Chipset-->X99 with Haswell-E Core i7 (5xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X99-UD4 with Core i7-5930K Haswell-E 6-Core | <!--Chipset-->X99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1151 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H110 Plus | <!--Chipset--> with Pentium G4400 6600K 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] | <!--Gfx-->Skylake Integrated HD Graphics | <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411 PCI Express Gigabit (rev 15)}} | <!--Opinion-->ATX with 3 pci and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z170 Pro with i7 6700K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H170 Pro Gaming | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus B150 B150M Pro Gaming B150i | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V | <!--Chipset-->B250 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2066 (2017/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Rampage | <!--Chipset-->x299 with i9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte | <!--Chipset--X299 > | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> Z390 with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Q370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> H370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B360M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===Chromebooks=== https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/ Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty. [https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices From] Stoneyridge Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method Acer Chromebook 315 (CB315-2H) ALEENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 11A G6 EE HP Chromebook 11A G8 EE BARLA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14A G5 CAREENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook 311 (C721) KASUMI ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 311 (R721T) KASUMI360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 14e Chromebook (S345) LIARA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 100e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 300e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Picasso/Dali Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method HP Pro c645 Chromebook Enterprise BERKNIP ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14a DIRINBOZ ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 514 EZKINIL ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook x360 14a GUMBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo ThinkPad C13 Yoga Chromebook MORPHIUS ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 100e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 300e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ360 ✅ CR50 ASUS Chromebook Flip CM5 WOOMAX ✅ CR50 ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 065thbouxx7st5yw0r3tm3klnoxpump 0 246519 4096048 3453108 2022-08-25T11:40:19Z 178.10.57.247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GNU Data Language}} GNU Data Language (GDL) is a [[w:free software|free software]] project hosted at [http://gnudatalanguage.sourceforge.net/ Source Forge] (GDL - GNU Data Language). A free IDL (Interactive Data Language) compatible incremental compiler (i. e. runs IDL programs). IDL is a registered trademark of ITT Visual Information Solutions. Features Full syntax compatibility with IDL up to version 7.1 (for 8.0 and later see below). ALL IDL language elements up to IDL version 7.1 are supported, including: * objects, pointers, structs and arrays, * system, common block and assoc variables, * all operators and datatypes, * _EXTRA, _STRICT_EXTRA and _REF_EXTRA keywords... Supported IDL 8.0 language elements: * FOREACH loop * negative array indices * garbage collection pointers and objects * call methods on an object using "." (e. g. object.aMemberProcedure,arg1) The file input output system is fully implemented (Exception: For formatted I/O the C() sub-codes are not supported yet) netCDF files are fully supported. HDF files are partially supported. Basic support for HDF5 files. Overall more than 400 library routines are implemented. SAVE and RESTORE are supported through Craig Markwardt's CMSVLIB library. Graphical output is partially implemented. The PLOT, OPLOT, CONTOUR, PLOTS, XYOUTS, SURFACE, TVRD and TV commands (along with WINDOW, WDELETE, SET_PLOT, WSET, TVLCT, CURSOR) work (important keywords, some !P system variable tags and multi-plots are supported) for X windows, z-buffer and postscript output. GDL has an interface to python (python routines can be called from GDL). GDL can be build as a python module (GDL subroutines can be called from python). GUI support (widgets) is officially provided since the 0.9 version (but it's not complete yet). GDL is free software licensed under the GPL. ==History== ==Language Syntax== ===[[/Data Structures/]]=== ===Operators=== ===Control structures=== * 3.1 Compound statements * 3.2 Selection statements * 3.3 Iteration statements * 3.4 Jump statements ** 3.4.1 Storing the address of a label ===Functions=== * 4.1 Syntax ** 4.1.1 Function Pointers * 4.2 Global structure * 4.3 Argument passing ** 4.3.1 Array parameters ===Miscellaneous=== * 5.1 Reserved keywords * 5.2 Case sensitivity * 5.3 Comments * 5.4 Command-line arguments * 5.5 Evaluation order * 5.6 Undefined behavior ==Interpreter Operation== ==Function List== ===Library procedures === Total number of library procedures available from the GDL base system (>400) is dependent on compile-time configuration (see the [http://gnudatalanguage.sf.net/documentation.php GDL documentation draft] for a list) . *[[/AXIS/]] *[[/BYTEORDER/]] *[[/CALL_METHOD/]] *[[/CALL_PROCEDURE/]] *[[/CATCH/]] *[[/CD/]] *[[/CLOSE/]] *[[/CONTOUR/]] *[[/DEFSYSV/]] *[[/DEVICE/]] *[[/ERASE/]] *[[/EXIT/]] *[[/FREE_LUN/]] *[[/GET_LUN/]] *[[/H5D_CLOSE/]] *[[/H5F_CLOSE/]] {{Shelves|computer programming}} {{Alphabetical|G}} {{status|0%}} 88oyy4szonsp58mupu1k5pa3tnubqon 0 248572 4095873 3664118 2022-08-24T22:00:04Z Darrelljon 45960 /* UML Modelling Tools */ wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Wikipedia|Unified Modeling Language}} {{Wikiversity|UML}} == UML Models and Diagrams == The Unified Modeling Language is a standardized general-purpose modeling language and nowadays is managed as a de facto industry standard by the Object Management Group (OMG).<ref>http://www.omg.org/ Object Management Group</ref> UML includes a set of graphic notation techniques to create visual models of software-intensive systems.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_Modeling_Language&oldid=413683022 Unified Modeling Language</ref> === History === UML was invented by James Rumbaugh, Grady Booch and Ivar Jacobson. After Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994, the company became the source for the two most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's Object-modeling technique (OMT), which was better for object-oriented analysis (OOA), and Grady Booch's Booch method, which was better for object-oriented design (OOD). They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson, the creator of the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) method. Jacobson joined Rational in 1995, after his company, Objectory AB,<ref>Objectory AB, known as Objectory System, was founded in 1987 by Ivar Jacobson. In 1991, It was acquired and became a subsidiary of Ericsson.</ref> was acquired by Rational. === Definition === The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to specify, visualize, modify, construct and document the artifacts of an object-oriented software-intensive system under development.<ref name="Foldoc01"> [[Wikipedia:FOLDOC]] (2001). [http://foldoc.org/index.cgi?query=UML&action=Search Unified Modeling Language] last updated 2002-01-03. Accessed 6 feb 2009.</ref> UML offers a standard way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints, including elements such as activities, actors, business processes, database schemas, components, programming language statements, and reusable software components.<ref name = "OMG00"> Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson & Jim Rumbaugh (2000) [http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/00-03-01.pdf OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification], Version 1.3 First Edition: March 2000. Retrieved 12 August 2008.</ref> UML combines techniques from data modeling (entity relationship diagrams), business modeling (work flows), object modeling, and component modeling. It can be used with all processes, throughout the software development life cycle, and across different implementation technologies.<ref> Satish Mishra (1997). [http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~hs/Lehre/2004-WS_SWQS/20050107_Ex_UML.ppt "Visual Modeling & Unified Modeling Language (UML) : Introduction to UML"]. Rational Software Corporation. Accessed 9 Nov 2008.</ref> === Models and Diagrams === It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The model also contains documentation that drive the model elements and diagrams. UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model <ref>Jon Holt Institution of Electrical Engineers (2004). ''UML for Systems Engineering: Watching the Wheels'' IET, 2004, {{ISBN|0863413544}}. p.58</ref>: * Static (or structural) view: emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes, operations and relationships. The structural view includes class diagrams and composite structure diagrams. * Dynamic (or behavioral) view: emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of objects. This view includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and state machine diagrams. === Diagrams Overview === In UML 2.2 there are 14 types of diagrams divided into two categories.<ref>''UML Superstructure Specification Version 2.2''. OMG, February 2009.</ref> Seven diagram types represent structural information, and the other seven represent general types of behavior, including four that represent different aspects of interactions. These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following diagram: [[File:Uml diagram2.png|center|Hierarchy of UML 2.2 Diagrams, shown as a class diagram.]] ==== Structure Diagrams ==== Structure diagrams emphasize the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent the structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software architecture of software systems. * Class diagram: describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, and the relationships among the classes. * Component diagram: describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components. * Composite structure diagram: describes the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this structure makes possible. * Deployment diagram: describes the hardware used in system implementations and the execution environments and artifacts deployed on the hardware. * Object diagram: shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time. * Package diagram: describes how a system is split up into logical groupings by showing the dependencies among these groupings. * Profile diagram: operates at the metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes with the <<stereotype>> stereotype, and profiles as packages with the <<profile>> stereotype. The extension relation (solid line with closed, filled arrowhead) indicates what metamodel element a given stereotype is extending. ==== Behaviour Diagrams ==== Behavior diagrams emphasize what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. * Use case diagram: describes the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals represented as use cases, and any dependencies among those use cases. * Activity diagram: describes the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control. * state machine diagram: describes the states and state transitions of the system. ==== Interaction Diagrams ==== Interaction diagrams, a subset of behaviour diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and data among the things in the system being modeled: * Sequence diagram: shows how objects communicate with each other in terms of a sequence of messages. Also indicates the lifespans of objects relative to those messages. * Communication diagram: shows the interactions between objects or parts in terms of sequenced messages. They represent a combination of information taken from Class, Sequence, and Use Case Diagrams describing both the static structure and dynamic behavior of a system. * Interaction overview diagram: provides an overview in which the nodes represent communication diagrams. * Timing diagrams: a specific type of interaction diagram where the focus is on timing constraints. === UML Modelling Tools === [[File:Diagram showing the different forms of MCI.jpg|thumb|[[w:SmartArt]] flowchart in PowerPoint]] To draw UML diagrams, all you need is a pencil and a piece of paper. However, for a software engineer that seems a little outdated, hence most of us will use tools. The simplest tools are simply drawing programs, like Microsoft Visio or Dia. The diagrams generated this way look nice, but are not really that useful, since they do not include the code generation feature. Hence, when deciding on a UML modelling tool (sometimes also called CASE tool)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering Computer-aided software engineering</ref> you should make sure, that it allows for code generation and even better, it should also allow for reverse engineering. Combined, these two are also referred to as round-trip engineering. Any serious tool should be able to do that. Finally, UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XMI interchange format, hence you should check that your tool of choice supports this. Since the Rational Software Corporation so to say 'invented' UML, the most well-known UML modelling tool is IBM Rational Rose. Other tools include Rational Rhapsody, Visual Parardigm, MagicDraw UML, StarUML, ArgoUML, Umbrello, BOUML, PowerDesigner, Visio and Dia. Some of popular development environments also offer UML modelling tools, i. e. Eclipse, NetBeans, and Visual Studio. <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools List of Unified Modeling Language Tools</ref> ===References=== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} [[fr:Programmation UML]] 9qch7l2gbbdadm6fqt2oem8d1d6c10p 0 249519 4095773 3540714 2022-08-24T15:25:14Z 192.112.253.21 /* Search of Knowledge */ "sites" to "cites" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bill Joy at World Economic Forum (Davos), 2003-01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Bill Joy]] In 1982 Bill Joy co-founded [[:w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]] with several other Berkeley graduates. While at Sun, he further established himself as a leader in computer software design, where he produced the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_platform#Edition Java Platform] and the [[:w:Network_File_System_(protocol)|Network File System (NFS)]], which allows users to access files through a network. While at Sun, Joy was exposed to the rapid development of technology and was shocked by how fast things were changing. In April 2000, he wrote [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_the_future_doesn't_need_us "''Why the Future Doesn't Need Us''"] for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine) Wired Magazine]. In it, he expresses his concerns for the direction technological advancements are headed and the rate at which they are getting there. He discusses his fear for self-replicating robots and how the spread of knowledge in the 21st Century is facilitating the advancements of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR). ==Personal History== From an early age Joy showed promising signs as a mathematician<ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html</ref>, excelling in high school and took advanced courses at the University of Michigan, where he received at B.S in Electrical Engineering <ref>http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Bill,Joy</ref> and first discovered computers. He was enthralled with the idea of a machine that could solve problems and had a clear notion of correct and incorrect <ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html</ref>. Joy continued in his education at the University of California at Berkeley where he received a M.S. in Computer Engineering <ref>http://berkeley.edu/tour/students/famous_alumni2.html</ref>. While at Berkeley, Joy worked with the [[:w:CSRG|Computer Systems Research Group]] where he is accredited with the development of [[:w:Berkeley_Software_Distribution|BSD]] [[:w:Unix|Unix]], which is the software that Apples eventually based it's [[:w:Mac OS X|Mac OS X]] operating system on. Joy is also attributed with developing the text editor [[:w:Vi|vi]], which is still used today, and [[:w:C_shell|csh]] while at Berkeley. Currently, Joy is a partner in the venture capital firm [[:w:Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_%26_Byers|Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, & Byers]] which focuses on IT, biotech, and green technologies <ref>http://www.kpcb.com/team/index.php?all</ref>. ==Why the Future Doesn't Need Us== ===Introduction of Ideas & Misgivings=== Joy opens the article by recalling when his concerns for new technologies first emerged. It was in conversation with [[:w:John Searle|John Searle]] and [[:w:Ray Kurzweil|Ray Kurzweil]] that Joy began to take seriously the threat of independent technologies that could have a stronger hold on human society. He tells how Kurzweil said "that the rate of improvement of technology was going to accelerate and that we were going to become robots or fuse with robots or something like that." <ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html</ref> Joy talks about how these fears that at one time seemed outlandish suddenly seemed realistic coming from two professionals he highly respected. During this conversation Kurzweil had a copy of his then forthcoming novel [[:w:The Age of Spiritual Machines|The Age of Spiritual Machines]]. Joy read an excerpt and was even further disturbed by a quotation from [[:w:Ted Kacynski|Ted Kacynski]]. In it Kacynski suggests and reasons, "that the human race might easily permit itself to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines' decisions. As society and the problems that face it become more and more complex and machines become more and more intelligent, people will let machines make more of their decisions for them, simply because machine-made decisions will bring better results than man-made ones. <ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html</ref> ===Search of Knowledge=== Joy sees the issues emerging from advancing technology rooted in a relentless search for knowledge. He recognizes that knowledge is good and the desire to know is part of human nature, but he questions the necessity of knowledge, especially at the cost of human race. He claims the only way to protect ourselves is too limit or relinquish our pursuit of knowledge. He cites Nietzsche who calls the "'will to truth,' or 'truth at any price'" <ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html</ref> as dangerous. Joy thinks that unlimited access to knowledge could lead to mankind's demise. ===NBC vs GNR=== Joys misgivings regarding the pursuit of truth at any cost ties directly to his fears regarding the advancement of technology in the advancements in 21st Century technologies genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR). In ''"Why the Future Doesn't Need Us"'' Joy draws a parallel between GNRs and 20th Century nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) technologies. He claims that pursuit for truth and knowledge led to humanity bringing itself to the brink of its own destruction. Joy discusses how the advancement of the atomic bomb continued for the sake continued advancement and if it hadn't been stopped it would have led to the end of mankind. Joy raises the question if humanity is headed in the same direction with the spread of GNR technologies and what it will take to stop the spread of knowledge. What scares him more is not that we are doing the same thing with different technologies, but instead how much easier GNRs can be spread over NBCs. NBC technologies require incredible resources in time, space and money. With GNRs since the resources required to advance and implement these technologies are so much less the knowledge with how to use them is enough to actually use them. Compound this fact with the increased spread of knowledge in today's society and Joy fears for our future. ===Media Examples=== Though Joy's fears seem far-fetched and crazy it's obvious that these fears are shared by many. A simple look at today's media and it's easy to see how his fears are a common thread in many movies, television shows, and other pop culture sources. [[:w:The Matrix|The Matrix]], [[:w:The Terminator|The Terminator]], and [[:w:The Day the Earth Stood Still|The Day the Earth Stood Still]] are prime examples. ==Joy's Ethics== While Joy mainly offers a bleak view of the future without adequate action by the scientific community, he is less explicit on the actions that engineers and scientists need to take to avoid this development. Specifically, he does not give a code or guide that will help fellow coworkers, or shed light on what Joy believes is a true professional engineer. However, he does reference some principles or phrases that he believe are important for people to keep in their minds during scientific endeavors. From these statements as well as other ideas he outlines, an extrapolated "guide" can be created that partially encompass Joy's attitude towards professional ethics. The following list is by no means Bill Joy's work or views, but is simply an extrapolated assumption made by the authors. It is meant to guide the engineer away from actions or tendency that could potentially cause technological developments or scientific breakthroughs that are detrimental to human society, and thus avoid Joy's apocalyptic prophecies. ;Understand and respect the order of nature and natural selection. Repeatedly, Joy references the idea that if we create something that is more evolutionary fit than us, then by natural selection they will inevitably overtake us and eventually condemn us to extinction. This point is meant to convey the idea that the chaotic natural order shows no preference to us or any other species, and we are subject to its rules. Furthermore, natural ecosystems in general have a specific order to them as well, and creation of a technological or biological organism that could throw off this balance and wreck havoc on local or the global ecosystem. ;Humility in the pursuit of technological advancement Joy believes that often during scientific discovery, we are overly arrogant of our own abilities. Essentially, the scientific community must restrain from hubris considering there are forces that we do not know, or have not researched completely, and those that are still out of our control. Similar to nuclear technology, we are often teetering upon on edge between sustained control of a system and complete failure or destruction. ;Understand the fragility and inefficiencies of human-made systems. Similar to the previous point, however this is more aimed at the fragility of our society, not that of our creations. From his work on computers, Joy came to realize that even his most powerful computational creations were still susceptible to complete failure with a single aspect that goes awry. He uses this metaphor to describe society, and how despite our views of social flexibility and survivability, an unforeseen factor that attacks a key aspect of our lives could bring the entire social structure down with it. For example, our reliance on electric power makes us susceptible to danger if the power grid were to be suddenly ineffective or under the control of a malevolent artificial intelligence. ;Reject the idea of truth at all cost. This is relatively simple: the ends do not always justify the means. In Joy's view, the means can feasibly create a scenario where the opposite to the original end is created. For example, research into a nanotechnological cure for cancer could inadvertently lead to a self-replicating protein inhibitor that retards normal cell development in humans. Instead of viewing science as a realm of knowledge where all must be known, the scientist or engineer must use caution in the act of discovery and see it as a potential hazard to life. He is not saying that all development must be viewed with fear and skepticism, but that certain technologies have obvious dangers and their full potentials in all ways, both beneficial and damaging, should be treated with care. ;Knowledge is no excuse for inaction. One of Joy's most common criticisms of the modern scientific community is that although many eminent and normal members alike agree that an out-of-control technology is highly possible, he sees no sign that they are doing anything about it. Therefore, although you understand a problem or possible future, you have a responsibility to respond to that problem. This also closely aligns with Joy's view of whistle-blowers, we he alludes are essentially in the process of technological development. ;Be aware of the consequences of your actions, both direct and indirect. This principle is common among all the others, and defines the safest approach to a detrimental situation. Essentially what is entails is that during the act of scientific creation or engineering creation, the creator must be aware of possible ways that this technology could be abused, uncontrollable, directly dangerous, or manipulated if in the wrong hands. However, one must also try to envision how the technology could be developed further, or incorporated into other technology, that could make it potentially harmful. The principle is simple, but it is easier said than done. Finally, Joy advises that "to verify compliance, require engineers and scientists to adopt a strict code of ethical conduct, resembling the Hippocratic Oath, and that they have the courage to whistleblow if necessary." '"<ref>http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 742cfhfgwywxfdv5dlzksq1ulefsmhw 0 265788 4096054 4090394 2022-08-25T11:45:55Z Ajmalkoti 3387305 /* PGF Maths */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}} </noinclude> [[File:Neighbourhood definition2.svg|thumb|250px|Example of graphics done with Ti''k''z. Note the slightly translucent top layer.]] One way to draw graphics directly with TeX commands is [[w:PGF/TikZ|PGF/TikZ]]. Ti''k''Z can produce portable graphics in both PDF and PostScript formats using either plain (pdf)TEX, (pdf)Latex or ConTEXt. It comes with very good [http://mirror.ctan.org/graphics/pgf/base/doc/pgfmanual.pdf documentation] and an extensive collection of examples: http://www.texample.net/tikz/ PGF ("portable graphics format") is the basic layer, providing a set of basic commands for producing graphics, and Ti''k''Z ("Ti''k''Z ist ''kein'' Zeichenprogramm" or "Ti''k''Z is ''not'' a Drawing program") is the frontend layer with a special syntax, making the use of PGF easier. Ti''k''Z commands are prevalently similar to Metafont, the option mechanism is similar to PsTricks syntax. While the previous systems (<tt>picture</tt>, <tt>epic</tt>, <tt>pstricks</tt> or <tt>metapost</tt>) focus on the ''how'' to draw, Ti''k''Z focuses more on the ''what'' to draw. One could say that Ti''k''Z is to <tt>picture</tt> as LaTeX is to TeX. It's recommended to use it if your LaTeX distribution includes it. Other packages building on top of Ti''k''Z (e.g., for drawing electrical circuits) can be found here: https://www.ctan.org/topic/pgf-tikz In the following some basics of Ti''k''Z are presented. == Loading package, libraries - tikzpicture environment == Using Ti''k''Z in a LaTeX document requires the tikz package which can be loaded by adding following command in [[LaTeX/Document Structure|preamble of latex document]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \usepackage{tikz} % in preamble </syntaxhighlight> This will provide basic functionalities, and also load the pgf package automatically. For special features special libraries must be included. It requires following in the preamble part of the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \usetikzlibrary{⟨list of libraries separated by commas⟩} % general syntax, in preamble </syntaxhighlight> For example <syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \usetikzlibrary{arrow,pattern, snakes} % in preamble </syntaxhighlight>A list of common libraries is following {| class="wikitable" |+ !Library Name !Description |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}'''</code> |Arrow library that provides different types of arrow tips (Note: <code>\usetikzlibrary{arrows}</code> is deprecated). |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{automata}'''</code> |Automata Drawing Library that is used for drawing the finite state automata and Turing Machines. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}'''</code> |Background Library that "defines background for pictures". |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{calc}'''</code> |Library to make complex coordinate calculations. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{calendar}'''</code> |This library is used to display calendars (I guess it's a Ronseal thing). |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{chains}'''</code> |Chain library to align nodes o chains. |- | |Decorations libraries to decorate paths |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{er}'''</code> |Entity Relationship Diagram Library. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{intersections}'''</code> |to calculate intersections of paths. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{matrix}'''</code> |Matrix Library that places each item as a node in same way as in a matrix. Each node can then be identified and manipulated. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{folding}'''</code> |Paper folding library. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{patterns}'''</code> |It provides different patterns for filling in area (horizontal lines, vertical lines, north east lines, north west lines, grid, crosshatch, dots, crosshatch dots, fivepointed stars, sixpointed stars). |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{petrinet}'''</code> |It is used to draw Petri Nets, as used for mathematical modelling. As with other similar flowchart style diagrams, each node and edge is defined, as well as their style and position. Tokens can also be embedded within nodes, by treating them as children and child nodes. |- |'''<code>\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}</code>''' |It can help in drawing different types of shapes e.g., a polygon of n sides, star shape with n points, forbidden sign (e.g. No Smoking sign), and split circle. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc}'''</code> | |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{shadows}'''</code> | |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{snakes}'''</code> | It helps in drawing curves like- snake, spring, expanding wave, etc. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{spy}'''</code> | |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{trees}'''</code> |Each point on the tree is defined as a node, with children, and each child can have its own children. The tree's direction can also be specified, as well as the angle at which children emerge, however, when left to its own devices, the results are acceptable. |- |<code>'''\usetikzlibrary{mindmap}'''</code> |Mind map library to show parent-child type relation in a more creative way. |} == Tikz environment == The figures are drawn in the main body part the Tex document. There are two ways to use it # Inline Mode: Which should be used when you want to draw inline with text. <syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \tikz[⟨options⟩]{⟨tikz commands⟩} </syntaxhighlight>One special option for this case is <code>baseline = <dimension></code>. Without that option the lower end of the picture is put on the baseline of the surrounding text. Using this option, you can specify that the picture should be raised or lowered such that the height ⟨dimension⟩ is on the baseline. # Tikzpicture environement: The drawing commands have to be enclosed in an "tikzpicture" environmen<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \begin{tikzpicture}[⟨options⟩] ⟨tikz commands⟩ \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> The entire figure can be scaled using the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> scale=⟨factor⟩ </syntaxhighlight> or different for height and width, e.g: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> xscale=2.5, yscale=0.5 </syntaxhighlight> == Specifying coordinates == Coordinates are specified in round brackets in an arbitrary TEX dimension either using Cartesian coordinates (comma separated), e.g. 1cm in the x direction and 2pt in the y direction {| class="wikitable" |+ !Coordinate type !Syntax !Example |- |Cartesian |(x,y) |(1cm,2pt) |- |Polar |(theta:radius) |(30:1cm) |- |Relative to last position | ++(x,y) | ++(2cm,2cm) |} In the first row of table the Cartesian coordinates (comma separated) are shown. In the second row the polar coordinates (colon separated), e.g. 1cm in 30 degree direction Relative coordinates to the previous given point are given by adding one or two plus signs in front of the coordinate. With "<code>++</code>" the last point of the path becomes the current position, with "<code>+</code>" the previous point stays the current path position. Example: 2 standard units to the right of the last point used: '''Note:''' # Without specifying a unit <code>(1,2)</code>, the standard one is cm <code>(1cm,2cm)</code>. # The positive x and y directions refer to right and up on a diagram respectively. # The angle are measured from x axis and positive for a counter-clockwise direction. This means 0 degrees pointing directly right and 90 degree point up. The coordinates can be associated with a name, e.g. A= (2,3), in many ways as stated following # When we know exact coordinates values for a point, then following command can be used. <code>\coordinate (A) at (2,3);</code> # When a point is specified with respect to some other point one should use the path command. <code>\path (A)  ++(45:2) coordinate (B);</code>. The command says- start from coordinate A, move along 45 degree direction for 2cm, and this final location coordinate should be assigned to B. # To define the coordinates and place a text as well use the node command. <code>\node (A) at (90:0) {Coordinate Name}</code> == Syntax for paths == A path is a series of straight and curved line segments (in a simplified explanation). The instruction has to end with a semicolon. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \path[<options>]⟨specification⟩; </syntaxhighlight> One instruction can spread over several lines, or several instructions can be put on one line. ===Path actions=== Options for path actions are e.g: "<code>draw</code>", "<code>fill</code>", "<code>pattern</code>", "<code>shade</code>", "<code>clip</code>" , "<code>use as bounding box</code>". These may be used as following<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \path[draw] % Draw the line/curve \path[fill] % Fill the area under the curve \path[fill,draw] % Fill as well as draw the lines (boarders) \path[pattern] % \path[shade] % a variation on filling that changes colors smoothly from one to another \path[shade,draw] % shade as well a draw \path[clip] % all subsequent drawings up to the end of the current scope are clipped against the current path and the size of subsequent paths will not be important for the picture size \path[use as bounding box] </syntaxhighlight>Above command can also be written equivalently as "<code>\draw</code>", "<code>\fill</code>", "<code>\filldraw</code>", "<code>\pattern</code>", "<code>\shade</code>", "<code>\shadedraw</code>", "<code>\clip</code>", "<code>\useasboundingbox</code>" . These commands are explained in details in subsequent section ===Geometric path actions=== Geometric path options: "<code>rotate=<angle in degree></code>", "<code>xshift=<length></code>", "<code>yshift=<length></code>", "<code>scale=<factor></code>", "<code>xscale=<factor></code>", "<code>yscale=<factor></code>". ===Color and opacity=== The most common way is to specify just the color name or "<code>color=<color name></code>". In this case it will color the boarders/area according to the command (\draw,\fill) used. There can be different elements in a drawing so it may require specifying them separately for which one may use "<code>draw=<line color></code>", "<code>draw opacity=<factor></code>" "<code>fill=<fill color></code>", "fill opacity = <factor>" "<code>text=<text color></code>", "<code>text opacity=<factor></code>" "<code>pattern color=<color></code>", ..etc Predefined colors: red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, black, gray, darkgray, lightgray, brown, lime, olive, orange, pink, purple, teal, violet and white. The opacity factor values can be in range of 0 (=fully transparent) to 1 (=fully opaque). ===Line width=== Line width options: "<code>line width=<dimension></code>", and abbreviations "<code>ultra thin</code>" for 0.1pt, "<code>very thin</code>" for 0.2pt, "<code>thin</code>" for 0.4pt (the default width), "<code>semithick</code>" for 0.6pt, "<code>thick</code>" for 0.8pt, "<code>very thick</code>" for 1.2pt, "<code>ultra thick</code>" for 1.6pt. ===Line end=== Line end, line join options: "<code>line cap=<type: round, rect, or butt></code>", "<code>arrows=<start arrow kind>-<end arrow kind></code>", "<code>rounded corners</code>", "<code>rounded corners=<size></code>", "<code>line join=<type: round, bevel, or miter></code>". ===Line pattern=== Line pattern options: "<code>dash pattern=<dash pattern></code>" (e.g. "<code>dash pattern=on 2pt off 3pt on 4pt off 4pt</code>"), "<code>dash phase=⟨dash phase⟩</code>", "<code>solid</code>", "<code>dashed</code>", "<code>dotted</code>", "<code>dashdotted</code>", "<code>densely dotted</code>", "<code>loosely dotted</code>", "<code>double</code>". Options for filling paths are e.g. "<code>fill=<fill color></code>", "<code>pattern=<name></code>", "<code>pattern color=<color></code>" = The \draw command = The draw command can be used in several ways with different options. A few examples are provided as follows. === Drawing straight lines === # Straight lines are given by coordinates separated by a double minus .{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (1,0) -- (0,0) -- (0,1); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - straight lines.svg]] }} # A connected path can be closed using the "<code>--cycle</code>" option, which connects the last and first coordinate by a straight line.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (1,0) -- (0,0) -- (0,1) -- cycle; |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - closed straight lines.svg]] }} # A further move-to operation in an existing path starts a new part of the path, which is not connected to the previous part of the path. Here: Move to (0,0) straight line to (2,0), move to (0,1) straight line to (2,1).{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) -- (2,0) (0,1) -- (2,1); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - two straight lines.svg]] }} # Two points can be connected by straight lines that are only horizontal and vertical. For a connection that is first horizontal and then vertical, use{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) -{{!}} (1,1); |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - line hori vert.svg]] }} or first vertical then horizontal, use{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) {{!}}- (1,1); |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - line vert hori.svg]] }} === Drawing curved paths === # [[w:Bezier curve|Bezier curve]] can be drawn using the "<code>..controls() ..()</code>" command, with one or two control points.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) .. controls (1,1) .. (4,0) (5,0) .. controls (6,0) and (6,1) .. (5,2); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - Bezier curve.svg]] }} # User-defined paths can be created using the "<code>to</code>" operation. Without an option it corresponds to a straight line, exactly like the double minus command. Using the "<code>out</code>" and "<code>in</code>" option a curved path can be created. E.g. "<code>[out=135,in=45]</code>" causes the path to leave at an angle of 135 degree at the first coordinate and arrive at an angle of 45 degree at the second coordinate.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) to (3,2); \draw (0,0) to[out=90,in=180] (3,2); \draw (0,0) to[bend right] (3,2); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - bending.svg]] }} (The syntax for a bend to the right may seem a little counter-intuitive. Think of it as an instruction to veer to the right at the beginning of the path and then smoothly curve to the end point, not as saying that the path curves to the right throughout its length.) === Draw special curves : === # '''Rectangle'''<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \draw (0,0) rectangle (2,3); </syntaxhighlight> # '''Circle & Ellipses''': The command "<code>circle</code>" can be used to draw both circle and ellipses. For circle only radius is required, while for ellipse length of major axis and minor axis is required.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) circle [radius=1.5]; \draw (0,0) circle (2cm); % old syntax with round brackets instead of square brackets \draw (0,0) circle [x radius=1.5cm, y radius=10mm]; \draw (0,0) circle (1.2cm and 8mm); % old syntax \draw (0,0) circle [x radius=1cm, y radius=5mm, rotate=30]; \draw[rotate=30] (0,0) ellipse (20pt and 10pt); % old syntax |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - circles.svg]] }} # '''Arcs''': The command "<code>arc</code>" creates a part of a circle or an ellipse.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) arc (0:270:8mm); \draw (0,0) arc (0:315:1.75cm and 1cm); \filldraw[fill=cyan, draw=blue] (0,0) -- (12mm,0mm) arc (0:30:12mm) -- (0,0); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - pie.svg]] }} Or in an alternative syntax:<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \draw (0,0) arc[radius = 8mm, start angle= 0, end angle= 270]; \draw (0,0) arc[x radius = 1.75cm, y radius = 1cm, start angle= 0, end angle= 315]; </syntaxhighlight> # '''Helplines, Parabola, Sine and Cosine curve''': There are many more predefined commands for special paths, like "<code>grid</code>", "<code>parabola</code>", "<code>sin</code>", "<code>cos</code>" (sine or cosine curve in the interval [0,π/2]). The option "help lines" denotes "fine gray". {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (2,3); \draw[step=0.5, gray, very thin] (-1.4,-1.4) grid (1.4,1.4); \draw (0,0) parabola (1,1.5) parabola[bend at end] (2,0); \draw (0,0) sin (1,1) cos (2,0) sin (3,-1) cos (4,0) sin (5,1); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - special paths.svg]] }} === Changing line appearance using Options === The line has many attributes which can be altered according requirement. For example in following example we chose the line color as red, line pattern as dashed, and the line width as very thick. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw[red, dashed, very thick, rotate=30] (1,0) -- (0,0) -- (0,1); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - straight lines style options.svg]] }} Examples for changing the arrow tips {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw [->] (0,0) -- (30:20pt); \draw [<->] (1,0) arc (180:30:10pt); \draw [<<->] (2,0) -- ++(0.5,10pt) -- ++(0.5,-10pt) -- ++(0.5,10pt); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - arrows.svg]] }} {| class="wikitable" |+List of options for changing the line appearance. !Description !Option passed !Acceptable Value !Remark |- |Changing width of line |line width=1mm |any |The values can be provided in pt, mm, cm, in, etc |- | |line width= thick |ultra thin, very thin, thin semi thick thick very thick ultra thick |These values are corresponding to (0.1pt, 0.2pt, 0.4pt, 0.6pt, 0.8pt, 1.2pt, 1.6pt) |- |Changing the line end shape |line cap = round |round, rect, butt | |- |Changing the line pattern |solid |solid, dashed, dotted, dash dotted, densely dotted, loosely dotted, double, |Predefined line patterns |- | |dash pattern=<code>on 2pt off 3pt on 4pt off 4pt</code> | |Customized line pattern |- |Arrow type |arrow= <-> |>,<, >>, >>, latex, stealth, | |- |Joining lines |line join= miter |round, bevel, miter | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" |'''Example:''' <code>\draw[very thick, line cap=round, arrow=latex-latex, line join=round]</code> (0,0)--(3,2); |} For rectangles a special syntax exists. Use a move-to operation to one corner and after "<code>rectangle</code>" the coordinates of the diagonal corner. The last one becomes the new current point. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) rectangle (1,1); \shade[top color=yellow, bottom color=black] (0,0) rectangle (2,-1); \filldraw[fill=green!20!white, draw=green!40!black] (0,0) rectangle (2,1); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - filled rectangle.svg]] }} The fill color "<code>green!20!white</code>" means 20% green and 80% white mixed together. = The \node command = A node is used to place some text at given coordinate. Nodes are not part of the path itself, they are added to the picture after the path has been drawn. The node can be placed inside rectangle or circle or other simple shapes. A node can be placed in several ways # Using the \node command. The syntax of the command is <code>\node[options] (Name) at (coordinates) {Text};</code><syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> %% syntax %% \node[options] (Name of node) at (coordinates) {Text to appear}; % Example for usage \node[red,rectangle] at (0,0) {Some text}; % To place some text only \node (A) at (0,0) {}; % To define a new coordinate </syntaxhighlight>The name of node should be given in parenthesis. An example is given following, where two nodes are drawn and first is within the circle and second is in the rectangle.<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \begin{tikzpicture} \node (A) at (0,0) [thick,blue, circle,fill=blue!50] {Encoder}; % node A \node (B) at (3,0) [thick,blue,rectangle,fill=green!80!black] {Decoder}; % node B \draw[->,ultra thick] (A)--(B); % line joining node A and B \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> # Using the keyword ''node'' with other command viz. \draw and \path command.<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \draw (0,0) node{a} -- (1,1) node {b}; \path (0,0) node{a} -- (1,1) node {b}; </syntaxhighlight> Different options are available, some of which are described in below table. A few examples are provided later for their better explanation. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Description !Option passed !Admissible values !Remark |- |Position of text along a path |pos=.5 |> 0 |The text will be place along path at beginning (=0), in middle (=.5) and at end(=1). (default=1) |- |Alignment of text |align=left |left, right, center |The text/paragraph is aligned accordingly (default=center). |- |Place the text wrt a given point |anchor=top |left, right, top, bottom, top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right. |Assuming the point as origin there are 4 directions (x,-x, y, -y) for which left,right,top,bottom corresponds. 4 quadrants (I,II,III,IV). |- | |anchor=north |east,west, north, south, north east, north west, south east, south west |Same as above but now direction are specified with north, east, west, south. |- |Text enclose in shape | |rectangle, circle, |Associated parameter should be passed along with option. |- |Distance between the enclosed shape and the text |Inner sep =.5 | | |- |Distance of the enclosing shape from the point |Outer sep =.8 | | |- |Minimum size of the shape irrespective of the text length. |minimum width = 2cm |any value>0 |The width of the shape (lets assume a rectangle) will be at least 2cm even for a single letter. However, size may increase for very lengthy text. '''Note:''' The size of node = max(minimum width, inner sep). To achieve smaller size, you must reduce both. |- | |minimum height = 2cm |any value>0 |Minimum height of the node containing shape |- | |minimum size = 2cm |any value>0 |Minimum height as well as width of the shape. |- |The aspect ratio of the shape to be maintained |shape aspect = 1 | |The shape enclosing text will change its dimension maintaining this aspect ratio. |- |coloring text, color shape, etc. |fill= red, draw=green | |This is usual as described in earlier color and opacity options. |- |Aligning the text along the curve |sloped | | |} A few examples are given below to explain the options Writing text along a given path using the node command is shown as a simple example: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw[dotted] (0,0) node {1st node} -- (1,1) node {2nd node} -- (0,2) node {3rd node} -- cycle; |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - 3 nodes and dotted lines.svg]] }} {{LaTeX/Example|code= \fill[fill=yellow] (0,0) node {1st node} -- (1,1) node[circle,inner sep=0pt,draw] {2nd node} -- (0,2) node[fill=red!20,draw,double,rounded corners] {3rd node}; |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - 3 nodes with text.svg]] }} To place nodes on a line or a curve use the "<code>pos=<fraction></code>" option, where fraction is a floating point number between 0 representing the previous coordinate and 1 representing the current coordinate.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw (0,0) -- (3,1) node[pos=0]{0} node[pos=0.5]{1/2} node[pos=0.9]{9/10}; |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - nodes at fraction position.svg]] }} There exist some abbreviations: "<code>at start</code>" for "<code>pos=0</code>", "<code>very near start</code>" for "<code>pos=0.125</code>", "<code>near start</code>" for "<code>pos=0.25</code>", "<code>midway</code>" for "<code>pos=0.5</code>", "<code>near end</code>" for "<code>pos=0.75</code>", "<code>very near end</code>" for "<code>pos=0.875</code>", "<code>at end</code>" for "<code>pos=1</code>". The "<code>sloped</code>" option causes the node to be rotated to become a tangent to the curve. Since nodes are often the only path operation on paths, there are special commands for creating paths containing only a node, the first with text ouput, the second without:<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \node[<options>](<name>) at (<coordinate>){<text>}; \coordinate[<options>](<name>) at (<coordinate>); </syntaxhighlight>One can connect nodes using the nodes' labels as coordinates. Having "<code>\path(0,0) node(x) {} (3,1) node(y) {};</code>" defined, the node at (0,0) got the name "<code>(x)</code>" and the one at (3,1) got the name "<code>(y)</code>". {{LaTeX/Example|code= \path (0,0) node(x) {} (3,1) node(y) {}; \draw (x) -- (y); |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - nodes coordinates.svg]] }} Equivalent to<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \coordinate (x) at (0,0); \coordinate (y) at (3,1); \draw (x) -- (y); </syntaxhighlight>Multiline text can be included inside a node. A new line is indicated by double backslash "\\", but additionally you have to specify the alignment using the node option "align=". Here an example:{{LaTeX/Example|code= \filldraw (0,0) circle (2pt) node[align=left, below] {test 1\\is aligned left} -- (4,0) circle (2pt) node[align=center, below] {test 2\\is centered} -- (8,0) circle (2pt) node[align=right, below] {test 3\\is right aligned}; |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - node text alignment.svg]] }} Path construction operations try to be clever, such that the path starts at the border of the node's shape and not from the node's center.{{LaTeX/Example|code= \path (0,0) node(x) {Hello World!} (3,1) node[circle,draw](y) {$\int_1^2 x \mathrm d x$}; \draw[->,blue] (x) -- (y); \draw[->,red] (x) -{{!}} node[near start,below] {label} (y); \draw[->,orange] (x) .. controls +(up:1cm) and +(left:1cm) .. node[above,sloped] {label} (y); |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - clever paths.svg]] }} Once the node x has been defined, you can use anchors as defined above relative to (x) as "<code>(x.<anchor>)</code>", like "<code>(x.north)</code>". '''Placing circles along the drawn curve''': In this case a curve is drawn and over that curve some circles are placed at specified positions. This trick make use of "foreach command" whose details can be found in the special command section. <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \draw[very thick] (0.5,0.5) .. controls (2,1).. (2.5,2.5) node foreach \p in {0,0.25,...,1} [circle,fill=red,pos=\p,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=1.5mm]{}; \node[left] at (.5,.30){A}; \node[right] at (2.5,2.5){B} ; \path[ultra thick,latex-latex] (2,0) --(0,0)--(0,1.5); </syntaxhighlight> = The \clip command = The clip command is used to remove the portion outside the given shape (e.g. rectangle or circle). <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \begin{tikzpicture} \clip (1,1) circle (2); \draw[red,fill] (0,0) rectangle (3,3); \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> = Special commands = === Tikzstyle === It is a very useful command when you need to set several different shapes with same parameters (i.e., width, color, etc). Therefore you can define one or more style in the beginning, as shown below and then you may use it later anywhere in the Tikz code.<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" line="1"> \begin{tikzpicture}[ mycircle/.style={circle, draw=green!60, fill=green!5, ultra thick, minimum size=7mm}, myline/.style={dotted, blue!60,->}, ] \draw[myline] (0,0)node[mycircle]{$\pi$} to[out=45,in=135] (5,1) node[mycircle]{3.414...}; \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> === Scope === You may want to apply some changes to only a certain part of the code then it can be done use the scope command. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" line="1"> \begin{tikzpicture}[ mycircle/.style={circle, draw=green!60, fill=green!5, ultra thick, minimum size=7mm}, myline/.style={dotted, blue!60,->}, ] \draw[myline] (0,0)node[mycircle]{$\pi$} to[out=45,in=135] (5,1) node[mycircle]{3.414...}; % following drawing in the scope is shifted along y by 2cm \begin{scope}[yshift=2cm] \draw[myline] (0,0)node[mycircle]{$\pi$} to[out=45,in=135] (5,1) node[mycircle]{3.414...}; \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> === Foreach command === This command is analogous to loops used in programming. It can be realized by "<code>\foreach ⟨variable⟩ in {⟨list of values⟩} ⟨commands⟩</code>". {{LaTeX/Example|code= \foreach \x in {0,...,9} \draw (\x,0) circle (0.4); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - foreach.svg]] }} === Animation in Beamer style === To achieve the animation in the beamer in simplest form, we can print the N number of frames with the object being shifted in N-steps. An example is given following<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \begin{frame} \newcount\p \animatevalue<3-10>{\p}{0}{100} \begin{tikzpicture} \path(0,0)rectangle(0.75\paperwidth,-0.75\paperheight); \path[draw](0,0)..controls +(30:2) and +(40:2)..+(4,-1) node [pos=\p/100,sloped,above]{a}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{frame} </syntaxhighlight>There are three important steps, as described below. # Define a new variableː In above example we used <code>\p</code> as the variable which store the count. # Define the range the variable can take. We use the command <code>\animatevalue<3-10>{\p}{0}{100}</code> which says- For the range of 0-100, create 10 values. The <1-10> means the new variable has following set of values <code>\p =[1,2,3,...,10]</code> The <3-10> means the new variable has following set of values <code>\p =[0,0,0,1.25,2.5,...,10].</code> # Use the variable for object position, which is done using <code>\path[draw](0,0)..controls +(30:2) and +(40:2)..+(4,-1) node [pos=\p/100,sloped,above]{a};</code> === PGF layers === There are two ways to place the curves in the background-- # First way is to write the command in the sequential order, i.e. first draw the curves at background (for which coordinates are already available), then draw the curves which comes on top of that, and so on. # Second way is to use PGF layers. This is particularly useful, when the background curves coordinates are not already available. They are defined with respect to the upper layer curves. PGF layers provides following commands<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> % Define two layers (names could be changed) \pgfdeclarelayer{background} \pgfdeclarelayer{foreground} %% Define there order of layer, here background is the bottom most and foreground is the topmost layer \pgfsetlayers{background,main,foreground} %% Whatever you draw here is drawn in the main layer \draw (1,0) circle (2); \begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground} %% draw the curves that should be placed in foreground/top layer \draw (0,0) arc (0:120:1); \begin{pgfonlayer} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background} %% draw the curves that should be placed in background/bottm layer \draw (0,0) rectangle(2,2); \begin{pgfonlayer} </syntaxhighlight> == Pattern Library == This library can provide total 11 types of patterns which can be used to fill the given area. Its color can be chose with the help of keyword <code>pattern color</code>. These patterns are listed as below: <syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \usetikzlibrary{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{patterns} %% in the beginning of tex file \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[pattern=dots, pattern color=blue] (0,0) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=grid, pattern color=blue] (0,1) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=crosshatch, pattern color=blue] (0,2) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=crosshatch dots, pattern color=blue] (0,3) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=fivepointed stars, pattern color=blue] (0,4) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=sixpointed stars, pattern color=blue] (0,5) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=vertical lines, pattern color=blue] (0,6) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=horizontal lines, pattern color=blue] (0,7) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=north east lines, pattern color=blue] (0,8) rectangle ++(1,1); \draw[pattern=north west lines, pattern color=blue] (0,9) rectangle ++(1,1); \end{tizpicture} \end{document} </syntaxhighlight> == Snake library == This library changes the path structure from a straight line to the following. <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \usetikzlibrary{snakes} \begin{tikzpicture}[thick] \draw[snake=bumps] (0,0) -- (3,0); % Semicircle/bumps along the line. \draw[snake=zigzag] (0,1)-- (3,1); % a zig-zag pattern \draw[snake=saw] (0,2) -- (3,2); % saw type line \draw[snake=brace] (0,3)-- (3,3); % a brace between two points \draw[snake=coil,segment length=4pt] (0,4)-- (3,4); % like a coil \draw[snake=coil,segment aspect=0] (0,5) -- (3,5); % like a sinusoidal wave \draw[snake=snake] (0,6) -- (3,6); % sinusoidal wave (similar to coil) \draw[snake=expanding waves,segment angle=7] (0,7)-- (3,7); % like a expaning wavefront \draw[snake=border,segment angle=-45] (0,8) -- (3,8); % slanted lines along the path \draw[snake=triangles] (0,9) -- (3,9); % Triangles along the path \draw[snake=tiks] (0,10) -- (3,10); % vertical tiks along the path \draw[snake=crosses] (0,11) -- (3,11); % crosses along the path \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight>Some parameters that influence the nature of curve are segment amplitude=.4mm, segment length=2mm, segment object length=.5mm segment angle = 20 segment aspect=0 raise snake = .2mm mirror snake line before snake=1mm, line after snake=1mm, line around snake=1mm, gap before snakes=1mm, gap after snakes=1mm, gap around snake=1mm == Calc Package == The calc package can be included using the command <code>\usetikzlibrary{calc}</code>. This package can be used to perform simple calculations with coordinates. * Coordinate algebra.<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \coordinate (A) at (2,3); \coordinate (B) at (1.5,2.5); \coordinate (B) at ($(A) + (B)$) \coordinate (B) at ($(A) - (B)$) \coordinate (B) at ($(A) + 2*(A)$) </syntaxhighlight> * Finding midpoints <syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \coordinate (A) at (0,0); \coordinate (B) at (90:3); \coordinate (B) at (0:4); \coordinate (Ap) at ($(B)!0.5!(C)$); \coordinate (Bp) at ($(A)!0.5!(C)$); \coordinate (Cp) at ($(A)!0.5!(B)$); \draw (A)--(B)--(C)--cycle (A)--(Ap) (B)--(Bp) (C)--(Cp); </syntaxhighlight>A special function <code>veclen</code> is provided by the package which can be used to calculate the distance between the points as follows (taken from sec. 1.15 in https://tikz.dev/tikz-paths)<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" line="1"> \usetikzlibrary {calc} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw [help lines] (0,0) grid (3,3); \coordinate (a) at (rnd,rnd); \coordinate (b) at (3-rnd,3-rnd); \draw (a) -- (b); \node (c) at (1,2) {x}; \draw let \p1 = ($ (a)!(c)!(b) - (c) $), \n1 = {veclen(\x1,\y1)} in circle [at=(c), radius=\n1]; \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> == Intersection library == This library is used to find the intersection of any two curves. and example is given below<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{intersections} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[name path=line,smooth] (0,5)--(1.5,5); \draw[name path=curve,smooth] (1.5,6) to[out=270,in=90] (0,3); \draw[name intersections={of=line and curve}] (intersection-1) circle[radius=0.1]; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} </syntaxhighlight>Applying intersection with many curves <syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[name path=grid] [xstep=3,ystep=2] (0,0) grid (9,8); \draw[->, name path=line] (2,1) -- (7,7); \draw[name intersections={of=grid and line, sort by=line, name=i, total=\t}] \foreach \s in {1,...,\t}{(i-\s) node {\s}}; \end{tikzpicture} </syntaxhighlight> == PGF Maths == A number of mathematical operation can be performed using the <code>\usepackage[pgfmath]</code> which provides a core command <code>\pgfmathparse</code> and return the result in <code>\pgfmathresult</code>. A few example are<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"> \pgfmathparse{add(75,6)} \pgfmathresult </syntaxhighlight>In above example we have used the function <code>add(x,y)</code>. A substitute for above command is <code>\pgfmathadd{x}{y}</code>. A number of function available, which are provided as following. The substitute command can be obtained as for the add function, i.e. by using a prefix \pgfmath with command name. * add(a,b), subtract (a,b), multiply(a,b), divide(a,b), div(a,b), neg (-a), sqrt(a), pow (a^b), exp(a), ln(a), log10(a), log2(a), abs(a), mod(a,b) * round(a), floor(a), ceil(a), int(a), frac(a) * check for type: isodd(a), iseven(a), isprime(a) * Constants: e, pi * conversion: rad(x), deg(y) * Trigonometric functions: sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), sec(x), cosec(x) , cot(x), * Inverse trigonometric functions: asin(x), acos(x), atan(x) * Comparison: equal(x,y), greater(x,y), less(x,y), notequal(x,y), notgreater(x,y), notless(x,y), * Logical functions: and(x,y), or(x,y), not(x), ifthenelse(x,y,z), and logical constants as-- true, false. * Random no generator: rnd, rand, random(x,y) * Miscelleneous: Minimum/Maximum from an list of elements : min(x1,x2,...,xn), max(x1,x2,...,xn), Length of a vector: veclen(x,y) Access i th element of an given array x: array({x1,x2,x3,...,xn},i) * Computing angles: <code>\pgfmathanglebetweenpoints{P}{Q}</code> : Finds the angle of the line passing through the points P to Q. <code>\pgfmathanglebetweenlines{P1}{Q1}{P2}{Q2}</code> : Finds the angle between the two lines, L1 and L2, where L1 passing through P1 and Q1, and second line passing through P2 and Q2. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Commands !Description |- !\pgfmathsetlength{name}{value} !\pgfmathaddtolength{name}{value} !Set the corresponding "name" tex register for given value |- !\pgfmathsetcount{name}{value} !\pgfmathaddtocount{name}{value} ! |- !\pgfmathsetcounter{name}{value} !\pgfmathaddtocounter{name}{value} ! |- !\pgfmathsetmacro{name}{value} !\pgfmathtruncatemacro{name}{value} ! |- ! ! ! |} = PGF Plots = PGF also has a math engine which enables you to plot functions: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \draw [domain=xmin:xmax] plot (\x, {function}); </syntaxhighlight> Many functions are possible, including factorial(\x), sqrt(\x), pow(\x,y), exp(\x), ln(\x), log10(\x), log2(\x), abs(\x), mod(\x,y), round(\x), floor(\x), ceil(\x), sin(\x), cos(\x), tan(\x), min(\x,y,), and max(\x,y). Noteː 1) The trigonometric functions assume that x is in degrees; to express x in radians follow it with the notation "r", e.g., sin(\x r). 2) Two useful constants are e =2.718281828, and pi = 3.141592654 can be specified directly using <code>e</code> and <code>pi</code> in the expression. An example with two functions: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \draw [help lines] (-2,0) grid (2,4); \draw [->] (-2.2,0) -- (2.2,0); \draw [->] (0,0) -- (0,4.2); \draw [green, thick, domain=-2:2] plot (\x, {4-\x*\x}); \draw [domain=-2:2, samples=50] plot (\x, {1+cos(pi*\x r)}); |render= [[File:TikZ Tutorial - plots.svg]] }} = Examples = === Example 1 === {{LaTeX/Example|code= \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[thick,rounded corners=8pt] (0,0) -- (0,2) -- (1,3.25) -- (2,2) -- (2,0) -- (0,2) -- (2,2) -- (0,0) -- (2,0); \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - example 1.svg]] }} === Example 2 === {{LaTeX/Example|code= \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3] \draw[step=.5cm, gray, very thin] (-1.2,-1.2) grid (1.2,1.2); \filldraw[fill=green!20,draw=green!50!black] (0,0) -- (3mm,0mm) arc (0:30:3mm) -- cycle; \draw[->] (-1.25,0) -- (1.25,0) coordinate (x axis); \draw[->] (0,-1.25) -- (0,1.25) coordinate (y axis); \draw (0,0) circle (1cm); \draw[very thick,red] (30:1cm) -- node[left,fill=white] {$\sin \alpha$} (30:1cm {{!}}- x axis); \draw[very thick,blue] (30:1cm {{!}}- x axis) -- node[below=2pt,fill=white] {$\cos \alpha$} (0,0); \draw (0,0) -- (30:1cm); \foreach \x/\xtext in {-1, -0.5/-\frac{1}{2}, 1} \draw (\x cm,1pt) -- (\x cm,-1pt) node[anchor=north,fill=white] {$\xtext$}; \foreach \y/\ytext in {-1, -0.5/-\frac{1}{2}, 0.5/\frac{1}{2}, 1} \draw (1pt,\y cm) -- (-1pt,\y cm) node[anchor=east,fill=white] {$\ytext$}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - example 2.svg]] }} === Example 3: A Torus === {{LaTeX/Example|code= \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw (-1,0) to[bend left] (1,0); \draw (-1.2,.1) to[bend right] (1.2,.1); \draw[rotate=0] (0,0) ellipse (100pt and 50pt); \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - example 3.svg]] }} === Example 4: Some functions === {{LaTeX/Example|code= \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:4] \draw[very thin,color=gray] (-0.1,-1.1) grid (3.9,3.9); \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (4.2,0) node[right] {$x$}; \draw[->] (0,-1.2) -- (0,4.2) node[above] {$f(x)$}; \draw[color=red] plot (\x,\x) node[right] {$f(x) =x$}; \draw[color=blue] plot (\x,{sin(\x r)}) node[right] {$f(x) = \sin x$}; \draw[color=orange] plot (\x,{0.05*exp(\x)}) node[right] {$f(x) = \frac{1}{20} \mathrm e^x$}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} |render= [[File:Tikz Tutorial - example 4.svg]] }} == Refrences == https://tikz.dev/<nowiki/>http://tug.ctan.org/info/visualtikz/VisualTikZ.pdf<noinclude>{{LaTeX/Bottom|Picture|PSTricks}} </noinclude> 1rhj53l5r16nu5yhwrxbnpi21e5a585 0 273423 4095884 4007618 2022-08-24T23:31:09Z 41.115.34.23 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Builder}} == Read and discuss I Corinthians 6:19, 20 and I Corinthians 3:17. == {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=6 |verse =19-20 |version=NIV |text= ''19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.''}} {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=3 |verse =17 |version=NIV |text= ''If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy that person; for God’s temple is sacred, and you together are that temple.''}} == What is meant by “drug” abuse and temperance. == There are many good drugs, like penicillin, which have saved many lives; aspirin, which relieves headaches, and drugs that help cure cancer, etc. When someone uses drugs in harmful doses or in ways not prescribed by a doctor it is called drug abuse. Temperance is moderation, self-control or self-restraint in what someone says or how they act. For example, if you eat just what you need at your meals without going back for second helpings, you are practicing temperance. If you hold yourself back from uttering a sarcastic comment, even though someone may provoke you, you are practicing temperance. == Talk to a doctor/nurse or discuss with an adult the use and effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. == Drugs and alcohol can cause '''permanent physical damage to your internal organs''', including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. Your sanity. Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. '''Drug and alcohol abuse: it’s risky business''' Doing drugs or drinking alcohol can significantly lower your inhibitions. That’s because they target the brain’s reward center by flooding it with dopamine – also known as “the feel-good chemical.” When the brain is overloaded with dopamine, decision-making abilities become severely impaired. Poor judgment leads to risky behavior, and that can put you in serious danger. A single bad decision fueled by drugs or alcohol can ruin the rest of your life. According to the National Institute of Health, over one million emergency room visits per year involve an illicit drug, and close to five million involve alcohol consumption. These visits include treatment for accidents, injuries, physical illness, and even death, and almost all of them were completely preventable. '''The long-term consequences of substance abuse''' Those who’ve managed to avoid a major catastrophe while drunk or high may continue abusing drugs and alcohol undeterred. But as tolerance builds, so does dependency. Eventually, you’ll need to consume larger quantities of drugs or alcohol in order to achieve the same euphoric feelings. Abstinence causes withdrawal, and suddenly, you’re caught in the midst of a full-blown addiction cycle. === Over time, substance abuse slowly chips away at: === * '''Your health.''' Drugs and alcohol can cause permanent physical damage to your internal organs, including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. * '''Your sanity.''' Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. It can also lead to lasting changes in the function of your brain, permanently altering your brain chemistry and damaging your memory. * '''Your relationships'''. Consistent poor decision-making can have a devastating effect on your relationships, isolating you from friends and family members. * '''Your finances.''' Addiction often interferes with performance at work, and many addicts suffer job losses from their inability to focus and complete assignments. The constant struggle to pay for drugs and alcohol can eventually lead to financial ruin. == Watch and discuss a film or video on the dangers of using any of the above. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 == Tell why some people choose to smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs. Tell how we can choose not to use them ourselves. ==Umubi wayidunda == Plan a skit or play encouraging others to say “NO” and perform it with your group. == == Design an antismoking, antidrug, anti-alcohol slogan and paint it on a T-shirt. == == Create a poster or illustration showing the dangers of drug abuse. == == Identify two famous people or athletes who are the best in their area and tell why they do not use tobacco, drugs or alcohol. == == Interview two people you know who live happily and healthfully without using tobacco, drugs or alcohol, and discuss with them their reasons for being temperate. == == External Resources == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 2/] - Youtube Video: Is that good for me? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 1/] - Youtube Video: What are Drugs? https://apibhs.com/2018/03/27/effects-of-drug-and-alcohol-abuse {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Builder}} a0aob2llnkx83sh84azihwo4qrbbc4s 4095942 4095884 2022-08-25T03:04:26Z Xania 40302 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/41.115.34.23|41.115.34.23]] ([[User talk:41.115.34.23|talk]]) to last version by Tashanurse wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Builder}} == Read and discuss I Corinthians 6:19, 20 and I Corinthians 3:17. == {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=6 |verse =19-20 |version=NIV |text= ''19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.''}} {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=3 |verse =17 |version=NIV |text= ''If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy that person; for God’s temple is sacred, and you together are that temple.''}} == What is meant by “drug” abuse and temperance. == There are many good drugs, like penicillin, which have saved many lives; aspirin, which relieves headaches, and drugs that help cure cancer, etc. When someone uses drugs in harmful doses or in ways not prescribed by a doctor it is called drug abuse. Temperance is moderation, self-control or self-restraint in what someone says or how they act. For example, if you eat just what you need at your meals without going back for second helpings, you are practicing temperance. If you hold yourself back from uttering a sarcastic comment, even though someone may provoke you, you are practicing temperance. == Talk to a doctor/nurse or discuss with an adult the use and effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. == Drugs and alcohol can cause '''permanent physical damage to your internal organs''', including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. Your sanity. Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. '''Drug and alcohol abuse: it’s risky business''' Doing drugs or drinking alcohol can significantly lower your inhibitions. That’s because they target the brain’s reward center by flooding it with dopamine – also known as “the feel-good chemical.” When the brain is overloaded with dopamine, decision-making abilities become severely impaired. Poor judgment leads to risky behavior, and that can put you in serious danger. A single bad decision fueled by drugs or alcohol can ruin the rest of your life. According to the National Institute of Health, over one million emergency room visits per year involve an illicit drug, and close to five million involve alcohol consumption. These visits include treatment for accidents, injuries, physical illness, and even death, and almost all of them were completely preventable. '''The long-term consequences of substance abuse''' Those who’ve managed to avoid a major catastrophe while drunk or high may continue abusing drugs and alcohol undeterred. But as tolerance builds, so does dependency. Eventually, you’ll need to consume larger quantities of drugs or alcohol in order to achieve the same euphoric feelings. Abstinence causes withdrawal, and suddenly, you’re caught in the midst of a full-blown addiction cycle. === Over time, substance abuse slowly chips away at: === * '''Your health.''' Drugs and alcohol can cause permanent physical damage to your internal organs, including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. * '''Your sanity.''' Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. It can also lead to lasting changes in the function of your brain, permanently altering your brain chemistry and damaging your memory. * '''Your relationships'''. Consistent poor decision-making can have a devastating effect on your relationships, isolating you from friends and family members. * '''Your finances.''' Addiction often interferes with performance at work, and many addicts suffer job losses from their inability to focus and complete assignments. The constant struggle to pay for drugs and alcohol can eventually lead to financial ruin. == Watch and discuss a film or video on the dangers of using any of the above. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 == Tell why some people choose to smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs. Tell how we can choose not to use them ourselves. == == Plan a skit or play encouraging others to say “NO” and perform it with your group. == == Design an antismoking, antidrug, anti-alcohol slogan and paint it on a T-shirt. == == Create a poster or illustration showing the dangers of drug abuse. == == Identify two famous people or athletes who are the best in their area and tell why they do not use tobacco, drugs or alcohol. == == Interview two people you know who live happily and healthfully without using tobacco, drugs or alcohol, and discuss with them their reasons for being temperate. == == External Resources == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 2/] - Youtube Video: Is that good for me? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 1/] - Youtube Video: What are Drugs? https://apibhs.com/2018/03/27/effects-of-drug-and-alcohol-abuse {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Builder}} lvt95adjlgpwmn0nkk7v17bt99uwfha 4095943 4095942 2022-08-25T03:09:59Z Adalvis 351999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Builder}} == Read and discuss I Corinthians 6:19, 20 and I Corinthians 3:17. == {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=6 |verse =19-20 |version=NIV |text= ''19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.''}} {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=3 |verse =17 |version=NIV |text= ''If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy that person; for God’s temple is sacred, and you together are that temple.''}} == What is meant by “drug” abuse and temperance. == There are many good drugs, like penicillin, which have saved many lives; aspirin, which relieves headaches, and drugs that help cure cancer, etc. When someone uses drugs in harmful doses or in ways not prescribed by a doctor it is called drug abuse. Temperance is moderation, self-control or self-restraint in what someone says or how they act. For example, if you eat just what you need at your meals without going back for second helpings, you are practicing temperance. If you hold yourself back from uttering a sarcastic comment, even though someone may provoke you, you are practicing temperance. == Talk to a doctor/nurse or discuss with an adult the use and effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. == Drugs and alcohol can cause '''permanent physical damage to your internal organs''', including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. Your sanity. Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. '''Drug and alcohol abuse: it’s risky business''' Doing drugs or drinking alcohol can significantly lower your inhibitions. That’s because they target the brain’s reward center by flooding it with dopamine – also known as “the feel-good chemical.” When the brain is overloaded with dopamine, decision-making abilities become severely impaired. Poor judgment leads to risky behavior, and that can put you in serious danger. A single bad decision fueled by drugs or alcohol can ruin the rest of your life. According to the National Institute of Health, over one million emergency room visits per year involve an illicit drug, and close to five million involve alcohol consumption. These visits include treatment for accidents, injuries, physical illness, and even death, and almost all of them were completely preventable. '''The long-term consequences of substance abuse''' Those who’ve managed to avoid a major catastrophe while drunk or high may continue abusing drugs and alcohol undeterred. But as tolerance builds, so does dependency. Eventually, you’ll need to consume larger quantities of drugs or alcohol in order to achieve the same euphoric feelings. Abstinence causes withdrawal, and suddenly, you’re caught in the midst of a full-blown addiction cycle. === Over time, substance abuse slowly chips away at: === * '''Your health.''' Drugs and alcohol can cause permanent physical damage to your internal organs, including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. * '''Your sanity.''' Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. It can also lead to lasting changes in the function of your brain, permanently altering your brain chemistry and damaging your memory. * '''Your relationships'''. Consistent poor decision-making can have a devastating effect on your relationships, isolating you from friends and family members. * '''Your finances.''' Addiction often interferes with performance at work, and many addicts suffer job losses from their inability to focus and complete assignments. The constant struggle to pay for drugs and alcohol can eventually lead to financial ruin. == Watch and discuss a film or video on the dangers of using any of the above. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 <nowiki>== Tell why some people choose to smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs. Tell how we can choose not to use them ourselves. ==</nowiki> == Plan a skit or play encouraging others to say “NO” and perform it with your group. == == Design an antismoking, antidrug, anti-alcohol slogan and paint it on a T-shirt. == == Create a poster or illustration showing the dangers of drug abuse. == == Identify two famous people or athletes who are the best in their area and tell why they do not use tobacco, drugs or alcohol. == == Interview two people you know who live happily and healthfully without using tobacco, drugs or alcohol, and discuss with them their reasons for being temperate. == == External Resources == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 2/] - Youtube Video: Is that good for me? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 1/] - Youtube Video: What are Drugs? https://apibhs.com/2018/03/27/effects-of-drug-and-alcohol-abuse {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Builder}} tblf7n53f4hi9irw8q6m5kpq62uhdbl 4095945 4095943 2022-08-25T03:11:39Z Adalvis 351999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Builder}} == Read and discuss I Corinthians 6:19, 20 and I Corinthians 3:17. == {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=6 |verse =19-20 |version=NIV |text= ''19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.''}} {{Bible verse |book=1 Corinthians |chapter=3 |verse =17 |version=NIV |text= ''If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy that person; for God’s temple is sacred, and you together are that temple.''}} == What is meant by “drug” abuse and temperance. == There are many good drugs, like penicillin, which have saved many lives; aspirin, which relieves headaches, and drugs that help cure cancer, etc. When someone uses drugs in harmful doses or in ways not prescribed by a doctor it is called drug abuse. Temperance is moderation, self-control or self-restraint in what someone says or how they act. For example, if you eat just what you need at your meals without going back for second helpings, you are practicing temperance. If you hold yourself back from uttering a sarcastic comment, even though someone may provoke you, you are practicing temperance. == Talk to a doctor/nurse or discuss with an adult the use and effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. == Drugs and alcohol can cause '''permanent physical damage to your internal organs''', including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. Your sanity. Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. '''Drug and alcohol abuse: it’s risky business''' Doing drugs or drinking alcohol can significantly lower your inhibitions. That’s because they target the brain’s reward center by flooding it with dopamine – also known as “the feel-good chemical.” When the brain is overloaded with dopamine, decision-making abilities become severely impaired. Poor judgment leads to risky behavior, and that can put you in serious danger. A single bad decision fueled by drugs or alcohol can ruin the rest of your life. According to the National Institute of Health, over one million emergency room visits per year involve an illicit drug, and close to five million involve alcohol consumption. These visits include treatment for accidents, injuries, physical illness, and even death, and almost all of them were completely preventable. '''The long-term consequences of substance abuse''' Those who’ve managed to avoid a major catastrophe while drunk or high may continue abusing drugs and alcohol undeterred. But as tolerance builds, so does dependency. Eventually, you’ll need to consume larger quantities of drugs or alcohol in order to achieve the same euphoric feelings. Abstinence causes withdrawal, and suddenly, you’re caught in the midst of a full-blown addiction cycle. === Over time, substance abuse slowly chips away at: === * '''Your health.''' Drugs and alcohol can cause permanent physical damage to your internal organs, including your heart, your liver, and your brain. The risk of stroke and life-threatening infection also increase dramatically. * '''Your sanity.''' Addiction leads to serious behavioral problems, including paranoia, aggression, and impulsivity. It can also lead to lasting changes in the function of your brain, permanently altering your brain chemistry and damaging your memory. * '''Your relationships'''. Consistent poor decision-making can have a devastating effect on your relationships, isolating you from friends and family members. * '''Your finances.''' Addiction often interferes with performance at work, and many addicts suffer job losses from their inability to focus and complete assignments. The constant struggle to pay for drugs and alcohol can eventually lead to financial ruin. == Watch and discuss a film or video on the dangers of using any of the above. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 == Tell why some people choose to smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs. Tell how we can choose not to use them ourselves. == == Plan a skit or play encouraging others to say “NO” and perform it with your group. == == Design an antismoking, antidrug, anti-alcohol slogan and paint it on a T-shirt. == == Create a poster or illustration showing the dangers of drug abuse. == == Identify two famous people or athletes who are the best in their area and tell why they do not use tobacco, drugs or alcohol. == == Interview two people you know who live happily and healthfully without using tobacco, drugs or alcohol, and discuss with them their reasons for being temperate. == == External Resources == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbvKJVRm50Q Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 2/] - Youtube Video: Is that good for me? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOIRELZNv8 Wise Owl'S Drug Safety Kit 1/] - Youtube Video: What are Drugs? https://apibhs.com/2018/03/27/effects-of-drug-and-alcohol-abuse {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Builder}} lvt95adjlgpwmn0nkk7v17bt99uwfha 0 275570 4095940 3823395 2022-08-25T03:00:55Z SchreiberBike 846780 Fix Time magazine usage - also some copy editing wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DataScienceLogo.png|150px|right]] <div class="center"> <big><div style="font-size:100%;margin:.5ex 0 .5ex 0">'''[[Data Science: An Introduction|<span style="color:#0000FF;">Data Science: An Introduction</span>]]'''</div></big> <br> <big><div style="font-size:200%;margin:.5ex 0 .5ex 0"><span style="color:#0000FF;">'''Chapter 04: The Impact of Data Science'''</span></div></big> [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|150px|link=Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]] </div> ---- {{Book Search}} <noinclude>{{Data Science: An Introduction/Navigation}}</noinclude> ==Chapter Summary== In this chapter we explore how data science has revolutionized several different aspects of our world: Baseball, Health, and Robotics. ==Discussion== ====MoneyBall==== (This section is an edited version of the MoneyBall Wikipedia page, from 3 October 2012.) According to the [[Wikipedia:Moneyball (film)|Wikipedia, '''Moneyball (film)''']] refers to a book<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Michael |title=Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game |year=2003 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company Inc |location=New York |language=English |isbn=0-393-05765-8 |pages=288 }}</ref> by [[W:Michael Lewis (author)|Michael Lewis]], published in 2003, about the [[W:Oakland Athletics|Oakland Athletics]] baseball team and its general manager [[W:Billy Beane|Billy Beane]]. Its focus is the team's analytical, evidence-based, [[W:Sabermetric|'''sabermetric''']] approach to assembling a competitive baseball team, despite Oakland's disadvantaged revenue situation. A film based on the book starring Brad Pitt was released in 2011. [[Image:MONEYBALLchart.png|500px]] The central premise of ''Moneyball'' is that the collected wisdom of baseball insiders (including players, managers, coaches, scouts, and the front office) over the past century is subjective and often flawed. Statistics such as stolen bases, run batted in|runs batted in, and batting average, typically used to gauge players, are relics of a 19th century view of the game and the statistics that were available at the time. The book argues that the Oakland A's' front office took advantage of more analytical gauges of player performance to field a team that could compete successfully against richer competitors in Major League Baseball (MLB). Rigorous statistical analysis had demonstrated that on-base percentage and slugging percentage are better indicators of offensive success, and the A's became convinced that these qualities were cheaper to obtain on the open market than more historically valued qualities such as speed and contact. These observations often flew in the face of conventional baseball wisdom and the beliefs of many baseball scouts and executives. *By re-evaluating the strategies that produce wins on the field, the 2002 Oakland Athletics, with approximately $41 million in salary, were competitive with larger market teams such as the New York Yankees, who spent over $125 million in payroll that same season. Because of the team's smaller revenues, Oakland is forced to find players undervalued by the market, and their system for finding value in undervalued players has proven itself thus far. Several themes Lewis explored in the book include: insiders vs. outsiders (established traditionalists vs. upstart proponents of sabermetrics), the democratization of information causing a flattening of hierarchies, and "the ruthless drive for efficiency that capitalism demands." The book also touches on Oakland's underlying economic need to stay ahead of the curve; as other teams begin mirroring Beane's strategies to evaluate offensive talent, diminishing the Athletics' advantage, Oakland begins looking for other undervalued baseball skills such as defensive capabilities. ''Moneyball'' also touches on the A's methods of prospect selection. Sabermetricians argue that a college baseball player's chance of MLB success is much higher than a traditional high school draft pick. Beane maintains that high draft picks spent on high school prospects, regardless of talent or physical potential as evaluated by traditional scouting, are riskier than if they were spent on more polished college players. Lewis cites A's minor leaguer Jeremy Bonderman, drafted out of high school in 2001 over Beane's objections, as but one example of precisely the type of draft pick Beane would avoid. Bonderman had all of the traditional "tools" that scouts look for, but thousands of such players have been signed by MLB organizations out of high school over the years and failed to develop. Lewis explores the A's approach to the 2002 MLB Draft, when the team had a nearly unprecedented run of early picks. The book documents Beane's often-tense discussions with his scouting staff (who favored traditional subjective evaluation of potential rather than objective sabermetrics) in preparation for the draft to the actual draft, which defied all expectations and was considered at the time a wildly successful (if unorthodox) effort by Beane. *In addition, ''Moneyball'' traces the history of the sabermetric movement back to such people as [[W:Bill James|Bill James]] (now a member of the Boston Red Sox front office) and [[W:Craig R. Wright|Craig R. Wright]]. Lewis explores how James' seminal ''[[W:Baseball Abstract|Baseball Abstract]]'', an annual publication that was published from the late 1970s through the late 1980s, influenced many of the young, up-and-coming baseball minds that are now joining the ranks of baseball management. ''Moneyball'' has made such an impact in professional baseball that the term itself has entered the lexicon of baseball. Teams which appear to value the concepts of sabermetrics are often said to be playing "''Moneyball''." Baseball traditionalists, in particular some scouts and media members, decry the sabermetric revolution and have disparaged ''Moneyball'' for emphasizing concepts of sabermetrics over more traditional methods of player evaluation. Nevertheless, the impact of ''Moneyball'' upon major league front offices is undeniable. *In its wake, teams such as the New York Mets, New York Yankees, San Diego Padres, St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Red Sox, Washington Nationals, Arizona Diamondbacks, Cleveland Indians,<ref>{{cite web|last=Woolner |first=Keith |url=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=6187 |title=Articles &#124; Aim For The Head: Aim For the Front Office |publisher=Baseball Prospectus |date=2007-05-04 |accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref> and the Toronto Blue Jays have hired full-time '''[[W:Sabermetrician|sabermetric data scientists]]. Since the book's publication and success, Lewis has discussed plans for a sequel to ''Moneyball'' called ''Underdogs'', revisiting the players and their relative success several years into their careers. When the New York Mets hired Sandy Alderson &ndash; Beane's predecessor and mentor with the A's &ndash; as their general manager after the 2010 season, and hired Beane's former associates Paul DePodesta and J.P. Ricciardi to the front office, the team became known as the "Moneyball Mets".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nymag.com/news/sports/games/sandy-alderson-2011-4/ |title = The Moneyball Mets |magazine = New York |date = 25 March 2011 |accessdate = 2011-04-06 }}</ref> Michael Lewis has acknowledged that the book's success may have negatively affected the Athletics' fortunes as other teams have accepted the use of sabermetrics, reducing the edge that Oakland received from using sabermetric-based evaluations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/18/SP3J1L571K.DTL&ao=all |title = Michael Lewis on A's 'Moneyball' legacy |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date = 18 September 2011 |accessdate = 2011-09-23 }}</ref> ====23 and Me==== (This section is adapted from the company's Wikipedia article, from 3 October 2012.) According to the [[Wikipedia:23andMe|Wikipedia, '''23 and Me''']] is a privately held personal genomics and biotechnology company based in Mountain View, California<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_6k1rd8 |title=23andMe, Inc. Company Profile |publisher=Manta}}</ref> that provides rapid genetic testing. The company is named for the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a normal human cell. Their personal genome test kit was named "Invention of the Year" by ''Time'' magazine in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747_1854493,00.html | title = Time's Best Inventions of 2008 | magazine = Time | date=2008-10-29 | accessdate = 2012-04-05 }}</ref> The company was founded by [[W:Linda Avey|Linda Avey]] and [[W:Ane Wojcicki|Anne Wojcicki]] after both recognized the need for a way to organize and study genetic data, the possibility for individual consumers to use the information and the need for expertise to interpret the results.<ref name = Wired2011>{{cite web | url = http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics?currentPage=all | title = 23AndMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1,000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics | last = Goetz | first = T | accessdate = 2012-04-05 | date = 2011-07-17 | magazine = Wired }}</ref> [[File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif|240px]] 23andMe began offering DNA testing services in November, 2007, the results of which are posted online and allow the subscriber to view an assessment of inherited traits, genealogy and possible congenital risk factors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-11-20-23andme-launch_N.htm|title=Google-backed 23andMe offers $999 DNA test|accessdate=2012-04-05 | work= USA Today | first=L|last=Baertlein|date=2007-11-20}}</ref> Customers provide a 2.5 mL spit sample which is analyzed on a DNA microarray of [[W:Illumina (company)|Illumina]], for 960,000 specific [[W:single-nucleotide polymorphism|single-nucleotide polymorphisms]] (SNPs). An eventual goal is to provide whole genome sequencing.<ref name = Wired2011/> *In June 2011, 23andMe announced it had accumulated a database of more than 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.23andme.com/about/press/23andme_database_100000k_users/ |title=23andMe Database Surpasses 100,000 Users | publisher= 23andMe |accessdate=2012-02-21 }}</ref> The organization also provides testing for certain research initiatives<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.23andme.com/research/ | title = 23andWe Research | accessdate = 2012-04-05 | publisher = 23andMe }}</ref> providing confidential customer datasets to, and partnering with research foundations with a goal of establishing genetic associations with specific illnesses and disorders.<ref name = Wired2011/> Google co-founder Sergey Brin (whose mother suffers from Parkinson's disease and who is married to 23andMe co-founder Anne Wojcicki) underwrote the cost of the company's Parkinson's disease Genetics Initiative to provide free testing for people suffering from the condition.<ref>{{cite web | last = Epstein | first = N | title = Genia Brin’s Double Parkinson’s Mutation | url = http://momentmag.com/moment/issues/2012/08/sciencewatch_brin.html | magazine=Moment | accessdate=2012-07-17 }}</ref> An analysis of the results of research on Parkinson's disease comparing 23andMe with a [[W:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) initiative suggested that the company's use of large amounts of computational power and data sets might offer comparable results, though in much less time.<ref name = Wired2010>{{cite web | url = http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/06/ff_sergeys_search/all/1 | title = Sergey Brin’s Search for a Parkinson’s Cure | last = Goetz | first = S | date = 2010-06-22 | accessdate = 2012-04-05 | magazine=Wired }}</ref> The company gathers personal and social data from its subscribers via on-line surveys. The personal data includes a person's health history, their environmental history, and such things as the ability to smell certain odors. The social data includes family histories and the sorts of activities one participates in. The company employs a number of data scientists to work on this wealth of data—a million genetic variables and many hundreds of personal and social variables for over 100,000 people. *The company's data scientists are able to correlate and cluster certain personal and social behaviors with genetic markers. When these correlations are shown to be significant, they report the results back to the subscribers, indicating that certain personal or social aspects of their lives may, indeed, have a genetic basis. They also publish results in scientific journals. (If the instructor has a 23 and Me account, she could log on and project the website to show the results of the 23 and Me data scientists to the students in the class.) ====Google's Driverless Car==== (This section is an edited version of the Wikipedia article on Google's Driverless Car, from 3 October 2012.) According to the [[Wikipedia:Google driverless car|Wikipedia, '''Google's Driverless Car''']] is a project by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the [[W:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] and co-inventor of Google Street View. Thrun's team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle [[W:Stanley (vehicle)|Stanley]] which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its $2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense.<ref name=NYT2010/> [[Image:Jurvetson Google driverless car trimmed.jpg|450px]] The U.S. state of Nevada passed a law in June 2011 permitting the operation of driverless cars in Nevada. Google had been lobbying for driverless car laws.<ref name=GCC0611>{{cite web| url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/ab511-20110625.html|title=Nevada enacts law authorizing autonomous (driverless) vehicles |publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2011-06-25 |accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref name=Forbes0611>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.forbes.com/alexknapp/2011/06/22/nevada-passes-law-authorizing-driverless-cars/|title=Nevada Passes Law Authorizing Driverless Cars|author=Alex Knapp|work=Forbes|date=2011-06-22|accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref name=NYT0511>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/science/11drive.html?_r=1&emc=eta1|title=Google Lobbies Nevada To Allow Self-Driving Cars|author=John Markoff|work=The New York Times| date=2011-05-10| accessdate=2011-05-11}}</ref> Google executives have not stated the precise reason they chose Nevada to be the maiden state for the driverless car.<ref name=NYT0511>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/science/11drive.html?_r=1&emc=eta1|title=Google Lobbies Nevada To Allow Self-Driving Cars|author=John Markoff|work=The New York Times|date=2011-05-10|accessdate=2011-05-11}}</ref> The Nevada law went into effect on March 1, 2012, and the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles issued the first license for a self-driven car in May 2012. The license was issued to a Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driver-less technology.<ref name=1stLicense>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/08/uk-usa-nevada-google-idUSLNE84701320120508| title=Google gets first self-driven car license in Nevada|author=Mary Slosson |work=Reuters| date=2012-05-08| accessdate=2012-05-09}}</ref> In August 2012, the team announced that they have completed over 300,000 autonomous-driving miles accident-free, typically have about a dozen cars on the road at any given time, and are starting to test them with single drivers instead of in pairs.<ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html Self-driving Car Logs More Miles], googleblog</ref> Three U.S. states have passed laws permitting driverless cars, as of September 2012: Nevada, Florida and California.<ref>Muller, Joann. [http://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2012/09/26/with-driverless-cars-once-again-it-is-california-leading-the-way/ "With Driverless Cars, Once Again It Is California Leading The Way"], Forbes.com, September 26, 2012</ref> The system combines information gathered from Google Street View with artificial intelligence software that combines input from video cameras inside the car, a [[W:LIDAR|LIDAR]] sensor on top of the vehicle, radar sensors on the front of the vehicle and a position sensor attached to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car's position on the map. In 2009, Google obtained 3,500 miles of Street View images from driverless cars with minor human intervention. As of 2010, Google has tested several vehicles equipped with the system, driving {{convert|1609|km}} without any human intervention, in addition to {{convert|225308|km}} with occasional human intervention. Google expects that the increased accuracy of its automated driving system could help reduce the number of traffic-related injuries and deaths, while using energy and space on roadways more efficiently.<ref name=NYT2010>{{cite news|author=John Markoff|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/science/10google.html|title=Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic|work=The New York Times|date=2010-10-09|accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> The project team has equipped a test fleet of at least eight vehicles,<ref name=Wired2012>{{cite news|author=Damon Lavrinc|url=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/04/google-autonomous-lexus-rx450h/|title=Exclusive: Google Expands Its Autonomous Fleet With Hybrid Lexus RX450h|work=Wired|date=2012-04-16|accessdate=2012-04-24}}</ref> each accompanied in the driver's seat by one of a dozen drivers with unblemished driving records and in the passenger seat by one of Google's engineers. The car has traversed San Francisco's [[W:Lombard Street (San Francisco)|Lombard Street]], famed for its steep hairpin turns and through city traffic. The vehicles have driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and on the Pacific Coast Highway, and have circled Lake Tahoe.<ref name=Google>{{cite web|author=Sebastian Thrun|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-were-driving-at.html|title=What we're driving at|publisher=The Official Google Blog|date=2010-10-09|accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> Google's driverless test cars have about $150,000 in equipment including a $70,000 lidar (laser radar) system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/06/google-discloses-costs-of-its-driverless-car-tests/#1|title=Google discloses costs of its driverless car tests|author=Alisa Priddle}}</ref> The system drives at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and maintains its distance from other vehicles using its system of sensors. The system provides an override that allows a human driver to take control of the car by stepping on the brake or turning the wheel, similar to cruise control systems already in cars.<ref name=NYT2010/> While Google had no immediate plans to commercially develop the system, the company hopes to develop a business which would market the system and the data behind it to automobile manufacturers. An attorney for the California Department of Motor Vehicles raised concerns that "The technology is ahead of the law in many areas," citing state laws that "all presume to have a human being operating the vehicle".<ref name=NYT2010/> According to ''The New York Times'', policy makers and regulators have argued that new laws will be required if driverless vehicles are to become a reality because "the technology is now advancing so quickly that it is in danger of outstripping existing law, some of which dates back to the era of horse-drawn carriages".<ref name=NYT0511/> In August 2011, a human-controlled Google driverless car was involved in the project's first crash near Google headquarters in Mountain View, CA. Google has stated that the car was being driven manually at the time of the accident.<ref name=thestar>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/wheels/article/1036702--human-error-blamed-after-google-s-driverless-car-sparks-five-vehicle-crash | location=Toronto | work=The Star | title=Human error blamed after Google's driverless car sparks five-vehicle crash | date=2011-08-09}}</ref> A second incident involved a Google driverless car being rear-ended while stopped at a stoplight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic |author=John Markoff |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/science/10google.html?_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=Oct 9, 2010 |accessdate=August 12, 2012}}</ref> CONSIDER THIS: In 2005 the DARPRA Grand Challenge driverless car winner went 123 miles at an average of 19 miles per hour. Just 5 years later, the Google driverless car had gone hundreds of thousands of miles at the speed limit of 55 to 65 miles per hour. Did the discipline of artificial intelligence advance that much in 5 years? No. The difference was the data science. The Google data scientists made a 3-D wire mesh model of every street the driverless car was going to drive. In real-time, the car's data science algorithms compared actual observations against the model (including the white stripes on the road), and made corrections accordingly. ==Assignment/Exercise== Get into groups of 4 or 5 students. Together, watch the movie Moneyball. While watching, take brief notes on how data science made a difference to the characters in the movie. After the movie is over, brainstorm as a group, other areas of life where data science could make a difference. Speculate on the arguments opponents of data science might make to using data science. Pick one for further consideration. As a group, create a 4 slide presentation that introduces the area of life you picked; how data science would make a difference; what the counter-arguments are; and whether or not your group thinks, in the end, it would be a good idea to introduce data science into that area of life. == More Reading == == References == {{reflist}} == Copyright Notice == [[File:Cc-by-sa.svg|100px|border|link=Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]] You are free: * to '''Share''' — to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work (pages from this wiki) * to '''Remix''' — to adapt or make derivative works Under the following conditions: * '''Attribution''' — You must attribute this work to Wikibooks. You may not suggest that Wikibooks, in any way, endorses you or your use of this work. * '''Share Alike''' — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. * '''Waiver''' — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. * '''Public Domain''' — Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. * '''Other Rights''' — In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: :* Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; :* The author's moral rights; :* Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. * '''Notice''' — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.The best way to do this is with a link to the following web page. ::http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ {{BookCat}} e1gvvai651fk2hcjwfqfzvuk87rexhb 0 278202 4095900 4095604 2022-08-25T00:53:59Z Xania 40302 typos wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Other Web sites for Development Cooperation Knowledge Sharing ==== *[http://www.comminit.com/c-change-orc The capacity building online resource centre] *[http://www.eldis.org/ Eldis] *[http://www.ecdpm.org/ European Center for Development Policy Management] *[http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_en.php Impact Alliance] *[http://www.intrac.org/ INTRAC] *[http://www.train4dev.net/ Train4Dev.Net] *[http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu Capacity4Dev - The European Commission's website for Capacity Development] *[http://www.lencd.org/ Learning Network on Capacity Development - LenCD] *[http://www.capacity.org/ Capacity.org - A gateway for capacity development] See also ⇒ [[File:600X WIKIPEDIA LOGO.svg|14px]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_development Capacity development] * EuropeGate - [https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/index.php/Main_Page Civil Society Participation Homepage] *[http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/case-studies/index_en.htm EuropeAid's Case studies] *[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/index.php|Thematic programme Non State Actors and Local Authorities]] *[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/index.php|Brochures, Publications and Movies]] *[http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu Capacity4dev] *[http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/understanding-decentralisation-and-how-support-it!Understanding Decentralisation and How to Support it] *[http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/survey-support-local-governance-and-decentralisation Survey on support to Local Governance and Decentralisation] *PADOR and its [http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/onlineservices/pador/index_en.htm Online registration website] = Web Sites = *http://www.mdgmonitor.org/ <br>The MDG Monitor shows how countries are progressing in their efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). With the 2015 target date fast approaching, it is more important than ever to understand where the goals are on track, and where additional efforts and support are needed, both globally and at the country level. The MDG Monitor is designed as a tool for policymakers, development practitioners, journalists, students and others.<br> *[http://www.unmillenniumproject.org http://www.unmillenniumproject.org]<br>The Millennium Project was commissioned by the United Nations Secretary-General in 2002 to develop a concrete action plan for the world to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to reverse the grinding poverty.<br> *[http://likeamanonearth.blogspot.com/ http://likeamanonearth.blogspot.com/] <br>A film by Andrea Segre, Dagmawi Yimer&lt;/span&gt; and Riccardo Biadene (2008, Italy). <span style="font-family: Arial;">Giving voice to the Ethiopian refugees living in Rome, the film provides a direct insight into the brutal ways in which Libya, aided also by Italian and European funds, is operating to control the immigration movements of people from Africa.&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;" /&gt;</span><br> *[http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals]&nbsp;<br>A gateway to the United Nations System's work on the MDGs<br> *http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm <br>The Millennium Declaration, the Resolution adopted by the UN&nbsp;General Assembly *[http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/default.aspx<br>]the official MDG Indicators website. This site presents the official data, definitions, methodologies and sources for more than 60 indicators to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals<br> *http://www.undg.org/<br>The UN Development Group unites the 32 UN funds, programmes, agencies, departments, and offices that play a role in development. Our common objective is to deliver more coherent, effective and efficient support to countries seeking to attain internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.[http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ <br>] *http://www.unric.org/<br>The United Nations Regional Information Centre was opened in Brussels on 1 January 2004. The Regional Centre replaces the nine Information Centres that were based in Europe. UNRIC is intended to cover all of Western Europe and provide information and documentation to the countries of the region with increasing effectiveness with the gradual stabilisation of its nascent structure.<br> *http://www.cespi.it/home.html <br>CeSPI, Centre for International Policy Studies, is an independent and non-profit organisation founded in 1985, which makes policy-oriented studies and research.<br> *http://www.msfaccess.org/about-us/<br>Official website of Medecins Sans Frontieres' campaign for access to essential medicines. <br> *http:// www.millenniumcampaign.org<br>Website of the Millennium Campaign "End poverty by 2015". *http://www.cooperazioneallosviluppo.esteri.it/pdgcs/<br>Development Cooperation arises from the need to ensure respect for human dignity and ensure the economic growth of all peoples.<br> *http://www.volontariperlosviluppo.it/cms/index.php<br>A central space today, both the site and the magazine, dedicated to journalists in the southern hemisphere, with the intent of going beyond the idea that it is always the Italian or Western journalist who writes on countries often ignoring the language, the context and background<br> *http://www.ong.agimondo.it<br> The Italian Press Agency is among the major Italian news agencies. AGImondoONG is the first news portal reporting on non-governmental organisations. It originated from a joint initiative of Link 2007 and AGI with the support of the Directorate General of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs for Cooperation and Development. It is open to the entire world of cooperation. <br> *http://www.ifad.org/<br> The International Fund for Agricultural Development is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries<br> *http://www.apd.ro <br>Pro Democracy Association.<br> *http://ipsnotizie.it/index.php<br>The Inter Press Service (IPS) is the main source of independent information on the Global South. Reports and studies are published daily by IPS - which has a network of 500 correspondents stationed in 150 countries - especially regarding the process of globalisation and its effects on economic, social and political development, especially in developing areas of the planet.<br> *http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/about/about-gce/<br> Global campaign for education (GCE) is a civil society movement that aims to end the global education crisis.<br> *[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=45166&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php]<br>Sharp drop in aid to basic education jeopardizes school chances for millions <br> *http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/<br>EFA Global Monitoring Report. Several interesting documents about education in the world are contained in this website.<br> *http://www.sdc-health.ch/<br>A good example of cooperation in the health sector and projects implemented by the SDC, Switzerland. <br> *http://www.2010againstpoverty.eu/ <br>Almost 80 million Europeans live at risk of poverty, which means they face insecurity, and go without what most people often take for granted. Living in poverty may result in a variety of problems, from not having enough money to spend on food and clothes to suffering poor housing conditions and even homelessness. Poverty also means having to cope with limited lifestyle choices that may lead to social exclusion.<br> *http://www.patrir.ro <br>Programs and projects developed in fields such: peacebuilding and conflict transformation action, gender equality, peacebuilding and conflict transformation training, peace education<br> *http://www.provobis.ro<br>National Volunteer Center exists to promote and develop volunteerism as a viable and irreplaceable resource in solving the problems the Romanian society is now facing. Pro Vobis National Volunteer Center, through its members, volunteers and employees respects and militates for equal rights for all people without discrimination, promotes active involvement in community life and believes in the unlimited ability of each community member to participate in solving the community problems<br> *http://www.centras.ro<br> Projects aimed at building a community in which the public sector, the business environment and the civil society are cooperating for the citizens' welfare, all in the spirit of the European democracy's values. *http://www.fondromania.org<br> Having as main objective the responsible and effective involvement of Romanian civil society and Government in international development cooperation and humanitarian aid and coordinating projects and programs in this specific field in Romania.<br> *http://www.eldis.org<br>The biggest database to share the best in development, policy, practice and research. Eldis offers: 26,000 full text documents free to download - maintaining an ever-growing collection of editorially selected and abstracted full-text, online documents selected by the editors from more than 7,500 different publishers. All documents are available free of charge,<br> *[http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20091118_UNFPA.asp http://www.unaids.org/en/]<br>UNFPA report: Exploring links between HIV and climate change <br> *http://www.pluralism.ro<br> for educational programs in the integration field *http://www.fdsc.ro<br> for trainings and projects regarding the civil society development *http://www.stiriong.ro<br> for a complete database of the non-governmental organizations in Romania and their projects, activities, fields of actions. New database of the NGO fields *http://www.fpdl.ro,<br> A Romanian Non Governmental Organization having as mission is to enhance the democratic processes of governance and support the local development, to strengthen the civil society, to promote a new culture of change and conflict management. To be considered for the projects in the development field and the training manuals *http://www.soros.org<br> For their general initiatives in the development fields and useful resources *http://www.concordeurope.org<br> The European NGO Confederation for Relief and Development. Its 18 international networks and 22 national associations from the European Member States represent more than 1600 European NGOs vis-à-vis the European Institutions.The main objective of the Confederation is to enhance the impact of European development NGOs vis-à-vis the European Institutions by combining expertise and accountability. *http://ec.europa.eu/development/geographical/cotonouintro_en.cfm,<br> The Cotonou Agreement is the most comprehensive partnership agreement between developing countries and the EU. Since 2000, it has been the framework for the EU's relations with 79 countries from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) . <br> *http://www.whiteband.org,<br> the website of the Global Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP) *http://www.cwish.org.np/<br>CWISH (Children – Women in Social Service and Human Rights) is a religiously and politically non-aligned NGO striving to protect rights of the Nepali children, youth and women. <br> *http://www.deeep.org/whatisde.html<br>DEEEP (Developing Europeans' Engagement for the Eradication of the global Poverty) is a programme initiated by the Development Education Forum of CONCORD that aims at strengthening capacities of NGDOs to raise awareness, educate and mobilise the European public for world-wide poverty eradication and social inclusion. <br> *http://www.eurostep.org:80/wcm/content/view/423/162/<br>Mission of EUROSTEP (European Solidarity Towards Equal Participation of People) is&nbsp; re-affirmation as the NGO network focusing on European development co-operation with a politically progressive secular identity committed to promoting a forward looking agenda.<br> *http://www.developmentportal.eu/wcm/index.php<br> (European Development Portal) *http://www.devwire.eu/<br> Media Portal to EU Development Aid. *http://www.trialog.or.at<br>&nbsp;A project to strengthen civil society and raise awareness of development issues in the enlarged EU. *&nbsp;http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/delivering-aid/funding-instruments/index_en.htm<br> Instruments adopted by the EU in implementing external assistance. *http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/children/fsj_children_intro_en.htm <br>EU strategy on the Rights of the Child *http://www.er-consumabile.it<br>The Emilia Romagna region (Italy) has arranged a web site specifically dedicated to support Environmental Sustainability, providing information about the different behaviors we can assume, and the relative advantages we can get, in our daily life, to fight Environmental issues, with details about what we can eat, how much money we can save, which natural resources we can regenerate, which way we can move, how much energy we can save in our homes.<br> *http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/gc/ <br>Oxfam Education website for Global Citizenship, to look for useful information, support and ideas for developing a Global Citizenship approach in your school, plenty of material to help any teacher develop both his thinking and his practice.<br> *http://www.mdg-gateway.org/MDG-Blog/ <br>MDG BLOG RATIONALE This Blog has been set up to reach out a broader audience to participate in discussions on major thematic areas related to the Millennium Development Goals prior to the High-Level Event on MDGs<br> = Pdf Resources<br> = *[http://www.cosv.org/public/download/IndiceGlobaleFame2009.pdf http://www.cosv.org/public/download/IndiceGlobaleFame2009.pdf] <br>The fourth edition of the Global Hunger Index 2009, the second to be translated in Italian translation by ''Link 2007'', enhances the discussion on the Global Hunger Index 2008 report on the multiple causes of hunger and strategies for addressing it. Thanks to the collaboration between Link 2007 and three leading organisations in addressing issues of food security the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Washington, the German NGO Welthungerhilfe and the Irish NGO Concern1, this edition will be available to the Italian public so that they can study indepth the links between the challenge of hunger, the global financial crisis and gender issues.<br> *http://www.dossierimmigrazione.it/schede/pres2009--scheda.pdf<br>The data of the 2009 Caritas Dossier point out that foreigners are not people with the highest crime rates, are not giving rise to an invasion of a religious nature, do not consume more public resources than they pay in taxes and contributions, are not alienated from the country that has welcomed them and ... in contrast, are an effective demographic and employment shock absorber. "<br> *[ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ssh/docs/euro-indian_workshop_2009_en.pdf ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ssh/docs/euro-indian_workshop_2009_en.pdf]<br>Cultures of Governance and Conflict Resolution – A Euro-Indian Workshop. The proceedings of this workshop - which was convened by DG Research, in cooperation with the Delegation of the European Commission to India, The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, with the support of the Transcultural International Institute, Paris - present some highlights of research conducted in Europe and India on issues of common interest and high policy relevance such as governance, democracy and conflict resolution where mutual learning can enhance current and future analytical work. The debate at the workshop was organised around four interconnected themes: Cultures of Governance and Perspectives on Diversity; Global Governance and the Universal Values Quest; Cultures of governance and Mutual Perceptions; Conflict Resolution and Human Rights; and Cultural Traditions and the Road Ahead. <br> *[http://www.parcodiveio.it/_ita/servizi/_doc/ag21/ag21_manuale_Apat.pdf http://www.parcodiveio.it/_ita/servizi/_doc/ag21/ag21_manuale_Apat.pdf&nbsp;]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>Manual for environmental protection and the local implementation of Agenda 21.<br> *[http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2009/en/pdf/EN_SOWP09.pdf http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2009/en/pdf/EN_SOWP09.pdf], <br>Report: The State of World Population 2009, released by the United Nations Population Fund <br> *[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563857_eng.pdf http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563857_eng.pdf], <br>Report Women and health: today's evidence tomorrow's agenda <br> *http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140372e.pdf: <br>International implementation scheme for the United Nations decade of education for sustainable development <br> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20030403214912/http://www.un.org/aboutun/chartlg.html UN system]<br>A pdf file containing a scheme of the UN system *[http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/unintro/unintro5.htm UN system – an introduction by students]<br> = YouTube and Media Providers = *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohda4GcZf-I <br>CONFIDENZE al FAROL: prostitution and sexual exploitation at Fortaleza - by Fina Bianco, Giulia Matzè - A documentary shot in Fortaleza, Brazil, 2008, where children sexual abuse is a serious social evil. Action of APROCE (Brasil Prostitute Association) and MODENA TERZO MONDO (Italian NGO) to give children education and move them away from prostitution. Documentary based on interviews. Language: Portuguese; Subtitles: Italian *&nbsp;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuej-4KZS6E&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ecgil%2Eit%2F&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuej-4KZS6E] <br>UGUALMENTE DIVERSI Interviews to Italians and immigrants living in Italy, in order to investigate about: power and influence of media, relationship between Italians and immigrants, the way how you look at the other and how the other looks at you, suggestions for media operators. References: CGIL, Leonardo Carocci for Progetto Mediazione Intercultuarle, Federazione delle Associazioni Cinesi. Language: Italian *http://FORA.tv <br>Helps intelligent, engaged audiences get smart. We gather the web's largest collection of unmediated video drawn from live events, lectures, and debates going on all the time at the world's top universities, think tanks and conferences. To find out more, browse our extensive program archives, or join our community,<br> *http://vimeo.com/7355738<br>HIV in Modena (Italy), an interview to Giovanni Guaraldi (Director of Cuscos).<br> *http://www.videovolunteers.org <br>They envision an alternative media landscape in which tens of thousands of people around the world, living in slums and villages, are producing high quality video content that brings awareness to communities and empowers members to take action. Their mission is to empower the world’s poorest citizens to participate in the community media movement so they can right the wrongs they witness and become players in the global media revolution. Providing disadvantaged communities with the journalistic, critical thinking and creative skill they need, we create financially self-sustaining, locally-owned grassroots projects that teach people to articulate and share their perspectives on the issues that matter to them, on a local and a global scale.<br> *http://fora.tv/2009/02/13/Francois_Bourguignon_on_the_Millennium_Development_Goals<br>Francois Bourguignon, former Chief Economist at the World Bank, presents his research on the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. He explains where the goals are being met and where they're not, and also describes ways in which the goals can be achieved more efficiently.<br> *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eih_ybKdVXU&amp;f<br>Make poverty history by Bono Vox<br> *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CvW42MC-14&amp;f<br>The ONE Campaign - ONE's new ad "Voices" features Matt Damon with different Americans' voices - among them Michelle Obama, Cindy McCain and Mayor Bloomberg.<br> *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agP0W_kdpgw<br>International Women's Day Clip<br> *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaFL-Vlvj10<br>Over 43.7 million people, in 127 countries have broken the Guinness World Record – set last year at 23.5 million – for the largest number of people to “STAND UP AGAINST POVERTY” in 24 hours. The “Stand Up and Speak Out” record attempt took place over 16th and 17th October and was jointly organised by the United Nations Millennium Campaign (UNMC) and the Global Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP) with a wide range of other partners. The challenge saw millions of people physically and intentionally standing up against poverty, inequality and in support of the Millennium Development Goals. They spoke out to demand a more urgent political response to the growing crisis of global poverty<br><br><br><br> {{BookCat}} pfxf7s49bynp8ih4m4autkuhadspxrl 0 282581 4096003 3818565 2022-08-25T09:30:50Z Jim Ashby 3304668 /* GROUP PO: Special stamps generated only by Post Office meters and imprinters */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Monaco= * <font size=3>The country is an independent Principality with a special relationship with France. All meters placed into use so far are of French manufacture. The first meter was placed into use in 1928. All stamps are inscribed “MONACO”. * The stamps are grouped as follows: :: A - Inscribed “PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO” :: B - inscribed “€ MONACO” :: PO - Special stamps generated only by Post Office meters and imprinters :: PD - Special stamps used to collect Postage Due</font><br> ---- ---- == <font color=blue>GROUP A: Inscribed “PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO”== </font> <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type A1.jpg|left|500px]] '''A1. Havas “Tiranty” ''' (FV-1), 1928. : Small upright rectangle with simulated-perforation border with breaks in sides. : “POSTES” curved at bottom above M#. :::::::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “A” prefix. {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] :::::::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “WA” prefix. {{space|4}} [''Rare''] : SM: SL : Values: {{space|4}} 50c, 65c, 90c, 1F, 1F50, 1F75, 2F25, 2F50, 4F [[File: Monaco stamp type A2.jpg|left|530px]] <br> '''A2. Havas “Grandjean” ''' (MV-6). {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : As Type A1 but M# with “B” prefix. : TM: SL : Values: {{space|4}} 40c, 50c, 70c, 80c, 1F50, 2F , 2Foo , 3F , 3Foo , 5F, 6F, 9F , 10F, 12F, 14F, 15F, 18F, 20F, 25F, 30F [[File: Monaco stamp type A3.jpg|left|530px]] '''A3. Havas “C”''' (MV). : As Types A1 and A2 but M# with “C”, "CG" or "CW" prefix. : Stamp (including town line and frank) is 100 mm wide. : TM: SL :::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “C” prefix :::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “CG” prefix :::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “CW” prefix : V/F: {{space|4}} ★00 {{space|4}} ★00F {{space|4}} ★00oo {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} ★000 :::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. With 4-digit impression counter high above town line [[File: Monaco stamp type A3point1.jpg|left|400px]] '''A3.1. Havas “C"''' (rebuilt) and ''' “G” ''' (MV). : Similar to Type A3 but the stamp (including town line and frank) is 75 mm wide. :::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “CG” prefix :::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “G” prefix : TM: SL : V/F: {{space|4}} ★00 {{space|4}} ★00F {{space|4}} ★00oo {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} ★000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A4.jpg|left|455px]] '''A4. Havas “K” ''' (MV). : M# with “K” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. “POSTES” :::::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. “POSTES” straight {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : TM: SL stacked at left : V/F: {{space|4}} ★00'''.''' {{space|4}} ★0.oo [[File: Monaco stamp type A5A.jpg|left|510px]] '''A5. Havas “M” ''' (MV). : Frank wider than tall. ::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “M” prefix {{space|4}} ::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “MG” prefix {{space|4}} ::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''C'''. M# with “MW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : TM: SL ::::::::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. TM line at top rather than bottom [[File: Monaco stamp type A6.jpg|left|180px]] <br> '''A6. Secap “N” ''' (MV). {{space|4}} : “POSTES” only slightly curved. : M# with “N” prefix. : TM: SL stacked below frank : V/F: {{space|4}} ★00 {{space|4}} ★00F {{space|4}} ★000 {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A7A.jpg|left|300px]] '''A7. Secap “NA”, “ND” and “NE” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” only slightly curved. ::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “NA” prefix ::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “ND” prefix ::::::::::::::: '''C'''. M# with “NE” prefix ::::::::::::::: '''D'''. M# with “NK” prefix ::::::::::::::: '''E'''. M# with “NAW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Uncommon''] ::::::::::::::: '''F'''. M# with “NEW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] :::::::::::::: TM: SC :::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} ★00 {{space|4}} ★000 {{space|4}} 0 0 0 {{space|4}} 0000 {{space|4}} 00''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type A8.jpg|left|540px]] <br> '''A8. Satas “C” ''' (MV). {{space|4}} [''Uncommon''] : “POSTES” curved. : M# with “SC” prefix. : TM: SL : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000 {{space|4}} ★000F [[File: Monaco stamp type A9.jpg|left|540px]] <br> '''A9. Satas “D” ''' (MV). {{space|4}} : “POSTES” curved. : M# with “SD” prefix. : TM: SL : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A10.jpg|left|330px]] <br> '''A10. Satas “D” ''' (MV). {{space|4}} : As Type A9 but TM SC with tall date figures. : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A11.jpg|left|330px]] '''A11. Satas “R” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : TM: SC ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “SR” or “S.R.” prefix ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “SRW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A12.jpg|left|330px]] '''A12. Satas “J” ''' (MV). : Date figures tall. : “POSTES” curved. : M# with “SJ” or “S.J” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} ★00 {{space|4}} ★000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A13.jpg|left|385px]] <br> '''A13. Satas “F” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : Date figures tall. : M# with “SF” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000F {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A14.jpg|left|330px]] '''A14. Satas “L” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : Date figures very short. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “SL” prefix ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “SL W” prefix {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : TM: SL : V/F: {{space|4}} ★ 0 0 0 <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type A15.jpg|left|330px]] [[File:Monaco Type A15B.jpg|304px|right]] '''A15. Havas “P” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” straight or curved. : M# with “P” prefix. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “P” prefix ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “PW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Scarce''] : TM: SC ::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 000 {{space|4}} ★000 ::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 00 {{space|4}} [[File: Monaco stamp type A16.jpg|left|315px]] '''A16. Havas “T” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : Value figures relatively small. : Date figures with stops after D and before Y. :::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “T” prefix :::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “TW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Uncommon''] ::::::::::::::: TM: SC ::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 000 {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A17.jpg|left|330px]] <br> '''A17. Havas ”R” ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : M# with “R” or “RC” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=3>≋</font>000 {{space|4}} <font size=3>≋</font>0''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type A18.jpg|left|330px]] '''A18. SMH/Alcatel (Neopost) ''' (MV). : “POSTES” curved. : Value figures relatively small. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “F” prefix ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “FW” prefix {{space|4}} [''Uncommon''] :::::::::::::::: TM: SC :::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type A19.jpg|left|330px]] '''A19. Secap''' (MV). : “POSTES” slightly curved. : Date figures widely spaced. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “NC” prefix. Date with stops after D and M ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “NL” prefix. Date without stops ::::::::::::::::: '''C'''. M# with “NP” prefix. Date without stops ::::::::::::::: TM: SC ::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} ★000 (NC) {{space|4}} 00''','''00 (NL) {{space|4}} 0000 (NP) [[File: Monaco stamp type A20.jpg|left|330px]] '''A20. Satas ''' (MV). : “POSTES” small, slightly curved. : Date figures widely spaced. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “SG” prefix. Date with stops after D and M ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with “SK” prefix. Date without stops. Value figures relatively small ::::::::::::::::: '''C'''. M# with “SV” prefix. Date with stops after D and M ::::::::::::::: TM: SC ::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=3>≋</font>000 (SG) {{space|4}} 0000 (SK) {{space|4}} <font size=3>≋</font>0''','''00 (SV) <br><br> [[File: Monaco stamp type A21.jpg|left|350px]] '''A21. Neopost ''' (MV). : Frank wider than tall. : Date figures widely spaced. : M# with “RC” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>00'''.'''00 <br><br> ---- == <font color=blue>GROUP B: With Euro sign in frank, inscribed “€ MONACO” or “€ PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO”== </font> <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type B1.jpg|left|330px]] '''B1. Satas''' (MV). : “LA POSTE” straight at bottom above M#. : Date figures widely spaced with stops after D and M. : M# with "SE, "SG", HR", or "SV" prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>000 (SG) {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>0''','''00 (SE) [[File: Monaco stamp type B2.jpg|left|330px]] [[File:Monaco Type B2B.jpg|304px|right]] :::::::::::::::: '''B2. Secap ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::: As Type B1 but date without stops. ::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. M# with “NP” prefix and with comma separator in value. ::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. M# with "NS" prefix and without comma in value. :::::::::::::::: TM: SC :::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 00''','''00 {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type B3.jpg|left|330px]] <br> '''B3. Neopost''' (MV). : Nearly identical in appearance to Type B1, but M# has “R”, "RC" or “HR” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>0'''.'''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B4.jpg|left|335px]] <br> '''B4. Neopost ''' (MV). : Date figures narrowly spaced with stops centered after D and M. : M# with “F” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type B5.jpg|left|345px]] '''B5. Secap ''' (MV). : Wide frank, nearly square. : Date figures with stops after D and M. : M# with “NX” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} 000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B6.jpg|left|340px]] '''B6. Neopost “Electronic” ''' (MV). : Wide, square frank as Type B5. : Date figures with dashes between D and M and Y. : M# with “HC” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font><font size=4>≋</font>0''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B7.jpg|left|330px]] '''B7. Secap''' (MV). : As Type B2 but inscribed “PRINCIPAUTE / DE MONACO”. : M# with “NP” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} 0000 [[File: Monaco stamp type B8.jpg|left|355px]] <br> '''B8. Pitney Bowes “Paragon”''' (MV). : Frank similar in size and shape to Type B5, but value figures are smaller and widely spaced. : M# with “BP” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>00''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B8point1.jpg|left|375px]] <br> '''B8.1. Pitney Bowes “A or B900”''' (MV). : As Type B8 but the frank is wider and the value figures are larger. : M# with “BE” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>00''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B9.jpg|left|305px]] '''B9. Pitney Bowes “PostPerfect” '''(digital). : Frank slightly wider than tall. : Narrow spacing between TM and frank. : M# with “BN” prefix. : TM: SC : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=4>≋</font>00''','''00 ::::::::::::::: '''a'''. With M# prefix “OBN” [[File: Monaco stamp type B10.jpg|left|315px]] '''B10. Satas''' (digital). : Frank upright as with Types B1 through B4 but town mark is rectangle as with Type B7. : M# with “SB”, "SBA", or "SC" prefix : Value figures thick and narrow. : TM: rectangle : V/F: {{space|4}} 000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B11A.jpg|left|385px]] [[File: Monaco stamp type B11B.jpg|left|365px]] <br> '''B11. Neopost''' (digital). : Frank wider than tall as with Types B5 and B6 but with “LA POSTE” at top below country name. : M# with “HD”, “HH”, “HK” or "HY" prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. “€ MONACO” wide ::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. “€ MONACO” narrow. Frank also slightly narrower :::::::::::::::::: TM: rectangle :::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B12.jpg|left|340px]] <br> '''B12. Satas''' (digital). : Frank is nearly identical in appearance to Type B11 but M# with “SM”, “SP”, “SX” or "SZ" prefix. : TM: rectangle : V/F: {{space|4}} 000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B13.jpeg|left|325px]] <br> '''B13. Pitney Bowes/SECAP''', various models (digital). : Upright frank as with Type B10 except "LA POSTE" is above the value figures. : Meter number prefix "VB". : TM: SL in rectangle : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type B14.jpg|left|345px]] '''B14. Pitney Bowes "DM Infinity"''' (digital). : Frank slightly wider than tall as with B12, but “LA POSTE” is below the value figures rather than above. : Value figures quite thick. : M# prefixes “MD” and "MM" seen. : TM: SL in rectangle : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]000''','''00 ---- == <font color=blue>GROUP C: Inscribed “MONTE-CARLO” instead of country name== </font> <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type C1.jpeg|left|500px]] '''C1. Satas''' (MV), 1958. {{space|4}} [''Extremely rare''] : As type A5 but with "MONTE-CARLO" at top of frank instead of the country name. : Meter “M 1691” only. : One example is known, dated 12 February 1958. This same meter dated in September 1958 has "PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO" at top (Type A5). : TM: SL : V/F: {{space|4}} ★000^F ---- == <font color=blue>GROUP PO: Special stamps generated only by Post Office meters and imprinters== </font> <br> [[File: image needed.jpg|left|170px]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO1. Secap “Junior” ''' (MV). ::::::::::::::::::: Very similar to Type A19B, but M# with “N1” prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: TM: SC ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 00''','''00 ---- <font color=green>Types PO2 and up are known printed on self-adhesive labels with the following underprint designs: : '''A'''. Panel at left with bird border, comet tail at right (light blue) : '''B'''. Birds in flight with full moon (light blue) : '''C'''. Monte Carlo Castle (pink and gray) The stamps illustrated below all show underprint C.</font></font> ---- <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type PO2.jpg|left|400px]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO2. SERCEM''' (digital). ::::::::::::::::::: Text applied digitally in black to a preprinted self-adhesive label with design in pink and gray consisting of castle at left and lozenges at right. ::::::::::::::::::: Frank similar in design to previous types. ::::::::::::::::::: TM SL stacked at left within rectangular border open at sides. ::::::::::::::::::: Date, hour and value figures tall (~3 mm). ::::::::::::::::::: M# with “GO2 PC” or "GO3 PC" prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type PO3.jpg|left|400px]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO3. Olivetti “PR50” ''' (digital). ::::::::::::::::::: Similar to type PO2 but the frank and TM have no frames. ::::::::::::::::::: The date and value figures are fairly heavy and somewhat angular, most notable in the '6' and '9' which have straight appendages. The “1” is footed. ::::::::::::::::::: Date, hour and value figures short (~2 mm). ::::::::::::::::::: M# with “G04 PC” prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0000''','''00 [[File: Monaco stamp type PO4.jpg|left|400px]] [[File: Monaco stamp type PO4C.jpg|left|400px]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO4. Olivetti "PR2" ''' (digital). ::::::::::::::::::: Similar to Type PO3 but the value figures are fairly heavy, like on Type PO-D1, and they are slightly more rounded. This is most notable in the '6' and '9' which have curved appendages. The “1” has no foot. ::::::::::::::::::: M# with “G03 PC” or "GO6 PC" prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: '''A'''. Francs (FRF) above euros (EUR) :::::::::::::::::::: '''B'''. Euros (EUR) above francs (FRF) :::::::::::::::::::: '''C'''. Euros (EUR) only ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0''','''00 <br><br><br><br> [[File: Monaco stamp type PO5.jpg|left|405px]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO5. Olivetti "PR2" ''' (digital). ::::::::::::::::::: Very similar to Type PO4B but the date and value figures are like those found with Type PO3, i.e. somewhat angular, most notable in the '6' and '9' which have straight appendages, and with footed “1”. ::::::::::::::::::: M# with “G08 PC" prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0''','''00 <br><br><br> [[File:Monaco Type PO6.jpg|371px|left]] ::::::::::::::::::: '''PO6.''' Unidentified (digital). ::::::::::::::::::: Very similar to Type PO4C but without the Post Office name, with a seriffed font, and with the mail type below the value figures. ::::::::::::::::::: M# with “G06" prefix. ::::::::::::::::::: V/F: {{space|4}} 0''','''00 :::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. Mail type: Lettre Suivre Inter <br><br><br> ---- == <font color=blue>GROUP PD: Special stamps used to collect Postage Due== </font> <br> [[File: Monaco stamp type PD1.jpg|left|340px]] '''PD1. Frama ''' (digital). : Square frank 23 mm wide with "PRINCAPAUTE / DE MONACO" at top, "POSTES" at bottom. : Ar right is "MONTE CARLO" straight at top above date and time with large "TIMBRE TAXE" at bottom. : Without meter number. : V/F: {{space|4}} 00000 '''NOTE''': See France type PD-A2 ----<center><font size=3><font color=green>Return to main catalog</font> ⇒</font> <u>[[../]]</u> <center><font size=3><font color=green>Return to top</font> ⇒</font> <u>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog/Monaco Monaco] {{BookCat}} jrbn5yiig7jyfw22tnxvahf7zon5qga 0 289158 4095755 4095740 2022-08-24T13:40:13Z Danielravennest 13526 Through end list 14 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:left;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">Section 5.5 - Starter and Expansion Sets</span>}} <div style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"> <div class="nonumtoc">{{TOCright}}</div> &emsp;The goal of the personal production example is supplying a range of basic products for a community of owner-operators. They do this as individuals or through joint effort for larger tasks. Product types include furniture, home improvements, food, and utilities. They start with smaller and simpler items and work up to bigger projects. We assume they start with limited funds, time, equipment, and experience. So part of the effort is improving themselves as people to overcome these limits. &emsp;A community project may start with as little as one person's part-time effort and no equipment or skills. So we describe a range of starter sets from very minimal to more substantial, with suggestions on use and gaining skills. Project owners can then select their starting points based on their available people and resources. We then include several expansion sets for projects growing beyond these starting points. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">1.0 - Necessary Inputs</span>== &emsp; &emsp;We can consider a starter set as a product. It must first be assembled and set up before it can be used to make improvements for itself, and end products for the owners and others. Like any functional system, it requires inputs and emits outputs of various kinds. These include: * '''Time''' - from one or more people to make plans, look for and acquire needed items, operate equipment, train others, or learn skills as needed. * '''Supply sources''' - for parts, materials, tools, machines, training materials, plans, and instructions. * '''Money''' - for items which can't be made internally, or for outside labor that project members can't supply. * '''Sheltered Space''' - to store and use the equipment. Even outdoor equipment should be protected when not in use. * '''Energy''' - such as electric power or human muscles, to make, set up, and operate the equipment. * '''Maintenance Items''' - like water, cleaning supplies, and waste disposal during and after operations. &emsp;We suggest starting by assessing which of these you have and which are lacking. The next step is to make a plan for getting enough of the inputs to get started, and how you will continue from there. For example, if you don't have all the basic tools from List 1 (below), you can make a shopping list of the missing items, then either buy them, start saving to buy them, or find a makerspace/hackerspace, community group, or neighbor that allows you to use them. &emsp;In modern society, money can commonly be traded for most other things people need and want. If lack of money is an obstacle, there are a couple of ways around that. One is to cut expenses, such as eating out less or sharing living space. The other is to increase income, such as doing basic jobs for other people in addition to current work, or upgrading your knowledge and skills so you can find better work. Reaching a goal may seem like a big challenge. Breaking it down into smaller steps, then taking them one at a time is more manageable. But you have to take the first step to get anywhere. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">2.0 - Starter Set Lists</span>== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Tool_use_by_animals|Some species]]''' besides ours use tools. We are unique in the variety and complexity of our tools, and that we use tools to make other tools. So which of the many options should be included in a starter set? The answer for a particular project and self-improvement path will vary. &emsp;The lists below are provided as a starting point for consideration and selection. '''<u>You don't need every item to start making things</u>'''. But the more of them you have, the more kinds of projects you can do. The lists also don't cover every possible project. They are starter sets to build on, not complete lists of every possible tool. Additional items may be needed for particular projects. For large and complex projects you may need multiples of each item, either different sizes and types, or for multiple people to use. For example, a saying in woodworking is "you can never have too many clamps". '''[NOTE:]''' Some of these lists or portions of them will be moved later to other chapters. They are currently here for ease of editing. &emsp;The lists are compiled from 18 existing tool and equipment lists. The intent is a sampling from a wide variety of sources which are then sorted to form starter and expansion sets for the various examples in these books. The source lists are from several makerspaces, a tool bank (who lend out tools to nonprofit projects), a book on rural workshops, the phased equipment list for the Seed Factory Project, a pamphlet from manufacturer Porter Tools, a course on "manual arts" (later called "shop class" in schools), a compiled list of equipment for industrial training classes, a website for beginning machinists, the author's personal tool list, a contributed list to these books, recommended tool brands from an online forum, a woodworking list from a YouTube channel, and a study of small industry in India. [[File:Personal Production Starter Set Path.png|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 5.5-1 - Suggested tool set paths for different types of projects. Figures can be enlarged by clicking the lower right -->.]] &emsp; &emsp;'''List Types''' - There are basic tools that have proved useful in many circumstances, from general home use to industrial production. Others are more specialized for specific tasks. For example, an axe is useful in dealing with trees, but useless for cutting steel reinforcement for concrete. So lists 1 and 2 below are the basic sets for general home use and home improvement/do it yourself projects. This is followed by expansion sets for more advanced and specialized projects. The lists are additive, meaning you should start with the basic ones, then add to them from the later lists as needed. Figure 5.5-1 shows a suggested path from the basic sets to more advanced ones. They are grouped into small indoor, large indoor, outdoor, and construction. The last of these produces more indoor space. Depending on the needs and interests of the personal production community, they can get items from any or all of these lists, and go beyond them. &emsp;Tools and machines can be classified according to size, power level, and cost. The general groups are (1) manual hand tools, (2) portable power tools, (3) stationary equipment, either powered or not, and (4) mobile equipment that is towed or can move itself. Cost and space needed tend to increase with each group. The lists are generally in order from the smaller, less expensive, and most needed first, but some items are needed together to complete a task. An example is drill bits for an electric drill. We try to note when that is the case. &emsp;To go beyond these lists, you will need to know what projects and products you want to make, and the methods and equipment needed for them. Many instructional books and articles have explicit lists of the equipment needed. Others implicitly identify useful tools by discussing their use. Tool and supply catalogs, and the tool sections of general online marketplaces can also be reviewed to identify candidate items. &emsp;'''Choosing Equipment''' - A given tool type, like a claw hammer, can be found in many versions with different quality, weight, intended usage, and cost. So the first thing is to understand what you will be using it for. Is it occasionally hanging pictures, or working full time as a carpenter? Larger and heavier tools can work with heavier materials, but can require more body strength and endurance to use. Smaller and lighter tools can be more precise, and used in tight spaces. So it can be useful to have several versions of a given type. &emsp;Cost is often a factor. You can get started with less expensive but adequate ones, and upgrade later. However very cheap tools may break or wear out quickly, and not be able to handle whatever you are working on. For personal production on a regular basis they should be hobbyist or professional grade rather than lowest grade. Used tools are typically less expensive, and often are perfectly fine for this type of use. Recognizing tool quality is a learned skill, as is knowing what grade you need for a given purpose. You may want to get recommendations from more experienced people, books, articles, instructional videos, online reviews, and discussion forums if you are new to it. &emsp;'''Supplies, Parts, and Materials''' - To complete a project you need more than just equipment like tools and machines. Equipment is not generally used up in a single project. But some supplies, like sandpaper, wear out with use. Others, like paint, end up as part of the finished item. If you are merely tightening something that has come loose, or are assembling a packaged kit that comes with everything needed, you may not need any added parts and materials. But most projects will need materials like lumber, and parts like screws, that end up in the finished item. &emsp;There is such a wide variety of these items that we cannot list them all. Instead we will note categories of supplies, parts, and materials as part of the lists below. Instructional and reference sources have more specific information on what is needed. Published project plans will often include a detailed materials and parts list. When starting a custom project you can develop a list as you plan it. Then you can look at what you already have, and identify what else is needed to complete it. &emsp;Shopping for every small project takes time, and buying in quantity can be less expensive. So it can be helpful to keep some supplies, parts, and materials on hand. These can be leftovers from previous projects, packaged hardware assortments, or accumulated from second-hand sources. We will try to indicate what is helpful to stock as a starting point, but suggest getting other items as needed for particular projects. There are many types of these items, so some way to keep them organized is useful. This can be '''[[w:Organizer_box|Organizer Boxes]]''' with compartments and drawers, empty jars and cans, or sometimes the box they came in. &emsp;In addition to purchased inventory, you can reuse items you already have but don't need, like old furniture, and items from your property like fallen or cut tree branches. Free and cheap outside sources can be found almost anywhere. Particularly good ones include scrap and wrecking yards, leftovers and removals from construction and renovation projects, and business trash. Always ask permission when scavenging from private property. You can also offer to clean up/remove/move items for people. For example, someone may have fallen tree branches which you can get free for the asking, or even get paid for removing them. Discarded or second-hand furniture can be used as work tables or storage, or as a source of lumber. &emsp;'''Making and Improving Your Own Items''' - The basic idea in these books is self-improvement. So if finances are more limited than time, or simply because you enjoy it, you can make or improve your own equipment. This lets you customize them to better fit your needs. For example, a workbench can be fit to your body size, what you are working on, and the available work space. A basic table saw consists of a motor, and an adjustable blade emerging from a cutting surface. But you can add different blades to suit the material, assorted guides for moving what you are cutting, and extension tables for managing larger pieces. To make or upgrade equipment requires already having some to work with, or access to other people's. However making everything from basic materials will take much longer than buying. So project members should consider what to make vs finding/buying already functional items. &emsp;Simple self-made woodworking projects include saw benches and saw horses, a stationary workbench, bench hook, miter box, and wooden mallets. A blacksmith can make many of their own tools, including a forge, chisels, hammers, punches, drifts, and fullers. A skilled one can make tongs, specialized hammers, hardies, flatters, and swages. Combining wood and iron work can produce cutting tools like axes and chisels, planes, drawknives, spokeshaves, claw hammers, and screwdrivers. '''[[w:David_J._Gingery|David Gingery]]''' even wrote a book series on how to build metalworking machines from scrap. At a more advanced level, a well-equipped machine shop can make many of the parts for another machine shop. &emsp;'''Ready-Made Equipment''' - Places to find new tools include home improvement and hardware stores, online marketplaces, industrial suppliers, and direct from the manufacturers. Used tools can be found online on trading sites like '''[[w:EBay|eBbay]]''' or '''[[w:Craigslist|craigslist]]''', or locally in the for-sale sections of social media. Pawn shops, flea markets, estate and garage sales are good sources for used tools. If you join a community of hobbyists or a '''[[w:Hackerspace|Makerspace]]''', you may find people who are upgrading or changed interests and are selling off/giving away items. You can sometimes borrow or rent tools, or use ones at community arts centers. A dedicated space for your own or group projects is less constrained by time and access, and has better control over tool selection and care. &emsp;'''Learning to Use Them''' - There are plenty of sources of information beyond what is in these books. Other books, both paper and digital, are a primary source. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?tab=collection Internet Archive]''' has a vast collection of digitized books. Local libraries either have paper books, can borrow them from other libraries through inter-library loan, or have digital copies you can borrow. You can of course buy new and used books online and in bookstores. Hobbyist magazines and other publications are useful both for project information and specialty equipment sources. &emsp;A community of people doing personal production can teach each other whatever skills they already had or are learning. Formal classes are taught at community centers and trade schools. Informal ones can be found among hobbyist groups, stores that sell the relevant items, and at makerspaces where you can observe and try things. You can find local community projects, hobbyists, or professionals and offer to help or work for them, and learn while doing. Video tutorials and online forums on specific subjects have also become quite helpful in recent years. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">3.0 - Basic Sets</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Before starting to use any kinds of tools and equipment, you should know how to use them safely and properly, and be protected from injury. So have the following items available, and get some safety training if needed: &emsp;'''Reference Material''' - At least one reference book on basic tool use to start with. Add additional books, videos, training classes, etc. as needed. There are many basic books available, but '''[http://everyspec.com/USN/NAVEDTRA/NAVEDTRA_14256_JUN1992_18379/ Tools and Their Uses, US Navy, 1992]''' is public domain and downloadable. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=home+workshop+tools Internet Archive]''' also has several books on home workshops and tools to borrow or download. &emsp;Both paper and e-books can be used where you are working. To protect them from dirt and damage, a thick cardboard backing with rubber bands or spring clips, and a clear plastic bag or sheet as a cover is enough to start. E-books may need more protection for the display, like a wood tray with a hinged clear plastic lid. &emsp;'''Safety Equipment''' - Tools, and the materials being worked on, are usually stronger than body parts. So a variety of safety equipment should be used to protect yourself. These include safety glasses or goggles, ear plugs or headsets for sound, work gloves (cloth, leather, fireproof, and rubber in varying thickness), knee pads, masks or respirators for dust or vapors, shop aprons, hard hats, reinforced shoes and boots, and protective covers or shields around dangerous tool parts. The latter are often built-in or available for the tools. Which of these are needed depends on what you are doing. Loose clothes and hair can get caught up in moving parts, and should be changed or secured. &emsp;Despite using safety equipment, injuries can still happen. So '''[[w:First_aid_kit|first-aid supplies]]''' should be available nearby. Most homes already have some. If a work space is some distance away or you are working away from home, a basic first aid kit should be located in the space or your vehicle. Appropriate fire extinguishers and/or sprinklers should be available for any project with flammable materials. For outdoor work, water buckets and hoses should also be available. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 1 - General Home Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;These items are useful for common household tasks like hanging pictures, assembling furniture, or installing appliances. They are also needed for more advanced projects and maintaining other equipment. They should all fit in a toolbox like the one in figure 5.5-2. [[File:Caisse_à_outils_avec_petit_outillage.JPG|thumb|right|640x375px|Figure 5.5-2 - A cantilever toolbox with trays that slide apart.]] ::'''Tool and Supply Containers''' &emsp;While household tools can be stored in a drawer or closet shelf, it is handy to keep them in a '''[[w:Toolbox|Toolbox]]''' of some kind. This avoids multiple trips when you need to use more than one, and keeps them all together. Almost any kind of container will work, as long as it will hold the majority of them (except the largest like hand saws), and strong enough for the weight. Thick-wall cardboard boxes and plastic tubs are low-cost examples. Handles or hand openings make carrying them easier. Manufactured or self-made toolboxes often have one more more drawers, removable/sliding trays, or smaller containers/dividers for small items (Figure 5.5-2). That makes it easier to organize and find what you need than a random pile. Additional types of tool carriers include large buckets, with optional tool organizers, non-rigid carrying bags and backpacks, and tool belts and aprons for when you want to keep some tools at hand. [[File:Motorists_tool_kit_roll_of_1912.jpg|thumb|right|640x441px|Figure 5.5-3 - A 1912 Mechanic's tool roll.]] &emsp;Most tools are mostly or all metal, and power tools have motors, batteries, or cords. Many tools have accessories, like drill bits or various size sockets. So at some point hand-carrying a toolbox becomes difficult. You can either have multiple smaller toolboxes, or use a larger one with wheels and a handle to make moving it easier. There are manufactured stackable sets with the bottom unit having the wheels and handle, or you can get a separate handcart and strap multiple toolboxes to it. &emsp;Tools can damage each other, especially ones like files designed to cut metal. Smaller containers, especially ones with individual tool holders, within the tool box can protect them. Sharp blades can be covered with a cap or sheath, or wrapped in cloth. A tool roll of heavy cloth or soft leather can keep tools organized and separated from each other (Figure 5.5-3). &emsp;Supply items like nails, screws, and sandpaper get used up in a project. Extra supplies avoids having to shop for them for each project, and it is often cheaper to buy in quantity, or not possible to buy very small amounts. These extra supplies also need storage. Small amounts can be kept in the same container as the tools, either loose in a compartment or in the package they came in. Larger amounts can be stored in a separate container, and then whatever is needed for a given project pulled out as needed. [[File:HeadLamp.JPG|thumb|right|640x376px|Figure 5.5-4 - A battery-powered headlamp.]] ::'''Lighting and Inspection''' &emsp;You need to be able to see what you are working on. If permanent home lighting or daylight is not enough, there are portable options like plug-in lamps and work lights. Work lights can be mounted on stands or clamp onto an available surface. Battery options include flashlights, and headlamps which leave the hands free (Figure 5.5-4). Inspection mirrors are small adjustable ones on a handle to see in hard-to-reach places. Some have telescoping handles and built-in lights. ::'''Measuring and Marking Tools''' &emsp;These are used for marking where to make cuts or shapes, dimensions, or what a part is for later assembly. Typically a cut line is marked, and then an X, squiggle, or shading is used to show the part being cut away. Cuts should be on the removal side of the line rather than directly on it. It is easier to remove material to get the final dimension than put it back once removed. So tool positioning should account for blade width. * '''Pencils & Pens''' - Start with ordinary pencils. sharpener and eraser, and yellow and red marking crayons for dark and light raw wood respectively. Ink pen and colored marker lines are easier to see but harder to erase. The edge of '''[[w:Masking_tape|Masking Tape]]''' can be used to mark locations and be written on, then more easily removed where appearance matters. Office sticky notes and other low-stick items can also be used for this. * '''[[w:Scratch_awl|Scratch Awl]]''' - These make indented lines and points. They make a sharper line than writing tools and the indents help position a chisel or drill in the right place. * '''[[w:Ruler|Rulers]]''' - Steel, preferably stainless to resist rust and heat. One or more straight ones to start, 15-60cm (6-24 in) with fine-scale markings. '''[[w:Tape_measure|Tape measures]]''', one each roll-up steel, 4-10 m (12-30 ft)for straight distances, and a cloth/plastic sewing type for wrapping around objects. * '''[[w:Combination_square|Combination Square]]''' - For measuring and marking perpendicular or at an angle to an edge, and finding the center of an end. One 30cm (12 in) to start with. [[File:Tool-level.jpg|thumb|right|640x228px|Figure 5.5-5 - A torpedo level.]] * '''Levels and Plumbs''' - For finding horizontal and vertical lines. '''[[w:Spirit_level|Spirit levels]]''' have liquid with an air bubble in a curved tube. Start with a torpedo Level (Figure 5.5-5), a small magnetized one suitable for general home use, like leveling appliances. A '''[[w:Plumb_bob|Plumb Bob]]''' is a light string with a substantial weight, sometimes pointed at the bottom. Gravity pulls it vertical. It can be used to transfer positions or align objects vertically. If attached to a marked frame or scale it can help align vertical, horizontal or sloped directions. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;For fastening parts together or take them apart again. Also for striking items to drive them together or apart or change their shape. These are mainly manual (unpowered) tools. * '''[[w:Screwdriver|Screwdrivers]]''' - Screws come in a variety of sizes with different slots, for which a matching driver should be used. Sets with common sizes are available. A basic set should have at least a large flat head, large Phillips, small flat head, small Phillips, and stubby flat head (short shaft). Since a lot of torque (twisting force) is often needed, they should be better than the cheapest grade. :&emsp;When an item doesn't already have screw holes, an '''[[w:Bradawl|Awl]]''' with a very narrow or pointed tip is useful for starting small screws. If nothing else is available, a sharpened nail can be used. Larger wood screws require pre-drilling a hole about the size of the shaft inside the threads to avoid splitting the wood. :&emsp;A small cordless screwdriver that accepts hex shank bits can replace multiple screwdrivers and pre-drill holes. A set of screwdriver and small drill bits with matching shanks should be added if not included. '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand Drills]]''' of various kinds still exist but are mostly obsolete or used where power is not available. * '''[[w:Pliers|Pliers]]''' - For firmly holding items using leverage. A basic set would include either a channel or slip joint type where the space between the jaws can be changed, a lineman’s with heavy-duty jaws, long nose for reaching confined spaces, and a locking type which continues to hold without hand pressure. * '''[[w:Socket_wrench|Socket Wrench Set]]''' - For larger screws and bolts that need more torque. A basic set includes a reversible ratcheting handle and different sizes of matching sockets to fit hexagonal-head fasteners. '''[[w:Hex_key|Hex Keys]]''' (Allen wrenches) are used for hexagonal holes in a screw or bolt. A basic set of different size hex keys is enough to start. * '''[[w:Hammer|Hammers]]''' - For striking with higher force by combined arm and handle speed. A basic set includes a '''[[w:Claw_hammer|Claw Hammer]]''' for driving and removing nails, a '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball-Peen]]''' for striking other metal tools or shaping metal, and a '''[[w:Mallet|Rubber or Rawhide Mallet]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are hitting. These can be anywhere from the 250-1500g (8-38oz) weight range depending on your strength and what you are hitting but a 500g/16oz one is enough to start with. * '''[[w:Staple_gun|Staple Gun]]''' - The manual version uses a hand-compressed spring to drive heavy staples. It can be used for fastening plastic sheet, fabric, and other light materials into soft woods. Hardwoods may require hammering the staples flush, or using sturdier fasteners like upholstery tacks. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' [[File:Tapijtschaar.jpg|thumb|right|400x300px|Figure 5.5-6 - Carpet Shears.]] * '''[[w:Scissors|Scissors/Shears]]''' - These have two blades on a pivot connected to handles. A toolbox version should have stronger blades and higher handle-to-blade length ratio to cut thicker material than household/craft scissors. A suitable heavy duty one is a '''Carpet Shears''' (Figure 5.5-6). The offset handles make it easier to cut on a flat surface. * '''[[w:Utility_knife|Utility Knives]]''' - The kind called a "box cutter" has a retractable razor knife for cutting materials like cardboard. This is enough to start with. A straight edge can guide the blade along a desired line. If you use the knife often enough, it should come with or you can get replacement blades when they wear out. Blades are very low cost and not worth sharpening to a razor edge. An inexpensive '''[[w:Putty_knife|Scraper/Spreader Set]]''' with different width and shape blades is useful for general cleaning, prying, and spreading. Thicker blades are better for scraping, while thinner flexible blades are better for spreading. A '''Razor Scraper''' holds a single-edged razor blade crosswise, and is used at a low angle on hard surfaces like glass. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Pocketknife|Folding Pocket Knife]]''' has one or more blades which pivot into the handle. A '''[[w:Multi-tool|Multi-tool]]''' includes other items besides edged blades. In all cases the movable blades make it safer and easier to carry when not being used. Traditional fixed-blade utility knives have their uses, especially outdoors or working with wood, but need a sheath when not being used for safety and to avoid damage to the edge. They should be single-edged so you can push on the back of the blade for extra force. * '''[[w:Diagonal_pliers|Diagonal Pliers]]''' - are made of hardened steel and used to cut wires and similar long, narrow materials. They are typically built into lineman's pliers along with the gripping jaws. but adding a smaller one for tighter spaces or cut more closely to a surface is useful. * '''[[w:Snips|Metal Snips]]''' function like scissors, but have much thicker blades and more leverage, often with compound action. This allows cutting sheet metal and similar hard materials. A starter set only needs the straight-cutting type, but left and right curve cutting versions can cut more complex shapes without multiple straight cuts. * '''[[w:Hacksaw|Hacksaws]]''' hold a narrow, fine tooth blade under tension in a frame. One standard 30 cm(12 inch) saw with a few blades of different tooth fineness is sufficient for a starter set. They are used to cut metal, plastic, and wood where a narrow cut or thin walls requires a thin blade with small teeth. Junior and mini saws use shorter blades and can be used in smaller spaces. * '''[[w:Hand_saw|Wood Hand Saws]]''' - These are for general cutting of wood to size. One short enough to fit in a toolbox to start with. Longer carpenter's saws can use the full stroke length of arm and body. They need a longer toolbox or are stored separately with something to protect the cutting teeth. The basic types are '''[[w:Crosscut_saw|Crosscut]]''' with teeth to cut across the wood fibers (grain), and the '''[[w:Ripsaw|Ripsaw]]''' with teeth to cut lengthwise along the fibers. There are many other types of '''[[w:Saw|Saws]]''', but a smaller toolbox one and the two carpenter types for larger pieces of wood are enough for basic home projects. * '''[[w:File_(tool)|Files]]''' and '''[[w:Rasp|Rasps]]''' are used to remove small amounts of material by abrasion. Files have teeth the width of the tool, while rasps have smaller individual teeth. They are usually made of hardened high-carbon steel so they can cut other metals. They are fairly inexpensive, so a packaged set of six or more different sizes, shapes, and tooth fineness is enough to start. This should include at least the bastard, double cut, round, and triangular types. '''[[w:File_(tool)#Needle_files|Needle Files]]''' are very small ones for confined spaces or fine work. :&emsp;File sets should have some handles, and a holder or wrap to keep them from damaging each other and other tools. A stiff toothbruch, detail brush or "file card" (a brush with fine metal wires) can be used to remove accumulated particles. * '''[[w:Sandpaper|Sandpaper]]''' - is used to smooth surfaces, round sharp corners and similar finishing tasks. An assortment pack with different grain sizes is enough to get started. Grain is either particles per inch where fine grains have higher numbers, or direct size in microns. Sandpaper wears out and becomes clogged with particles, but is inexpensive to replace. A stiff brush like a toothbrush can clean out excess particles. There are types intended to be used wet or dry, and different grain materials. :&emsp;The paper or other backing is flexible and can be cut from the back or folded and torn to whatever size is needed. Cutting from the grit side will damage blades. It can be wrapped or taped to scrap wood or any other object to conform to the surface being sanded. '''[[w:Sanding_block|Sanding Blocks]]''' are also made for this purpose. Fingernail files and hobby sanding sticks are useful for small spaces. ::'''Tool Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;Tools and work areas need some care, maintenance, repair, or cleaning. Care can be divided into avoidable problems and unavoidable wear. Water and high humidity causes steel and other metals to rust or corrode and wood to decay. Dry storage and work areas, and quickly removing water after use helps avoid these problems. A wiped on coating of oil, or storing in oiled paper or cloth, can help keep water away from metal. Wood finishes or chemically treated lumber can prevent rot. Freshly cut logs and branches have a high water content, so they should be '''[[w:Wood_drying|Dried]]''' before most uses. This is called "seasoning" because drying time in air is measured in seasons. Paints and other durable coatings, and waterproof containers can protect both wood and metal items. &emsp;'''Sharpening''' - Using tools will eventually wear down sharp edges and moving parts. Casual use of a wood or metal saw may take years to wear down the cutting teeth, but if used regularly they require '''[[w:Sharpening|Sharpening]]''' or replacement. Hacksaw and razor blades are inexpensive and replaceable. More expensive cutting tools can be sharpened with files, sandpaper fastened to a flat surface like glass, and '''[[w:Sharpening_stone|Sharpening Stones]]''', and '''[[w:Razor_strop|Stropping]]''' with abrasive compounds. These are used in series with progressively finer teeth and grains until the necessary sharpness is reached. This varies by tool and its use. A fine tooth file from those listed above and a two-sided sharpening stone with coarse/fine grain is enough to start with. &emsp;'''Repair''' - Other tool parts may need replacement if they become too worn or break. The assembly tools listed above are used to take tools apart, replace the part, and put them back together. Any kind of flat tray or small container can be used to hold loose parts while disassembled, so they don't get lost or forgotten. If there are many parts, a multi-compartment item like an egg carton, ice tray, or muffin pan can organize them in the order they were disassembled so it can be reversed during re-assembly. &emsp;General maintenance and cleaning items don't need to be carried in a tool box, but brought out as needed. They include: * '''Lubricants and Tapes''' - One saying is "'''[[w:WD-40|WD-40]]''' for anything that moves but isn't and '''[[w:Duct_tape|Duct Tape]]''' for anything that moves but shouldn't". Lubricants and tape have many uses, so some of each should be available. One can of penetrating spray lubricant, and a roll each of strong cloth (duct) and regular masking tapes are enough to start. Other kinds of '''[[w:Lubricant|Lubricants]]''' and '''[[w:List_of_adhesive_tapes|Tapes]]''' can be added as needed. :&emsp;Tools and machines with moving parts often need oiling at specific points and not others. Some oil containers come with a small nozzle, but a small brush or cotton swab can be used in harder to reach spots. Dedicated '''[[w:Oil_can|Oil Cans]]''' (oilers) that work by gravity or pressure are available for frequent or large-scale use. * '''Brushes and Vacuums''' - Old toothbrushes and wire brushes can be used to clean up blade teeth, fastener threads and other small spaces. Soft hand brushes. a broom, dust pan, and trash cans are for collecting sawdust, metal shavings, etc. Hand and shop vacuums can clean up inaccessible or large areas. Cotton swabs and small craft brushes can be used to clean or apply finishes to small areas. * '''Cleaning Supplies''' - Old clothes or towels can be cut up, or cleaning rags purchased, for removing dirt, oil, grease, etc. Paper towels can be used but they wear out quickly. General household brushes, sponges, buckets and mops, water and household cleaners are used as needed to clean work areas. Most people have these already. If needed, cut-open plastic shopping or trash bags, and newspaper/advertising fliers can be used to protect surfaces. * '''Twine and Rope''' - Have multiple uses for bundling, temporary clamping, and securing loads being moved. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 2 - Home Improvement/Do-It-Yourself Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;The general-purpose tools and equipment listed here, when added to List 1, enable a range of more substantial home improvement, craft, and repair projects. You can start adding them as-needed for specific projects. Finding them used in bulk, such as auctions, moving, and estate sales, may save money. Any duplicate or unneeded items can be sold off or traded for ones you need. As noted above, you don't need everything from these two basic lists to start on projects. But the more items you have, the wider the range of projects you can do. ::'''Office & Media Equipment''' &emsp;These are used as=needed before starting a project to plan, design, research, and shop. They should be located away from work areas to avoid damage from tools, dirt, and dust: [[File:Drafting_board_with_T_Square.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-7 - Drawing board with T-square and other tools.]] &emsp;Hand drawing has been substantially replaced by computers and software, especially for professionals, but it is much lower cost to get started. Even with computers, it is still useful for sketching ideas, or making notes and alterations to existing plans. Printed plans, however created, are still useful in the workshop, as they can be larger than screens, and if full size can be used directly as templates. * '''[[w:Drawing_board|Drawing Board]]''' - This is a surface to make drawings and plans of custom projects, customizing existing ones, or scaling templates to full size. An existing table or counter with a smooth top can be used to start, but any piece of smooth-surfaced rigid material can be used instead to avoid pen and tape marks. Portable boards (Figure 5.5-7) can be moved where needed and put away between uses. Tape or push-pins are used to hold drawing sheets in place. Translucent '''[[w:Drafting_film|Drafting Film]]''' (vellum) can be laid over other drawings and illustrations as guides. '''[[w:Graph_paper|Graph Paper]]''' has a pre-printed grid, making scaled sketches easier. *'''[[w:Technical_drawing_tool|Drawing Tools]]''' are used to draw accurate lines and curves. These include the T-square, 45 and 60 degree triangles; engineer's, metric, and architects scales; lettering, circle, and irregular curve templates; protractor, low-stick drafting dots, masking tape; erasers, eraser shield, and dusting brush; bow compass and dividers; and mechanical pencils of various lead diameters. * '''Computer and Peripherals''' - If you don't already have one, a computer is useful for communication, inventory, purchasing, task management, and design software. A multifunction printer can be used to print out online or e-book plans, or enlarge templates to full size. The scanning function can do the reverse. Large plans and templates can be sent to a commercial print shop. A webcam can provide live video conversations. A smartphone can use its cameras to also do this function. A '''Digital projector''' can be used to transfer designs to physical items or templates. ::'''Storage and Workshop Space''' [[File:Paris_-_Carpenter_workshop_-_4944.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-8 - A professional woodworking shop with storage and workbenches.]] &emsp;As tools accumulate, it gets harder to fit them in a closet and move them around even with a wheeled toolbox. So dedicated storage becomes useful. Storage may be in a garage, utility room, or outbuilding. A storage area can also hold parts and materials for future projects. Tools and materials can be quite heavy, so the storage should be sturdy. Shelving and cabinets, either wall-mounted or freestanding, are typically used for smaller items. Longer or larger items can be leaned against or hung from a wall. &emsp;Drawers can help keep items accessible but out of the way when not being used. For tools and accessories, some portable tool boxes, and the larger wheeled or stationary '''Tool Chests''' come in all sizes and number of drawers. Parts organizers, small containers, or open bins can be used for bulk items like nails and screws. Empty cardboard boxes are often free from stores if you ask, and come in all sizes. Sturdy ones are preferred. Labels on everything help finding the right items once many have accumulated. A pack of blank address labels and a bold marker can serve for this. &emsp;When you add dedicated work space to storage, it becomes a '''[[w:Workshop|Workshop]]''' (Figure 5.5-8). These come in all sizes from a craft area in the corner of a room, to garage and basement space, to freestanding buildings that can be as large as needed. If you move to an existing or new home, it may already have space for a workshop, or an existing shop in place. &emsp;Since the tools in these lists enable making and building things, workshops can be largely self-made. The shelves, work tables, chairs, cabinets and other items that support working in them are collectively called '''Shop Furniture'''. Setting up storage and workshop space can be a very big project, so it is typically divided into smaller steps, with the completed parts helping finish the rest. &emsp;How much workshop space is needed is determined by the size of the projects being made, and the shop furniture, assembly areas, tools, stationary machines, parts, and materials being stored and used. Workshops can be used by one person or many, so there should be enough space to not interfere with each other. Enough additional space is needed to move around and for large items to overhang and move through machines. For some projects, outdoor space can be used temporarily to extend the working area. &emsp;Shops should not be overcrowded and items piled haphazardly. That is both unsafe and hard to use. So enough space for proper storage and future growth should be planned for. Workshops also need adequate lighting, either natural or artificial, and enough electric power if if such tools are used. This may require upgrades to existing systems. Access to water, such as a utility sink, and ventilation if fumes or dust are generated are helpful. The floor must be able to support the total weight of everything in the shop, which can be quite large. Temperature and humidity should be controlled enough to prevent rust, wood rot, and be comfortable to work in. Access doors should be large enough to move materials and finished items through. &emsp;If you are doing longer-term projects, specialized '''Work Clothing''' is helpful. Tool and nail aprons and belts allow keeping the most used tools with you. Denim, leather, or other heavy materials are durable and can provide protection. Some versions have extra pockets, loops, and holders for items. ::'''Work Surfaces and Clamps''' * '''Portable''' - While some work can be done on the floor, supports bring the work to a comfortable height, and for longer items keep them from sagging or tilting while being worked on. Two '''[[w:Sawhorse|Sawhorses]]''', with optional boards and/or sheet goods laid on top are simple and flexible, and are a starting point if you have nothing else. They can be bought, but basic ones are easy to make and cheaper. '''[[w:Black_%26_Decker_Workmate|Folding Portable Workbenches]]''' can have built-in vises, stops, and tool-holders. If they are very light they can move while working. Some have steps to use body weight to stabilize them. They can also be weighted with anything heavy to keep them steady. [[File:Clamps.jpg|thumb|right|596x480px|Figure 5.5-9 - Assorted clamps: pipe, bar, trigger, handscrew, spring, C-clamp, and cam types.]] * '''[[w:Clamp_(tool)|Clamps]]''' - Clamps in general are used to hold one or more items together or to the work surface to keep them from moving. They can be much stronger than muscles and leave the hands free for working. A single clamp can allow items to rotate, so at least two medium-size ones are needed to start with. Additional clamps of various types and sizes are desirable (Figure 5.5-9). There are specialized clamps that use '''[[w:Band_clamp|Straps]]''' or for '''[[w:Mitre_clamp|Holding Corners]]''' that can be added later as needed, and temporary ones can be made from rope and sticks, with wedges driven under the rope to apply pressure. * '''[[w:Workbench|Workbenches]]''' - These are either stationary, or if wheeled generally stay within a workshop area. Their weight and rigidity keeps items from moving or vibrating from tool forces. They typically have built-in '''[[w:Vise|Vises]]''' and clamps, or are designed so temporary ones can fix the work to the bench. Vises generally have larger faces to apply pressure and are stationary, while clamps are typically movable. The intermediate clamp vise can be temporarily clamped where needed. The '''[[w:Vise#Engineer's|Bench]]''' (Figure 5.5-18) and '''[[w:Woodworking_vise|Woodworking Vices]]''' are the most common types. The latter have wood vise faces to avoid damage to items. :&emsp;There are a number of specialized tools and accessories to hold items to workbenches. Some have '''[[w:Bench_dog|Bench Dogs or Pegs]]''' or '''[[w:Holdfast_(tool)|Holdfasts]]''' that can be inserted into holes to position or secure items. Shaped inserts can better hold round or other items that don't match the jaw shape. For some projects, custom holding jigs need to be self-made. For any kind of vise or clamp, softer materials like wood, leather, or rubber can be inserted between the jaws to prevent damage to the work. :&emsp;Many workbenches have storage shelves, hooks, or drawers below the bench top. Wall-mounted benches often have additional shelves or cabinets above the bench for storage. Free-standing benches (not against a wall) allow access from all sides and working on overhanging items. If large items will be worked on, temporary supports or other shop tables can be used to support the excess. Depending on use, bench top height can be for working standing up or sitting, or a taller chair or stool used to sit at a standing bench. Some benches have built-in electrical outlets for power tools. Otherwise corded tools or battery chargers can be plugged in elsewhere. ::'''Ladders and Platforms''' &emsp;Some projects involve reaching/working above floor or ground level, and occasionally down a hole. * '''[[w:Ladder|Stepladders]]''' have steps or rungs to climb and stand on. They come in a wide variety of sizes, and are either free-standing or leaned against something. A two-step version may be enough to reach ceiling lights and high shelves indoors, but a 2 meter (6 foot) one with four legs is more stable and provides places to set or hang tools and materials while working. Some versions have a small fold-out shelf for this purpose. This size is sufficient to start with. For outdoor use extension or folding ladders can be adjusted to the task at hand. If you expect to reach a roof or tree limb, the length can be chosen based on that height. :&emsp;Modern ladders are rated for weight. Select one rated for at least your body weight plus the heaviest item you expect to lift up it. '''A falling ladder or falling off one can cause serious injury'''. Move the ladder rather than leaning or lifting heavy items beyond the legs. If the ground is not level or firm use boards or blocks to fix that. Secure the ladder if needed to what you are climbing up, or braced to the ground with diagonal poles or staked ropes. Secure yourself to the ladder or what you are climbing with hooks and ropes/straps/safety belt to prevent falls. *'''Work Platforms''' provide more horizontal surface to stand on or place things than ladders. They are useful when horizontal movement is needed while working. One or two sturdy boards placed across two ladders, or one ladder and building steps are simple versions. Since loose boards can shift, they should be clamped or have angles or blocks attached to prevent sliding off. ::'''Moving and Lifting''' &emsp;Moving heavy objects or large amounts of supplies happens often on larger projects. Moving or lifting items over 20 kg (40 lb) or carrying multiple smaller or lighter items is difficult by hand, and benefits from various transport and lift devices. Some bags and boxes saved from previous shopping or discarded by stores may be enough to start with. Horizontal movement benefits greatly from wheels. Depending on the task, a '''[[w:Hand_truck|Hand Truck]]''', '''[[w:Flatbed_trolley|Flatbed Trolley]]''' (moving dolly) or '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' can be used. '''[[w:Tub_(container)|Tubs]]''', '''[[w:Bucket|Buckets]]''' and assorted small containers are useful for storing and moving items like fasteners, bulk materials, liquids, and groups of tools. Workshop machines and carts can come with wheels or have them added. This allows moving them out of the way when not being used, or to where needed while working. &emsp;For moving large amounts of material or larger single items, motorized vehicles of many types and sizes exist. The most common are passenger cars, pickup trucks, and enclosed vans. Trailers can be attached to many of these vehicles. Flat or open bed loads can be protected and secured by tarps, nets, elastic or chain hooks, and ratcheted straps. Blocks, wedges, and bars can prevent loads from shifting. Securing loads is important for balancing trailers whose deck extends beyond the wheel base. '''[[w:Intermodal_container|Shipping containers]]''' can carry large amounts of goods and serve as temporary storage or even a small workshop. &emsp;'''[[w:Pulley|Pulleys]]''' are used for lifting, dragging, or changing the direction of a force. A single rope and body weight is enough for smaller loads. Sets of pulleys can be combined for added leverage. Inclined boards set on a step or block and fabricated ramps can help withe height changes. The ledge at the bottom of a hand truck and many other objects can be used as '''[[w:Lever|Levers]]''' to lift objects enough to place supports under them or get them onto wheels. '''[[w:Back_belt|Back Supports]]''' may help avoid injury when lifting heavy items with body strength, but proper technique is more important. &emsp;'''[[w:Winch|Winches]]''' multiply leverage with cranks and gears. There are both hand and powered versions. Temporary hoists can use 1-3 poles with anchor ropes as needed. They can support pulleys, hooks and other lifting gear high enough for a given task. These are the '''[[w:Gin_pole|Gin Pole]]''', '''[[w:Shear_legs|Shear Legs]]''', and '''[[w:Tripod|Tripod]]'''. Commercial lifts and cranes can be rented for occasional use, or are supplied while delivering large loads. &emsp;'''[[w:Jack_(device)|Jacks]]''' - are devices to lift heavy weights or apply bending forces, generally more than simple levers. There are may types using ratchets, screws, air pressure, or hydraulics. The type included with most passenger cars for changing tires is enough to start, but a bottle jack of 10-20 tons capacity is a useful addition. Always make sure the jack is firmly supported. On bare ground it is likely to push itself into the ground rather than lifting a heavy object. Boards, timbers, or concrete blocks can spread the load. Also place timbers or other supports as the item is lifted, in case the jack slips or the load shifts sideways. ::'''Measuring and Marking''' * '''Size Measures''' - The ruler-type '''[[w:Calipers|Caliper]]''' has a sliding jaw attached to a ruler, with a vernier scale for accuracy. The inside and outside spring types can take and transfer measurements. These three 6-12" (15-30cm) in size to start with. Dial and digital calipers can make more accurate measurements, but not as accurate as a micrometer. * '''Weight and Volume Measures''' - For measuring bulk items and liquids. These can be conventional kitchen and bathroom scales, measuring spoons and measuring cups. Empty clear/translucent containers can be filled with measured volumes and marked for shop use. This is useful for materials that will stain or are toxic that you don't want to contaminate your measuring set. &emsp;'''Note:''' Some of the angle, curve, and spline tools that follow overlap the drawing tools in the office section above. If you already have those, you may not need more to start with. Larger versions are useful for measuring and marking larger physical projects as opposed to scale drawings. The need for them depends on what projects you are doing. * '''Angle Measures''' - There are various devices for setting right angles (90 degrees or perpendicular). The '''[[w:Try_square|Try Square]]''' is 20-50 cm (8-20 inches) is for smaller accurate work. The '''[[w:Steel_square|Steel Square]]''' is a larger one-piece device with engraved scales. Angled and sloped cuts are either described by the two scales, like "6:12", or calculated from the angle tangent. For cutting sheet goods there are squares the full width of a standard sheet. Sheet goods are generally manufactured with right angles, so an alternate method is measuring the lengths on opposite sides from the corners, and connecting them with a straight edge. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Speed_square|Speed Square]]''' is a triangular '''[[w:Set_square|Set Square]]''' with a built in fence. This can be pressed against a board edge to mark a cut, or clamped to it to guide a circular saw. A '''[[w:Protractor|Protractor]]''' has an angle scale, and the bevel type has a pivoting arm to mark angles. A '''[[w:Sliding_T_bevel|Sliding T Bevel]]''' can set and transfer angles when you want them to match. One try or steel square is enough to get started, depending on the size of the projects. * '''Curve Marking''' - A '''[[w:Compass_(drawing_tool)|Compass]]''' has two sharp points, or one point and pencil/pen for marking arcs and circles. The distance between the points is set against a ruler to the radius desired. The regular and beam/trammel types will mark small and large radii and are enough to start with. Very large curves can be set by hooking the end of a tape measure to a small nail at the center point, and securing the sharp point, pencil, or pen to the tape with a small '''[[w:Binder_clip|Binder Clip]]''' * '''[[w:Flat_spline|Flat Splines]]''' and '''[[w:French_curve|French Curves]]''' can be used for non-circular curves. Lines on curved surfaces like cylinders can be set by marking two or more measured points, then wrapping folded paper or other bendable but not stretchy material between them to mark a line. [[File:Vpass-1.JPG|thumb|right|640x284px|Figure 5.5-9 - Carpenter's Level.]] * '''Carpenter's Level''' - 60-120 cm (2-4 foot) (Figure 5.5-9). A longer version of the torpedo level from list 1. This can span more distance and be more accurate, but is harder to use in small spaces. For longer distances a level can be set on or against a straight piece of finished lumber with parallel sides or any similar object. Once a horizontal or vertical line is determined, slopes can be set by measuring perpendicular to one end. ::'''Additional Hand Tools''' * '''Screw- and Nut Drivers''' - The basic screwdriver set can be extended to cover most projects with about 30 pieces from a large standard plus a precision assortment sets. Nut drivers have axial handles like screwdrivers, but with tips that fit different size nuts and bolt heads. Their use overlaps socket wrenches with extension bars. * '''Hand Saws''' - '''[[w:Compass_saw|Compass]]''' and '''[[w:Keyhole_saw|Keyhole Saws]]''' have narrow blades for making curved cuts. They differ in size and tooth fineness. Interior cuts can be extended from a small starter hole made with a drill or chisel. A '''[[w:Coping_saw|Coping Saw]]''' has a very narrow blade with small teeth, and a frame to keep it straight under tension. The small teeth are good for thin material. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow or Frame Saw]]''' is a larger version. Interior cuts can be made by unhooking the blade, putting it through a starter hole, and re-attaching it. The blade can be rotated as needed for the cutting direction. A '''[[w:Bench_hook|Bench Hook]]''' is a simple accessory, usually self-made, to keep an item steady while cutting, and slightly raised so you don't damage a work table. Hook a pair of them over the edge of the table and press what you are cutting against the upper blocks. :&emsp;Hand '''[[w:Backsaw|Backsaws]]''' have a reinforcing strip to keep the blade straight and can be used with a '''[[w:Mitre_box|Miter Box]]''' to guide it. They are used for cutting to length and accurate crosscut angles. They come in various sizes and tooth fineness from the larger miter saw, to tenon, dovetail, and razor. Ones with offset handles are used to cut pegs and other protrusions flush. Hand saws require periodic sharpening with use. Specialty clamps, file jigs (to even tooth height), and '''[[w:Saw_set|Saw Sets]]''' (to set kerf width) are available, but can be made/use other tools. The actual sharpening uses files and sharpening stones. * '''Hammers''' - Add other sizes of hammers with metal heads to those in list 1, either smaller and lighter for fine work, or heavier up to two-handed '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]'''. One or more hardwood mallets or '''[[w:Dead_blow_hammer|Dead Blow Hammer]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are striking, with less rebound than the rubber mallet. These often have soft striking faces with sand or metal shot filling the head, which absorbs the rebound forces. The light '''[[w:Upholstery_hammer|Tack Hammer]]''' has one magnetized head to start small tacks and nails, such as for upholstery. The unmagnetized head then finishes driving them in. * '''Hooks and Picks''' - These are small tools with various shaped tips for fine work. They are similar to dental '''[[w:Periodontal_probe|Probes]]''' and '''[[w:Dental_explorer|Explorers]]'''. A basic set with several types to start with. * '''[[w:Burr_(edge)|Deburring Tools]]''' - For removing rough edges left by cutting tools. Files can also do this task, but a specialty tool set is sometimes more efficient on softer materials and longer edges. * '''Pry and Demolition Bars''' - These use leverage to remove nails, pry items apart, or start to lift heavy items. They can use hands or hammers to insert. They come in various sizes and shapes like the '''[[w:Cat's_paw_(tool)|Cat's Paw]]''', '''[[w:Crowbar|Crowbar]]''', and flat pry bars. Claw hammers have a built-in prying tool, but additional ones are useful. [[File:Quick_Change_Tool_System,_2parts.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 5.5-10 - Punch and matching die.]] * '''Chisels and Punches''' - '''[[w:Chisel#Cold_chisel|Cold Chisels]]''' are used to indent or cut thinner metal, and score, chip, or split masonry. '''[[w:Punch_(tool)|Punches]]''' are used to indent or pierce leather, wood, or metal. Hollow punches can make well-defined holes in thicker material. Matching '''Die Blocks''' support the other side so the surrounding area is not deformed (Figure 5.5-10). :&emsp;A '''[[w:Punch_(tool)#Center|Center Punch]]''' is used to mark where a drill will cut and keep it from wandering. A '''[[w:Nailset|Nailset]]''' is a punch with a small head, for driving a nail flush or slightly below without damaging the surrounding material. '''[[w:Drift_pin|Drift Pins]]''' are either straight or tapered. They are used to either transfer hammer impacts to hard-to-reach places or align holes before assembly. Start with a punch and chisel set of assorted types and sizes plus one medium '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Wood Chisel]]''' for minor trimming and cutting of wood and other softer materials. * '''Wrenches''' - Add to the basic socket set in List 1 a larger set with multiple handle sizes and a larger range of sockets. Sizes up to 1 1/2" SAE and 38mm metric will cover all but the largest projects. Using two handles with a nut and bolt allows more tightening force. :&emsp;Open or close-ended single piece '''[[w:Wrench|Wrenches]]''' can apply higher forces that would damage a ratchet type handle. Their drawback is having to remove and reposition for each turn in tight spaces. A combination wrench has one open and one closed end. Using the ratchet handle first, then this type for final tightening minimizes the work. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adjustable_spanner|Adjustable Wrenches]]''' have a cylinder to change the jaw opening. Four sizes from 6-12" (15-30cm) should cover most needs '''[[w:Pipe_wrench|Pipe Wrenches]]''' have parallel serrated jaws to better grip large nuts and heavy pipe. These come in a wide range of sizes, but a medium one is enough to start. A '''[[w:Hex_key#Variants|Ball-End Hex Key]]''' can be used at an angle to the screw in hard to reach places. Sizes from 0.05-0.5" and 1.27-10mm in addition to the plain set from list 1 should cover most needs. * '''Pliers ''' - As needed, add '''[[w:Pincers_(tool)|Pincers]]''' and nippers, to grab or cut across the handle rather than along it. They are useful for pulling items like nails, or cutting protruding items flush. To a single locking pliers in the basic set you can add additional sizes and jaw shapes. Other types of pliers can be added in different sizes and lengths. Also add pliers to install and remove '''[[w:Retaining_ring|Retaining Rings]]'''. The rings have different styles and sizes, so you may need a set, or one with replaceable tips. * '''[[w:Bolt_cutter|Bolt Cutter]]''' - For cutting thicker rods or bars than pliers using compound leverage. For even thicker items use a metal hacksaw, angle grinder, or reciprocating saw. * '''Shop Magnets''' - Extension and sweep, for retrieving dropped items and metal cuttings. A strong shop magnet can be used to locate nails and screws in a wall by feel, and so also where the framing is located. A '''[[w:Stud_finder|Stud Finder]]''' is a more advanced device for finding wall posts (studs). ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;There are many types and sizes of '''[[w:Power_tool|Power Tools]]'''. The portable ones are meant to be moved to the work and used with one or two hands, while stationary ones are larger and have the work brought to them. Most use electric power either from a battery or cord. Batteries allow moving anywhere without worrying about cord length and handling, but they eventually need recharging. Battery packs and chargers add to the cost. Corded tools generally allow higher power levels and longer running time. Most power tools come in a range of quality and power level, measured by Amps or Watts. Which to use depends on the projects you are doing. &emsp;'''[[w:Extension_cord|Extension Cords]]''' allow working farther from a power outlet. Cords should be rated for the highest power tool you expect to use, and for outdoor use if you expect to use them that way. If you are moving around or climbing up, tie an '''[[w:Overhand_knot|Overhand Knot]]''' with the ends of the tool and extension cords before plugging together. This prevents them from pulling apart. * '''[[w:Drill|Electric Drill]] and Accessories''' - One corded drill around 6 Amp power and a standard wood drill '''[[w:Drill_bit|Drill Bit Set]]''' up to the drill chuck size is enough to get started. If you expect to work with metal, there are bits made of stronger materials with a different cutting angle. A '''Drill Gauge''' can help identify the size of a bit. The '''Hammer''' type drill can apply forward impacts to better go through hard materials. Many drills have side handle and depth gauge attachments to for better control. Specialty '''Right Angle Drills''' have the chuck mounted sideways to the grip rather than axially, which allows drilling in smaller spaces. :&emsp;There are many accessories that can fit in a drill chuck. '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Driver Bits]]''' can be used in place of screwdrivers and socket wrenches. They are faster but with less control. A driver assortment set is enough to start. Others include sanding, wire, and buffing wheels, countersink, counterbore/spade, expansion, and auger bits for wood, and abrasive stones for metal. For large holes a stationary drill press (see List 8) handles the higher torque better, or use a smaller starter hole then a saw to enlarge it. Various kinds of '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand-Powered Drills]]''' still exist, but are mostly used where power is not available, to start a hole, for small spaces, or countersinking. * '''[[w:Circular_saw|Circular Saw]]''' - A hand-held corded type with 7.25 inch (18.5 cm) blade diameter with carbide teeth is the most common to start with. Other size saws and blade types as needed. Cordless (battery powered) types typically use smaller blades. All types rotate the blade at high speed. So what you are cutting should be secured to prevent movement, and a firm grip on the tool with both hands. For accurate cuts, a straight object is clamped to the work, offset by the blade distance from the guide plate edge. * '''[[w:Reciprocating_saw|Reciprocating Saw]]''' with assorted blades - This moves the blade forward and back rather than rotating. Longer blades allow cutting thicker items than a circular saw. Since only the blade is in the cutting area, they can work in tighter spaces than a circular saw. A variety of blades are available for different materials, and in different lengths and stiffness. They are generally less accurate than circular saws, but clamping something to the work to hold the tool against can improve accuracy. * '''[[w:Jigsaw_(tool)|Jigsaw]]''' with assorted blades - This is a type of reciprocating saw where the blade goes vertically through a guide plate. They are most useful making straight or curved cuts in boards or sheet goods * '''[[w:Angle_grinder|Angle Grinder]]''' and '''[[w:Dremel|Rotary Tool]]''' - These use high speed bits for tasks like cutting, grinding, and sanding. They differ in the direction of rotation and size. Angle grinders rotate at a right angle to the tool body, and are generally larger and more powerful. Rotary tools, such as the Dremel brand, rotate in line with the body, similar to electric drills. Compared to electric drills they spin at much higher speeds but with lower torque at the same power. One of either type is enough to get started. * '''[[w:Heat_gun|Heat Gun]]''' - These produce much higher temperatures than hair dryers and should never be used for that purpose. Uses include paint stripping, shrink wrapping, softening plastic for bending, and general heating and melting. Higher temperatures require an oven or furnace, but heat guns are portable and can cover larger areas. ::'''Stationary Equipment</u>''' &emsp;These items should either be fastened in place to use properly, or are too heavy or unwieldy to hand carry while operating. Stationary equipment generally includes both powered and unpowered tools, but the three here are all powered. * '''[[w:Miter_saw|Power Miter Saw]]''' - These perform the same function as a hand backsaw and miter box but are much faster using a powered circular saw blade. Basic versions have a horizontal angle gauge and fence. More advanced ones have blade tilt and slide features, clamps for the material, and projected lines for the cut. A bench, sawhorses, or rollers keep longer and heavier lumber straight and balanced while cutting, and the saw generally has holes for bolting in place. * '''[[w:Bench_grinder|Bench Grinder]]''' - This uses high speed abrasive, wire, or buffing wheels to sharpen, remove material, clean, and polish. They throw cuttings at high speed and can generate sparks, so gloves and face protection should be used. On metal the heat generated can affect the '''[[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Temper]]''' and burn hands, so dipping in water periodically can cool the item. :&emsp;'''Wet Grinders''' turn more slowly and apply water to the wheel to avoid overheating. They are typically used for blade sharpening. A '''[[w:Sharpening_jig|Sharpening Jig]]''' holds the tool at the right angle to the abrasive. A 6-8 inch (15-20 cm) bench grinder with abrasive wheels is enough to start with. Bench grinders can be fastened to a workbench, or to a stand if larger items need to be worked on. * '''[[w:Air_compressor|Air Compressor]]''' - This is useful for inflating tires and other items, and also for air tools like nail guns and paint sprayers. A small one light enough to move where needed plus an air hose and attachments kit is enough to start with. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Beyond basic supplies already noted, these can mostly be accumulated as needed for current and future projects. We suggest starting with some nail, screw, and bolt/nut/washer assortment sets with different sizes. This avoids making a shopping trip for minor home projects. ::'''Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;'''Building Maintenance''' - Homes and other structures require maintenance to stay functional. Many of the tools and equipment listed above can be used for repair and replacement, in addition to building new items. Some tools are only used to diagnose and fix problems, but not to build new items. These include: * '''[[w:Test_light|Test Lights]]''' - are used to check if an electrical outlet or other device has a voltage (power). They are mostly used for safety, to make sure power is off before doing work, and to see if a non-working device is broken vs. an electrical supply problem. * '''[[w:Plunger|Rubber Plunger]]''' and '''[[w:Plumber's_snake|Snake]]''' - for clearing blockages in household pipes. &emsp;'''Vehicle Maintenance''' - After their homes, the next most important items for many people are their vehicles. This includes passenger cars, light trucks, motorcycles, bi- and tricycles (manual and electric), utility trailers, golf carts, riding mowers, and all-terrain vehicles. Some of the tools above, such as socket wrenches, can be used for maintenance, but a number of more specialized ones are used with vehicles. These include: * '''Tire gauge''' * '''Accessory Tire Inflater''' - A small compressor, often using a 12 Volt car accessory socket. It is mainly intended for vehicle and trailer tires, but can also be used for wheelbarrow, mower, and other small tires. * '''Battery Charger''' * '''Engine Oil, Grease Gun and other lubricants''' * '''Engine Coolant''' * '''Vehicle Cleaning Supplies''' &emsp;'''General Maintenance''' - When damaged, stripped, or frozen fasteners need to be removed, there are several ways to deal with it. Dirt and rust can be removed with brushes and rags, or specialty rust remover fluids. Penetrating spray lubricants and strong wrenches may then be enough to remove them. Many kinds of '''[[w:Screw_extractor|Extractors]]''' are made for removing broken or frozen screws, nuts, and bolts. If the hole is too damaged to reuse, it can be re-threaded with taps and dies, an insert or filler material used to patch it, or a new hole drilled nearby. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">4.0 - New Workshops and Expansion Sets</span>== &emsp; ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>New Workshops</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;List 2 talked about storage and workshop space. Some homes and many apartments don't have enough spare space for the kinds of projects you want to do, especially if you go beyond basic home improvement/do-it-yourself ones. The alternatives are to find or buy existing workshop space in the community, or to build new private or shared space. We discuss the needs and features of workshops first because they have to exist before you can work in them. Simpler ones can be built with the basic items from Section 3. Larger and more complex workshops may need items from Section 8 (below) on construction. When to build a new workshop depends on what you already have available, the need for added space, and outside factors like cost, financing, permits, etc. ::'''Needs and Features''' &emsp;Workshop buildings are one or more suitable existing structures, or purpose-built new ones added to a property. The property may already have living space, or be commercial, industrial, or bare land. Workshops can be additions attached to an existing building, or detached free-standing structures. Their size, location, and features depend on what kind of projects are intended. When planning them, you should consider future growth in addition to current needs. This can be handled by over-sizing a structure, planning for additions and extensions to it, or adding additional separate structures. &emsp;There are a number of reasons for a separate workshop. These include: * Outgrowing existing home space * Excessive noise, dust, debris, and fumes * Extra power and light requirements * Better access for vehicles and moving large items &emsp;Workshops can be specific to one type of craft or activity or more generalized. Some suggested design features include: * Sufficient windows or skylights for natural lighting, and added artificial lights where needed. * Large doors for materials and product delivery. * Sprinklers and fire extinguishers for fire protection. * A strong enough floor for heavy machinery and storage, or deep footings where needed. If there are upper floors, the heavier items should be on the lower floors. Stairs and lifting devices can ease moving items between floors, and the whole structure has to support the total weight. * Enough storage area for materials, parts, and supplies, and for equipment not currently being used. * Enough electric power for all equipment, preferably routed through ceiling drops or wall channels, for flexibility and to avoid trip hazards from cords. * A water supply for clean-up. * A first aid station. * A separate office area to keep out dust and dirt, with desk, drawing table, files for record-keeping, etc. &emsp;The contents of a workshop can be grouped into general items used across multiple activities, and those specific to a particular one. The layout should consider your workflows. In general, work starts with delivery of supplies, materials, and parts. Materials are then converted to finished parts, finishes applied, and assembled into completed items. Unless the completed items are to be used in the shop, the last step is delivery. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>Expansion Sets</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Sections 5.0 to 8.0 include a series of expansion set lists for items beyond the basic ones in Section 3.0. The added equipment may fit in space you already have at first, and outgrow it later. The lists are grouped into four categories: Small Indoor, Large Indoor, Outdoor, and Construction. Each list is specialized according to types of projects and materials. The expansion sets are not in a required order where earlier lists are needed before later ones. They are a set of mostly independent choices, depending on your interests and what you want to do. An exception is List 17 - General Construction, which has items used by multiple construction trades listed separately afterwards. &emsp;Most specialized projects will need some or all of the basic items from Sectopm 3.0. We try to list items where they are most likely to be needed, but some items can be shared across different project types. So you may want to review the items in related lists. Within each list the general order is from hand to power and larger tools. We try to note accessories that go with a particular tool or machine. We also try to note reference sources, and materials, parts, and supplies needed for the project type. At present the later lists are less complete than the basic ones. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">5.0 - Small Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Small indoor projects can be for personal enjoyment, creative expression, or to make useful items for personal use or sale. These are crafts and projects that can begin in temporary space like a desk or dining table, or in dedicated space of less than a room in existing living areas. They include light arts and crafts, printing and digital media, fabrics and leather work, jewelry, and electronics. They can mostly start with ordinary room lighting and electric power, perhaps with extra light in the work area. Serious hobby or small business production can grow beyond such workspace and have special needs. Section 4.0 covers new workshops for this. &emsp;We don't cover every possible activity and project, just some of the more common ones. Wikipedia's '''[[w:Outline_of_crafts|Outline of Crafts]]''', '''[[w:Handicraft|Handicraft]]''', and '''[[w:Fine_art|Fine Art]]''' articles list many of these other subjects. See also '''[https://www.smooth-on.com/applications/ Smooth-On's website]''' for additional categories, and the '''[https://www.dickblick.com/ Blick]''' website for types of tools and supplies. For ones not covered here you will need to find some reference books, printed articles, or websites that cover what is needed to get started. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 3 - Light Arts & Crafts</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Light arts and crafts involve creative expressions that don't require much power, space, or stationary equipment to start. Examples are '''[[w:Drawing|Drawing]]''' and art painting, where all the tools and supplies can be hand-carried to work on location rather than at home. &emsp;'''[[w:Painting|Artistic Painting]]''' is distinguished from the general use of '''[[w:Paint|Paints]]''' for coloring or protection, as in room walls and automobile bodies. General paints can be used artistically, but usually artist's paints are specialized types in smaller amounts. Modern paintings are usually portable on a surface like framed canvas or wood panels. Fixed paintings are sometimes done on building interiors and exteriors. Historically some sculptures were painted to make them look more lifelike. Almost any surface that paint or ink will adhere to or be implanted in can be used. &emsp;'''Artistic or Decorative Printing''' includes '''[[w:Linocut|Linocut]]''' and '''[[w:Woodblock_printing|Woodcut]]''' on fabric or paper. '''[[w:Papier-mâché|Papier-mâché]]''' uses paper or pulp, fabric reinforcement if needed, and glue, starch, or wallpaper paste. '''[[w:Mixed_media|Mixed Media]]''' are assemblages, collages, and sculpures using more than one type of material or '''[[w:List_of_art_media|Art Medium]]'''. In addition to some basic tools from prior lists, arts and craft tools can include: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Craft Scissors''' * '''[[w:Brush|Brushes]]''' - Art, foam, craft and general paint types. * '''Single Hole Punch''' * '''Crafting Needles''' - Including '''[[w:Crochet_hook|Crochet]]''', '''[[w:Knitting_needle|Knitting]]''', and '''[[w:Sewing_needle|Hand Sewing]]''' types, ::'''Work Area Items''' * '''Work Table and Storage''' - These can be existing household items or dedicated for arts and craft work. * '''Art Furniture''' - '''[[w:Easel|Easel]]''', drawing boards, portfolios, carrying cases, and folding tables and chairs for working in a studio or on location. * '''Surface Protection''' - Newspaper, old bedsheets, dropcloths, plastic tablecloths, or plastic sheeting. * '''Work Clothes''' - For messy arts and crafts such as an apron, smock, or old large shirt. * '''Storage containers and Organizers''' - for storing and mixing the variety of tools and materials. These can be purpose-made, or reused egg cartons, empty boxes, clean cans, jars, and small plastic containers. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Hot-Melt Glue Gun''' - uses sticks of glue and heat to melt them. * '''Small Oven''' - such as a kitchen toaster oven. For heating or melting small items. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Drawing''' - colored crayons, chalk, markers, pens, and pencils, drawing paper, pads and sketch books. * '''Artist's Paints''' - includes oil paints, pastels, watercolors, tempera, acrylics and enamels. * '''Art Printing''' - ink pad, sponge, brayer, rubber stamps, printing ink, wood blocks, linoleum. * '''Disposable containers''' - for weighing and mixing powders and liquids, and casting low-temperature resins. * '''Disposable stirrers''' - for paint, resin, etc. These can be bought, leftover plastic utensils, or scrap items. * '''Aluminum foil''' - to protect surfaces, and liners and containers for items needing oven heating. * '''Plastic''' - sheets, tubes and blocks from materials like acrylic and high-density polyethylene. * '''Casting Materials''' - Plaster of Paris, resins, etc. &emsp;Mixed media can use any found items, but some basic supplies include: * '''Fasteners & Adhesives''' - White, decoupage, fabric and wood glues. Glue sticks, painter's tape, thumbtacks, and hardware fasteners like brads, or nails. * '''Textiles''' - Yarn, craft felt, fabric scraps, thread, embroidery floss, muslin, burlap, and wool felt. * '''Sculptural Materials:''' - Salt and bread doughs. Modeling, polymer, and air dry clays. Craft foam and foam rubber. Chenille stems (pipr cleaners), toothpicks, straws, and craft/popsicle sticks. Scrap, found, and shaped wood pieces. Floral and coiled metal wire of various diameters, and larger metal pieces. * '''String, Bead and Knotwork''' - Cord, string, artificial sinew, fishing line, and thread. Pony, wood, glass, plastic, and metallic beads. * '''Decorations''' - such as glitter, pom poms, feathers, cotton balls, googly eyes, and sequins. * '''Papers''' - Copy, colored construction, wax, colored tissue, bath and "bleeding" tissue, freezer, crepe, and newsprint (blank or printed). Paper napkins, towels, and bags. Contact (adhesive-backed) paper, clear or colored. Card stock, flat and corrugated cardboard. Roll white, brown, and tracing paper. * '''Reused Items''' - such as magazines, junk mail, netting from produce bags, bubble wrap, packaging peanuts. * '''Natural Materials''' - such as leaves, sticks, small rocks, acorns & nuts, pine cones, flowers, and seeds & seed pods. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 4 - Printing and Digital Media</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Artistic printing is typically single or small numbers of items. '''[[w:Printing|Production Printing]]''' is a technology for mass reproduction and distribution of text and images for business, education, and entertainment. It has a long history of making physical copies like books and newspapers. Writing and drawing by hand can be done with very simple tools and materials. But printing in quantity needs specialized equipment for paper, fabric, photographs, and lithographs. &emsp;Today '''[[w:Electronic_media|Media]]''' of all types are increasingly produced, stored, and distributed by digital electronic methods. In addition to making text and drawings, digital media includes capturing photographs, sound, and video. It also includes creating digital content wholly electronically. New creations and recordings can be made, combined, and edited with a variety of suitable computers and software. These include stationary and portable computers, tablets, and smartphone. Additional input and output devices are often used with them, and the completed items distributed by communication networks or physical media. &emsp;Depending on the type of printing or digital media projects you want to do, you may need any of the following to get started: * '''Basic Working Space''' - including furniture and general tools from lists 1 and 2 for setup. * '''Basic Content Creation''' - this includes technical drawing and basic computing equipment and software from List 2 for text and illustrations, and light arts and crafts items from List 3 for artistic creations. A basic computing device generally includes some storage, display, keyboard and mouse, and speaker. These can be merged into a single device, such as laptops and smartphones, or separate components for desktop systems. They also generally have a network connection - wired, wireless, or both. ::'''Computers and Peripherals''' * '''Upgraded Computer(s)''' - High-end media creation, editing, and display may need better computers. This is generally set by the needs of the software and peripherals you will be working with. For example, if you are doing digital photography, you need enough storage for all the pictures you are editing and saving. Rendering high-end 3D graphics may require a corresponding graphics card, or even a dedicated computer for the task. If more than one person is working, you will need multiple computers. * '''Upgraded Input Devices''' - This includes special keyboards, mouse, joysticks, and touch-sensitive tablets. * '''Upgraded Displays''' - Some work benefits from larger, multiple, or higher quality displays. * '''Upgraded Audio''' - This can include higher quality and quantity of speakers, microphones, multichannel audio output, and headsets. * '''External or Networked Storage''' - * '''Scanners and Printers''' - These range from basic office types to large format versions. Multifunction units can do both scanning and printing. * '''[[w:Digital_camera|Digital Camera]]''' for photography and video production. A dedicated digital cameras, with accessories like tripods, lights, and microphones, can produce better results than smartphones or webcams. They have larger lenses and sensors, and more adjustments for focus, zoom, exposure time, etc. Higher-end cameras have interchangeable lenses for different purposes. ::'''Other Print Media''' &emsp;This includes printing on with other materials or processes besides paper, such as fabric, photographic prints, and lithographs. * '''Screen Printing Press''' - 4-Color, with accessories and supplies ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 5 - Fabric and Leather Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Textile|Textiles]]''' are fibers commonly used to make '''[[w:Woven_fabric|Woven Fabrics]]'''. '''[[w:Sewing|Sewing]]''' and related processes then turn fabric into creative and useful items such as clothing, drapery, and bedding. '''[[w:Leather|Leather]]''' is animal skin treated to prevent decay. In some cases it can be sewn and used like fabric. But the thickness, stiffness, and strength of leather often requires different tools, and it gets used for different kinds of items. &emsp;'''[[w:Pattern_(sewing)|Patterns]]''' are full-size drawings fastened or traced onto the material as a cutting guide. They are often purchased, but custom patterns made to fit a particular body or project, or scaled-up patterns from books and other sources can be self-made. You can use wide paper rolls or inexpensive cloth to make patterns. The latter can be test-fit on the wearer before cutting more expensive material, or used multiple times since cloth is more durable than paper patterns. &emsp;Custom patterns for complex shapes like feet can be made by wrapping plastic wrap or bags around them, then wrapping flexible tape around the plastic. Seam lines are then marked on the tape, and the pieces carefully cut off the body and flattened. Patterns made this way need to have seam margins added to them. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Sewing Kit''' - While all the items can be bought separately, it is convenient to get all of them at once to start, and kits are typically not very expensive. It can include any or all of the following: storage for all the items, spools of thread in various colors and thickness, scissors, spare buttons, spring clips and dressmaker's pins for holding fabric together. Hand sewing needles of various sizes, machine bobbins, safety pins, crochet hook, magnifier, tip and ring thimbles, pin cushion, and a measuring tape. * '''Cloth Measuring Tape''' - A flexible cloth or plastic ruler without a case. This was included in List 1, but if you don't have it yet, get one at least 60 inches (150cm) long for measuring body dimensions, and another up to 144 inches (360cm or 4 yards) for measuring uncut fabric and large sewn items like drapery. * '''Tailor's Chalk or Soapstone''' - For temporary marking on fabric. * '''Dressmaker's Shears''' - These are very sharp scissors with an offset handle that leaves the fabric flat while cutting. They should not be used for other purposes. * '''Thread Snips''' - Small pointed, and usually spring loaded, scissors for cutting thread and trimming fabric. The small size allows reaching into tight spaces after sewing. * '''[[w:Seam_ripper|Seam Ripper]]''' - A tool with a razor-edged hook for cutting sewn stitches without tearing the fabric. * '''Rotary Cutter Set and Mat''' - This uses a razor edged wheel rather than scissors action to cut material. A set includes replacement wheels with different shaped edges. A soft mat protects the table surface while allowing the blade to penetrate through. * '''[[w:Tailor's_ham|Tailor's Ham]]''' - A tightly stuffed pillow for pinning and ironing curved areas of fabric. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Sewing_table|Sewing Table]]''' - This can be any kind of table to start with, to support a sewing machine or fabric being hand cut and sewn. Custom tables inset a sewing machine bed level with the rest of the surface. This makes sliding the material easier. For larger and heavier material, a machine set perpendicular to a longer table eases movement. Custom tables can also have storage for accessories and tools or fold up to save space when not in use. * '''[[w:Sewing_machine|Sewing Machine]]''' - with accessories. A light domestic electric machine with at least straight and zig-zag stitches is enough for basic household sewing, like clothing and drapery. Modern ones can have many other stitches and accessories, and electronic features for semi-automatic tasks. A "foot" is what holds the fabric down while the needle passes through it. A basic one comes with the machine, but specialized ones either come with it or can be bought afterwards. :&emsp;A heavy-duty machine has a stronger frame and motor to sew thicker materials. Industrial machines are faster for production work and have more clearance between needle and frame, but typically fewer stitch types. Domestic machines typically feed one or two threads from a spool above, and another from a bobbin beneath, so a set of bobbins of the correct type are needed if they did not come with the machine. Sewing machines also use specialized needles of different diameters, which should be added if not included. The following specialized machines are not needed to start with, but added as needed: * '''[[w:Overlock|Overlock Machines]]''' - (Sergers) are used for edging, hemming, and seaming using multiple threads at once, needing fewer steps to finish a task. * '''[[w:Machine_embroidery|Embroidery Machines]]''' - add stitched threads to underlying fabric for decoration rather than construction and edging of basic sewing. Patterns can be formed by hand or with electronic control, beyond the mechanically formed fancy stitches. * '''Washing and Drying Machines''' - Some fabrics need pre-washing to remove residual dyes, avoid later shrinkage, or removing sizing applied to the fabric. Some dyeing can also be done in a washing machine. Most people already have such machines or access to commercial ones. * '''[[w:Ironing|Ironing Station]]''' - This includes a heat-resistant surface, usually cloth covered, and a heated '''[[w:Clothes_iron|Clothes Iron]]''' to remove wrinkles and flatten fabric or finished items. Pressing cloths are used between the iron and item to protect from excess heat. ::'''Leather Tools and Machines''' &emsp;Sewing leather requires heavy duty or specialized tools and machines. '''[[w:Leather_crafting|Leather Crafting]]''' involves other processes like dying, painting, carving, stamping, and molding, and uses a different set of mostly hand tools. The production of leather from skins and hides uses yet another set of tools and processes. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Fabric''' - cotton, synthetic, upholstery * '''Leather''' * '''Thread''' * '''[[w:Notions_(sewing)|Notions]]''' - refers to small items and accessories besides fabric, leather, and thread, which end up in finished articles. Examples include buttons, clasps, zippers, hooks, eyelets, and laces. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 6 - Jewelry Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Jewellery|Jewelry]]''' is decorative wear, often made from high value materials. Creating it often involves small-scale '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' and '''[[w:Lapidary|Lapidary]]''', but can use a variety of other techniques. At a beginner level items would mostly be assembled from parts. More advanced projects involve making the parts before assembly. &emsp;Jewelers use basic items from Section 3.0 like measuring tools, some kind of workbench with a vise, small clamps and clips, needle files, and abrasive/polishing supplies. To those, add the following as needed: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Ring Sizers''' - A set of measured rings for fingers and a marked tapered rod for the rings themselves. * '''Magnifiers''' - Since jewelry work is typically small, these are very helpful. One useful type is an articulated lamp with a built-in lens. * '''[[w:Helping_hand_(tool)|Helping Hand]]''' - A base with jointed arms and clips or end clamps, and often a magnifier. It allows positioning an item at any angle, leaving both hands free to work with. * '''Bench Pin''' - A protruding hardwood pin with at least a narrow "V" slot, and optional other holes and indents, that is clamped to a workbench. It supports items while sawing or otherwise being worked on. Pins can be bought, but as sawing often damages them, they can be easily made to suit and replaced as needed using basic tools. * '''[[w:Piercing_saw|Piercing or Jeweler's Saw]]''' - A small coping saw 2-8 inches (50-200mm) in size with adjustable frame length. It uses very fine blades that often break, so shorter lengths can reuse broken pieces. A pack of blades of various fineness should be added if not supplied with the saw. * '''Jeweler's Anvil''' - A small anvil with round and flat horns. * '''Small-Jaw Pliers''' - If you don't already have them, a set with very small jaws for fine work, in assorted shapes. * '''Small Forming Hammers''' - A set of polished hammers around 5 ounces (150 grams) with various head shapes. For very fine work add a set of "micro" hammers around 2 ounces (60 grams) * '''Soft Hammer''' - A light hammer with rubber and plastic heads, which is less likely to leave marks on the work. * '''[[w:Planishing|Planishing Stakes]]''' and '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' - for hammering outside and inside compound curves. These are the same tools as used in blacksmithing (List 10), just smaller and working cold rather than hot metal. The process is also known as '''[[w:Sinking_(metalworking)|Sinking]]''', doming, dishing, or dapping. * '''[[w:Mandrel|Mandrels]]''' - Metal rods held by a vise or base block. Tapered ones are used for sizing and shaping items like rings and bracelets. Straight ones are used to support hollow or curved pieces being worked on. A set of various diameters and shapes (round, oval, triangular, square, etc.) can be accumulated as needed. Plain steel bars and rods can be used to start with. * '''[[w:Wire_drawing|Wire Drawing Plate]]''' - has a series of sized holes for reducing soft wire diameter by pulling it through with lubrication. Depending on wire diameter it may require mechanical leverage to get enough pulling force. * '''[[w:Engraving|Hand or Power Engravers]]''' - cut grooves into a hard surface for decoration or lettering. * '''Small metal shear''' * '''Body Forms''' - These are in the shape of complex parts of the body like head, neck and shoulders, hands, and feet. They are used to lay out and hang jewelry while being designed and fitted. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Rotary Tool''' - with accessory bits, if you don't already have one. A stand to hold the tool steady is useful for fine work. A flexible shaft is also useful to reach small spaces and is lighter than holding the motor section. * '''Soldering equipment''' * '''Buffing station''' * '''Small Oven and Annealing Pans''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 7 - Electronics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Electronics|Electronics]]''' is distinguished from List 21 - Electrical Work, which is mostly done during construction and remodeling, and is mostly to supply power for lighting, electrical outlets, and fixed appliances. Electronics involves more complex active devices rather than than simple passive ones like on/off switches. In addition to basic tools from Section 3.0, add the following, or another set for electronics work: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Precision Screwdrivers''' * '''[[w:Wire_stripper|Wire Stripper]]''' - is designed to cut the insulation from various gauge (diameter) wires without cutting the wire itself. They usually have built-in cutters to then trim the wire itself to length. * '''Pliers''' - Smaller Diagonal and long nose * '''Precision Tweezers''' * '''Magnifiers''' - Electronic components are often small, so an Eye Loupe (a head-mounted magnifier) or an articulated lens with built-in light is useful. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' * '''[[w:Soldering_iron|Soldering Iron]]''' - with assorted tips and sponges. * '''Digital Multimeter''' ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;Electronics projects benefit from a dedicated '''Work station'''. This typically includes a Work Table with a heat-resistant surface, Fume Fan, Universal Vise with standard and circuit board jaws, Third Hand, Test Leads, and a magnifier light. Additional items can include: * '''Digital Microscope''' * '''DC Power Supply''' * '''Oscilloscope/Signal Analyzer''' * '''Function Generator''' * '''Flash Memory - programmer and debugger''' * '''Computer''' - for communications to and from the electronic device, recording, analysis, and design. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Electronics is notable for the wide variety of parts available and used. To start with some basic items like wire and resistor assortments can be stocked, but the rest should probably be bought as needed for projects. * '''Discrete Components''' - Assorted Resistors, Capacitors, Choke Coils, Diodes, Transistors, Motor Drivers, Voltage Regulators, Amplifiers, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Photodetectors * '''Other Components''' - LCD Displays, Speakers, Microphones, Temperature Sensor, Hall Effect, Accelerometers, Microcontrollers, Frequency Crystals, Radios, Magnets, Buttons & Switches, Headers, Assorted Jacks & Plugs, Ribbon Connectors, Screw Terminals, Battery Holders, USB cables and connectors, Ethernet cables and connectors, Transducers, Small DC Motors and Digital Servos, Power Supplies * '''Wire''' - General Electrical: single, pair, and grounded types, solder wire, magnet wire, shape memory * '''Circuit Board substrates''' * '''Other Supplies''' - Antistatic Bags, Heat Shrink Tubing, Desoldering Braid, Cable Ties, Rubber sheet/feet ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">6.0 - Large Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers activities that typically need larger or more dedicated indoor space, extra power or other special features, and often result in more practical and useful finished items. We include woodworking, basic metal fabrication, projects that require high temperatures, and machine shop work. There is some overlap in tools and equipment used, but each of these has some unique items and workshop needs. &emsp;Typical home workshop spaces include a garage, basement, or freestanding building. More advanced community production may require dedicated property. This is partly from needing larger shop furniture, stationary machines, materials storage space, and the size of the items being made. Additional requirements like more power, heavy weights, and heat resistance can make regular living space unsuited. These lists assume you have most or all of the equipment from the basic sets in Section 3.0. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 8 - Woodworking</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Since other animals use wood for tools, they are likely the oldest tools of our ancestors. Many human artifacts, like houses and furniture, are primarily made from it. So some tools for basic '''[[w:Woodworking|Woodworking]]''' were already included in the lists in Section 3.0. Additional tools from this list can be added as needed for projects. Growing trees ('''[[w:Forestry|Forestry]]'''), converting them to lumber ('''[[w:Logging|Logging]]''' and '''[[w:Sawmill|Sawmills]]'''), and woodwork for buildings ('''[[w:Carpentry|Carpentry]]''') are specialized enough to cover in other lists. This one covers hobbyist and small business projects made and used mostly indoors, like furniture, cabinetry, and smaller items. &emsp;Prior to the 20th Century, all woodworking was done manually or with some assistance from water and wind power. Since then electricity and compressed air have greatly increased the speed and power of tools. Some woodworkers prefer using hand tools - they are quieter and you can more directly feel what is happening to the wood. Power tool users still need some hand tools to avoid damage, precise finishing, or getting into small spaces. Power and stationary tools generally need more workshop space and cost more. So it is a matter of choice, budget, and working space for which ones to use. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;If you are new to woodworking, the '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Woodworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22&sort=-date Internet Archive]''' has over 400 general books on the subject which are available to download or borrow for two weeks at a time. This list is sorted newest first. Books prior to 1950 will tend to focus more on hand tools, because modern power tools were not as common or too expensive for individual use. You can enter more specialized search terms on that site to find more books. &emsp;A general '''[https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube]''' search for "woodworking" brings up many results, but you are better off searching for more specific subjects. A single video is not long enough to cover all of woodworking. For beginners, we suggest a search term like "beginning woodworking series" to find ones that give a general introduction across several videos. An example is '''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRWjFTaHniqMVryvDAQ3771MO6_QQRYXN Start Woodworking]''', with 13 videos taking about 8 hours, which you can watch a little at a time. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Woodworking obviously requires wood to work with. It comes mainly from '''[[w:Tree|Trees]]''' and some large plants like '''[[w:Bamboo|Bamboo]]'''. Wood properties vary widely depending on the species, growing conditions, and other factors, making every piece unique. So certain kinds of wood and particular pieces are better suited than others in a given project. There are artificial products like '''[[w:Plywood|Plywood]]''' and '''[[w:Composite_lumber|Composite Lumber]]''' partially made of wood, and some non-wood materials can be worked on with the same tools. This sometimes requires requires different bits or blades. &emsp;Commercial lumber is grown and processed into grades of similar type, suited for a category of projects. When buying, you should inspect and select individual pieces. For bulk amounts, you should expect some loss from defects, warp, etc. A knot or split may make a board unsuitable at full length, but you can cut off the bad part and use the remainder as a smaller piece. &emsp;Other materials, parts, and supplies used in woodworking include a wide variety of fasteners, hardware, glue, finishes, and abrasives. Home improvement and hardware stores will stock many of these, and specialty items can be bought from other suppliers. An assortment of nails, screws, and a bottle of '''[[w:Wood_glue|Wood Glue]]''' are enough to get started. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:Marking_gauge|Marking Gauges]]''' - Have an adjustable fence and single or dual points or knives, for scribing lines parallel to an edge. The '''[[w:Mortise_gauge|Mortise]]''' type marks both sides of a mortise and tenon joint at once so the two parts will fit exactly. * '''More Clamps''' - Woodworkers say "you can never have too many clamps". They are used to hold items in place while being shaped, groups of items that need identical cuts or smoothing, drilling aligned holes, and while gluing pieces together. Types include bar, screw, pipe, locking, spring, rigid C-shape, corner, strap, hose, and others. Since there are so many kinds, we suggest accumulating them a few at a time from used sources or bought as-needed for a project. :&emsp;Clamps can also be self-made by (1) taking any length of lumber, fastening two or more blocks to it, then driving a pair of wedges to tighten, (2) wrapping cord around the item, and driving one or more wedges between cords and wood, (3) using a loop of cord and twisting it with a stick to tighten, or (4) placing the item on the floor or a table and placing heavy objects on top. * '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Woodworking Chisels]]''' have a sharp edge at the end of the blade beveled 25 degrees on one side. They are either pushed by hand or hit with a '''[[w:Mallet|Mallet]]''', typically wooden so as not to damage the tool handle. A simple mallet can be made from a tree branch the diameter of the head, with the handle portion trimmed down to size. Get either square edge or beveled wood chisels in several widths to 1 inch (25mm) or so to start with. There are a number of other types, like the mortise chisel for cutting grooves, which can be added as needed. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adze|Adzes]]''' are specialty tools with curved blades and a chisel edge. They are swung to rough out a shape. Long-handled ones are used standing on or next to the work. Smaller ones are used on bowls and other interior curves. * '''[[w:Plane_(tool)|Hand Planes]]''' - have wide chisel blades that slightly protrude through a flat base so as to take thin shavings, with one or two handles. The blade is positioned so as to preferentially cut high spots in the wood, enabling flattening it. There are a wide variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. The '''[[w:Scrub_plane|Scrub]]''', '''[[w:Block_plane|Block]]''', '''[[w:Jack_plane|Jack]]''', and '''[[w:Jointer_plane|Jointer]]''' types are for flat surfaces. The '''[[w:Rebate_plane|Rabbet/Rebate]]''' type is for cutting grooves or recesses, while circular planes have a curved rather than flat base for working curved surfaces. The combination plane has an adjustable frame for accepting different widths or sets of cutters. A few sizes of flat planes are enough to start. * '''[[w:Drawknife|Drawknife]]''' and '''[[w:Spokeshave|Spokeshave]]''' - These are two-handled tools used on the pull stroke, generally for shaping round pieces. The first has a wide, unprotected blade for removing bark and large shavings. The second has a smaller blade extending a variable amount from the body for finishing work. The blades may be straight or curved. One of each type is enough to start. [[File:Carving_tools_2.jpg|thumb|right|640x380px|Figure 5.5-11 - Woodcarving tools and mallet.]] * '''[[w:Wood_carving#Tools|Carving Tools]]''' - These are used for more intricate wood shaping than the ones previously mentioned. Depending on blade size and accuracy they can be driven by hand or a mallet (Figure 5.5-11). The carving knife has a short lengthwise blade, while gouges are sharpened crosswise, with longer blades that are either curved, hooked, or V-shaped. A set assorted shapes can be used to start. * '''[[w:Card_scraper|Cabinet (Card) Scrapers]]''' - Used with a '''[[w:Burnisher|Burnisher]]''' to create a sharp burr for scraping a fine surface on hard or difficult grained wood. * '''[[w:Wood_finishing|Wood Finishing]]''' - Sandpaper and sanding blocks are in List 1 above, but additional grain sizes and different backings like cloth are useful. Once the wood pieces or assembled item is the final shape, there are many finishing methods for appearance or to protect it. Tools like brushes and cloth pads can be used to spread the finish and remove excess. Applying finishes can be messy and involve toxic solvents and media. Workshop dust can contaminate the finish before it dries. So a separate finishing area with ventilation, drop cloths, and personal protection like gloves and filter masks are desirable. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Modern portable tools can use a power cord or batteries, with the choice depending on convenience, power level, and running time. List 2 included some basic portable power tools. Additional ones include: * '''[[w:Router_(woodworking)|Routers]]''' - The portable type has a fixed base and uses a variety of bit sizes and shapes, for cutting wood and other materials. If the router did not come with them, you should get at least a basic set of bits. The '''Plunge Router''' has a spring between motor and base, allowing vertical bit movement while working. * '''[[w:Sander|Sanders]]''' - There are many types of power sanding devices, both portable and stationary, which work faster than hand sanding. Some sanding accessories be mounted on other tool types like electric drills or bench grinders. The portable Belt, Detail, and Orbital types belts and disks with different grain fineness. One palm or belt sander with a assorted abrasives is enough to start. * '''Hand Planer''' - Uses a rotating cutting blade to flatten surfaces similar to hand planes. * '''[[w:Dowel|Dowel]]''' and [[w:Pocket-hole_joinery|Pocket Hole Jigs]]''' - Accessories used with an electric drill to accurately position holes. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;These larger machines can work faster and more accurately by using built-in or accessory guides. The built-in table or work surface can be enlarged with extension tables, and side supports like sawhorses and rollers can be used to stabilize larger wood pieces. * '''[[w:Table_saw|Table Saw]]''' - A circular saw blade and motor mounted under a table, with adjustments to height and tilt. They generally have fences and other accessories to control the movement of the item past the blade. Compared to the portable circular saw in List 2 they are generally more powerful with a larger depth of cut, and easier to set up for repetitive cuts on multiple parts. A bench-top version may be enough for lighter projects, but should be secured while in use. Larger versions have a stand or cabinet. Different blades are available depending on what is being cut. * '''[[w:Jointer|Jointer]]''' - is similar to the power hand planer in having a rotating blade, except it is below the wood, and the wood moves rather than the tool. A fence is used to guide the wood, and some can be set at other angles than perpendicular. * '''Thickness Planer''' - Pulls a board with rollers between a flat table and rotating knives. It produces boards with flat and parallel surfaces. If you don't have a jointer to produce one flat surface, you can use a flat sled with the board shimmed and hot-glued to it to flatten one side with shallow cuts. * '''Sanders''' - Stationary sanders use a variety of abrasive belts, disks, cylinders, and drums. Some types will feed the work through the machine, but most require manually moving the work to the abrasive surface. A medium combination belt and disk sander is a good starting point. * '''[[w:Bandsaw|Bandsaws]]''' - use a loop of metal with teeth as the blade, running over two or more motor-driven wheels. They come in a variety of sizes from bench-top to floor-mounted, with different width and height capacity and motor power. Different blades are available for various cutting tasks. [[File:Holzdrechsel.jpg|thumb|right|640x425px|Figure 5.5-12 - Woodturning lathe.]] * '''[[w:Woodturning|Woodturning Lathe and Accessories]]''' - Turning makes symmetrical wood shapes mainly using a wood lathe (Figure 5.5-12) and long-handled chisels, gouges, and scrapers. Various holding devices are used with the lathe, according to the size and shape of the item being turned. Finishing operations like sanding can also be done while the piece is still mounted. * '''[[w:Scroll_saw|Scroll Saw]]''' - A reciprocating saw with a vertical narrow blade in tension, capable of cutting intricate curves. Get a set of assorted blades if not provided. * '''[[w:Drill#Drill_press|Drill Press]]''' - This is an electric drill mounted to a column and base, with an adjustable table. Compared to a portable drill they are more powerful and accurate. There are many sizes and variations, with the chuck axis-to-column distance being a key measurement since it sets the maximum distance a hole can be from the edge of a part. :&emsp;A very basic '''Drill Stand''' mounts a portable drill vertically, but this is only suitable for light work. An 8 inch (200mm) bench-top press is a better starting point. The frame is more rigid and the drive belt lowers speed and increases torque for a given motor. Smaller machines should be clamped or bolted to a stable surface. Larger versions are floor-mounted, and some can move and tilt the drill head for better access. * '''[[w:Router_table_(woodworking)|Router Table]]''' - This mounts a portable router, usually below the table surface, or can be a dedicated machine. Typically it has guide fences, and allows moving the wood through rather than moving the tool. This helps with doing multiple pieces of the same kind. * '''[[w:CNC_wood_router|CNC Wood Router]]''' - uses motors to move the cutting tool along defined axes, under computer control. This is useful for doing complex or repetitive patterns. The table can be any size, but ones large enough to cut quarter, half, or full sheets of plywood are common. * '''[[w:Dust_collector|Dust Collection System]]''' - A simple version is a wet/dry '''[[w:Vacuum_cleaner#Wet/dry|Shop Vacuum]]''' on wheels which is brought to whatever machine is being used. The machines may have fittings installed for the vacuum's hose. A more advanced version has pipes installed around the workshop that lead to a larger stationary vacuum system that has a separator for dust and larger chips. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 9 - Metal Fabrication</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;This list covers basic metal fabrication, This type of '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' involves forming, cutting, and joining thinner metal pieces where high accuracy is not required. Larger and thicker pieces require heating to shape or cast. Ceramics also require high temperatures, so we group them with blacksmithing and foundry work into List 10 (Hot Work). Machine Shop Work (List 11) can produce highly accurate finished parts, but needs a different set of equipment than the ones here. A given project may need some equipment from all three lists. Basic metal work needs many or all of the basic equipment from Section 3.0, such as workbenches and vises. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Metalworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22 Internet Archive]''' lists about 50 general books on metalworking which can be downloaded or borrowed for 14 days. You can find additional works using more specific search words like "welding" or "sheet metal", then selecting for "Always Available" and "Borrow for 14 days". Other types of reference and training sources, like paper books, instructional videos, and classes are also available. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;'''[[w:Metal|Metal]]''' is of course required for metalwork. By far the most common type is '''[[w:Steel|Steel]]''', which is iron with a little carbon added, and optionally other elements to make a particular '''[[w:Alloy|Alloy]]'''. Scrap and auto salvage yards, recycling stations, and discarded appliances are cheap sources for basic metals. Auto and other types of repair shops may have scrap bins. Retailers like home improvement, hardware, and online stores stock some metal and fasteners. Dedicated metal and industrial suppliers have larger selections and can be found in most cities. Other items besides metal stock include: * '''[[w:Arc_welding#Consumable_electrode_methods|Consumable Electrodes]]''' - These are rods or wire used to fill joints and make weld beads, with a flux added protect from oxidation. * '''[[w:Sandblasting#Media|Abrasive Blasting Media]]''' - a wide variety of materials are used in blasting operations besides the sand from which it got its name. * '''Fasteners and Other Hardware''' - Some of these are the same as for woodworking and other projects, but machine screws, bolts, and rivets tend to be used more with metal. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Steel Welding Table''' - with magnetic welding squares, for grounding and magnetically clamping workpieces. This is in addition to a basic workbench. It should be located away from combustible materials. * '''Portable Welding Screens''' - to protect other people and equipment from sparks and UV light. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:C-clamp|Welding Clamps]]''' - The ordinary C-type clamp can be used, but ones with a deeper throat distance or locking jaws with flat tips are useful for welding. * '''Chain Vise or Clamp''' - Uses a flexible chain to hold round or irregular objects in place. * '''[[w:Metalworking_hand_tool|Forming Tools]]''' - Also known as "auto body tools", since that is a common use for them. These include various shape hammers and metal or wood blocks, but also specialty slappers, spoons, dollies and forming bags to create complex curves or flatten sheet metal. The tools used by jewelers and blacksmiths work similarly, but are smaller and larger respectively. * '''[[w:Bending_(metalworking)|Bending Tools]]''' - This includes hand bar, strip, and tube benders for lighter metal. * '''Blind Riveter and Rivet Set''' - for setting expanding or solid '''[[w:Rivet|Rivet]]''' fasteners. * '''Scriber and Ink''' - for accurate marking for cutting and drilling. * '''Soapstone Pencils''' - for marking metal when welding, since it is heat resistant. * '''Chipping Hammer & Stiff Wire Brushes''' - for removing slag and cleaning surfaces while welding. The hammer head has one sharp point side and often a chisel edge on the other. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' '''WARNING''' - Many types of welding produce harmful UV light, fumes, and hot sparks, and all produce a lot of heat. You should therefore have suitable goggles, face mask, respirator, gloves, cap, and heat-protective clothing like gloves and aprons. Some welders require dedicated or upgraded electric power to operate. Electric types have shock risk, and all types have fire risk. Work areas should be well ventilated against fumes and heat build-up. Basic welding machines include: * '''[[w:Spot_welding|Spot Welder]]''' - for sheet metal. Melts a small area by resistance heating. * '''[[w:Flux-cored_arc_welding|Flux Core Arc Welder]]''' - also called "Shielded Metal Arc Welding" (SMAW) a light-duty A.C. unit with sticks or spool feed is enough to start working with thicker steel sections. * '''[[w:Gas_metal_arc_welding|Gas Metal Arc Welders]]''' - These use a separately supplied inert shielding gas like CO2 or argon. There are a number of types. MIG uses a consumable weld wire as the electrode, while TIG uses a tungsten electrode and a separate stick or wire weld feed. * '''[[w:Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting|Torch Welders]]''' - These use a fuel-air or fuel-oxygen torch. The hot flame melts the material, into which a weld rod can be fed. Torches can also be used for rough cutting. These require gas tank supplies, but can work where enough electricity isn't available. A friction or long-handled lighter is needed. * '''[[w:Plasma_cutting|Plasma Cutters]]''' - Use a highly heated gas to cut most materials. Smaller ones are portable, and larger computer-controlled ones (CNC) are stationary with a support framework and water bath below. * '''Power Shears & Nibbler''' - Shears work scissors, while nibbler punches through metal, and can work from an interior starter hole. * '''Impact Drivers & Wrenches''' - These tools accept hex-shank bits and square drive sockets respectively. They apply rotary blows to the chuck or socket for extra tightening and loosening forces. Bits and sockets should be designed for impact use to prevent breakage. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Abrasive_saw|Abrasive Saw]]''' - Also called a '''Chop Saw''', it is used to cut hard materials like metal, tile, and concrete. Smaller jobs can use an abrasive blade in a circular saw, or an angle grinder. The larger bench version protects the motor from metal dust, and can clamp the material for higher accuracy. It can cut thicker angle, bar, and pipe stock to length. * '''[[w:Abrasive_blasting|Sand Blaster]]''' - Uses compressed air to blow high velocity sand or other media at a surface to clean or finish it. The stationary version has a cabinet and collection system to contain the debris. The effect is similar to paper and wheel abrasives, but can be used for larger and more intricate items. * '''[[w:Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)|Brakes]]''' - are used to bend sheet metal. The finger type can bend and fold selected parts of an edge. These come in hand and powered versions depending on size and thickness of the bend. * '''Sheet Metal Shears''' - In addition to the left, straight, and right compound hand snips, and portable power shears and nibblers, the stationary '''[[w:Shear_(sheet_metal)|Sheet Metal Shears]]''' can handle larger and thicker sheets. This includes the bench, foot, power and compound throatless types. * '''[[w:Roll_bender|Roll Benders]]''' - can form cylindrical and conical shapes using three rollers that are either parallel or with one at a slight angle. * '''[[w:Machine_press|Machine (Shop) Press''' - For applying large forces for bending, shaping, or setting fasteners. Arbor presses use gears for mechanical advantage, while hydraulic presses use fluid pressure. '''[[w:Ironworker_(machine)|Ironworkers]]''' are heavy duty machines using hydraulic or flywheel power to cut, punch, or shape thicker materials while cold. Hot work equipment from list 10 is used to soften metals when cold work becomes too difficult. * '''[[w:Parts_washer|Parts Washer]]''' - This can range from a simple utility sink or tub to more complex units with a pump and spray system. Used to clean dirt, grease, and other contaminants from metal parts before working on them. * '''Hydraulic Pipe & Bar Bender''' - More powerful than hand benders for thicker bars, tubes, and pipes. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 10 - Hot Work - Blacksmith, Foundry, and Ceramics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''CAUTION''' - All of these involve high temperatures, so either an outdoor or specially designed indoor area should be used. Good ventilation and fireproof/heat-protecting clothes are needed. &emsp;These types of hot work share the need for a high temperature furnace, kiln, or forge. They can share equipment, or at least share a working area designed for the heat, so we group them into one list. '''<u>Blacksmithing</u>''' [[File:Fort_Jackson_2012_-_panoramio_(23).jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-13 - Blacksmith's forge and leg vise.]] &emsp;'''[[w:Blacksmith|Blacksmithing]]''' is the general term for shaping thicker and heavier metal pieces while hot, but also for working iron and steel particularly. There are specialty names like '''[[w:Tinsmith|Tinsmith]]''' and '''[[w:Silversmith|Silversmith]]''' for working other metals either cold or hot. A minimal starter set requires a heat source (forge/furnace), a gripping tool to hold the hot metal without getting burned, a hammer, and a thick piece of unheated (and therefore hard) metal (anvil) to hammer the softened hot metal on. While basic work can be done with general-purpose tools, blacksmith's tools are specialized for this purpose. In addition to the special tools, basic ones like chisels and punches are also used. * '''Forge/Furnace''' - A '''[[w:Forge|Blacksmith's Forge]]''' (Figure 5.5-13) burns a bed of coal or charcoal to reach high temperatures. '''[[w:Industrial_furnace|Furnaces]]''' are insulated chambers with a door or opening that use use propane, natural gas, electric coils or induced currents for heating. '''[[w:Fire_brick|Fire Brick]]''', made from minerals with high melting points, are commonly used as liners in both, although natural clay will work with more heat loss. Fire brick is only moderately insulating, so it is sometimes backed with other materials like mineral fiber blankets to reduce heat loss. :&emsp;The forge or furnace structure is typically steel or common brick, which are fireproof. A variable air supply increases combustion rate and temperature for fuel-powered versions. Forges and furnaces can be bought, but assembling one from common items like sheet metal, fireplace bricks, and hair dryers is not difficult. Judging the metal temperature by color is important, so a shaded area is typically used. Impurities in coal smoke are toxic, so good ventilation is needed when using it. [[File:Turaidas_muižas_kalves_darbarīki.jpg|thumb|right|640x480px|Figure 5.5-14 - Blacksmith's tongs (center left) and other tools.]] * '''Tongs and Rakes''' - Blacksmith's tongs (Figure 5.5-14) have long handles with high leverage. Their length keeps hands out of the heat, and leverage is needed to hold heavy metal pieces. A variety of jaw shapes are used to fit the piece being picked up. For very heavy objects, an integral handle or the object's length keeps one end cool enough to grip. It gets removed later. Small rakes and shovels, which can be self-made, are used to remove coal ash (clinkers), or to move solid fuel around and over the piece. [[File:Hammer_collection_(49844506846).jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-15 - Various hammer types.]] * '''Hammers''' - These come in various sizes and shapes for hand shaping the heated metal (Figure 5.5-15). They include the simple one-handed square-head '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]''', '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball Peen]]''', and other '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer#Variants|Wedge]]''' or flat heads. Section 3.0 already included some hammers. For blacksmithing a one-handed sledge and two sizes of ball-peen are enough to get started. For heavy-duty work, trip hammers use a foot pedal to raise and then drop a heavier hammer, and power hammers use motors and flywheels, or hydraulics, to produce greater forces. * '''Anvils and Blocks''' - '''[[w:Anvil|Anvils]]''' are heavy steel blocks shaped specifically for blacksmithing. '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' have various holes, indentations, and grooves to hammer into. They are often used with complementary hammers. These specialized tools are fairly expensive. Any heavy piece of steel can be used to start with, such a length of scrap railroad track, square or cylindrical blocks, or a section of thick plate. All of these should be mounted at a comfortable height on a stable impact-resistant stand. A vertical log buried partway into soil or a tree stump still in place are traditional methods. [[File:Silversmithing_anvils_and_hammers.jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-16 - Hammers and forming stakes.]] * '''Stakes''' are various shapes attached to a rod or bar which fit into a hole in an anvil or metal plate (Figure 5.5-16). For example used steel balls from a '''[[w:Ball_mill|Ball Mill]]''' welded to a bar can be used for compound curves. Straight pins inserted into a plate can be used for bending, typically with a length of pipe for leverage. Since blacksmiths make metal items, they can make some of these themselves. * '''Leg Vise''' - This is a large sturdy vise with a leg that extends to solid ground (Figure 5.5-13). This allows heavy hammering or bending without damaging the workbench or other support it is attached to. Either the workpiece or a shaping tool can be clamped in the vise. * '''[[w:Quenching|Quenching]] and [[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Tempering]]''' - the former rapidly cools workpieces in liquid, which results in a different crystal structure than slow cooling. Tempering is moderate heating of steel to control hardness and toughness. Annealing is heating metal enough to remove '''[[w:Work_hardening|Work Hardening]]''' and allow more shaping without cracking. Containers with fluids or sand, and controlled-temperature ovens are typically used for these processes. '''<u>Foundry</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Foundry|Foundry Work]]''' - '''[[w:Casting_(metalworking)|Casting]]''' metal involves melting then pouring into a prepared mold to cool. Depending on the metal it can require higher temperatures than blacksmithing, which only requires heating to soften it. In addition to a furnace, basic equipment needed includes: * '''[[w:Crucible|Crucibles]]''' - Containers designed to hold heated or melted materials. Some have handles, but many are simple bowl shapes, sometimes with lids. These require special tongs or lifting tools to insert and remove from the furnace, and pour molten material. * '''Casting Molds''' - There are many types of molds. '''[[w:Sand_casting|Sand Casting]]''' uses a parted box filled with damp sand mixed with a bonding agent. Patterns and additional cores are pressed between the box parts, then removed. This leaves a void the shape of the desired casting, and holes for the metal to pour in and hot gases to escape. * '''[[w:Pattern_(casting)|Patterns]]''' - These are replicas of the desired cast shape. They are typically made of wood, metal, or plastic if intended to be reused in sand casting. Other methods like '''[[Investment_casting|Investment]]''', '''[[w:Lost-wax_casting|Lost Wax]]''' and '''[[w:Die_casting|Die]]''' casting use different types of molds and pattern materials. '''<u>Ceramics</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Ceramic|Ceramics]]''' are shaped at room temperature, then heated in an enclosed furnace to make their shape permanent. Typically they use inorganic materials like clay. It takes time to first remove water with moderate heat, then reach the required high temperatures and slowly cool to avoid breakage. So furnaces are generally either thick-walled or insulated to reduce heat loss. [[File:Four_poterie_Sevres.jpg|thumb|right|410x599px|Figure 5.5-17 - Updraft Kiln.]] * '''[[w:Kiln#Ceramic_kilns|Ceramic Kiln]]''' - A type of furnace for longer-term heating than metal casting. '''[[w:Pit_fired_pottery|Pit Firing]]''' requires only a hole in the ground and fuel, but can't reach the higher temperatures of a kiln. '''Updraft Kilns''' (Figure 5.5-17) have a lower chamber for fuel, with an air supply. Combustion gases then go to an upper chamber with the ceramics, and finally to a chimney to draw air upwards. Simple ones can be made from clay, optionally lined with firebrick. A first firing will then harden the kiln. Enclosed gas or electric kilns can be purchased. To start with or for small amounts, it may be easier to find a community arts center that already has a kiln. * '''[[w:Potter's_wheel|Potter's Wheel]]''' - typically a lower flywheel and upper table spun to mold clay on the upper surface with hands and tools. It is used for the main shaping of symmetrical objects. They may be powered by feet directly, a pedal and crank, or electric motor. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Hot work needs clays and glazes for ceramics and metals for smithing and casting. '''[[w:Molding_sand|Molding Sand]]''' is needed for sand casting, and machinable wax for lost-wax casting. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 11 - Machine Shop Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Machine_shop|Machine Shops]]''' until recently practiced "Subtractive Manufacturing". This is removing some of the material to turn unfinished items into finished parts. Modern '''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' uses the opposite method of "Additive Manufacturing", where material is added to make a finished part. Both depend on accurate tools and machines in order to produce accurate parts. Accurate parts, in turn, are needed in machines where they must fit together, or move and rotate for long periods of time. &emsp;While some machine shop work can be done with hand tools, the majority is usually done with special-purpose machines, which are themselves mostly made using other machine tools. One way to obtain accuracy is using thick and rigid machine tool parts. This makes them heavy. So the workshop needs a suitably strong floor, such as a thicker concrete slab or deep individual foundations for some machines. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;Many websites, books, and videos be found with search terms like: machine shop, machine tools, machinists, and the individual names of tool and machine types. A public example is '''[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc9_524.pdf Fundamentals of Machine Tools, US Army, 1996]'''. &emsp;When starting out, older books focus on the simpler and less expensive tools of that time, so are useful despite their age. Modern computer-controlled (CNC) machines, and those that are larger or have more features, are typically more expensive, need more room, power, and heavier floor support. Learning about these can be postponed until needed. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Heavy Duty Workbench''' - Building and maintaining machines involves heavy metal parts. So one or more suitable workbenches are needed when the machines or their parts don't stand directly on the floor. Some have a metal plate top for durability, but for smaller and more delicate parts a wood top can be used. * '''Storage''' - Like other crafts and project types, machine shop work requires storage for parts, materials, and supplies, and in addition hand tools, cutting bits, and machine tool accessories. Nearly all of this will be metal, which is heavy, so storage should be very sturdy. :&emsp;Precision measuring tools need dust-proof storage with soft liners to avoid damage. They often have custom cases for this purpose. Cutting tools should be stored in a way they don't damage each other and other tools, so loose in a drawer or box is not recommended. They can be wrapped in cloth, or use racks, dividers or individual boxes to keep them apart. ::'''Holding Tools''' [[File:ViceBench-insetSoftJaws.jpg|thumb|right|640x444px|Figure 5.5-18 - Machinist's Bench Vise on metal-top workbench with brass insert at upper right.]] * '''Bench Vise''' - One or more heavy duty vises are typically mounted to the workbench with the jaws overhanging the edge, so that tall items can be clamped. Various inserts are used to hold different shapes, or are made of softer materials to not damage the item (Figure 5.5-18). Some vises have a small built-in anvil. If any hammering is to be done on the vise, it should be mounted over a bench leg. * '''Machinist's Clamps''' - Machine tools often have slots in their tables in the shape of an inverted "T". Inverted bolts and specialty '''[[w:T-slot_nut|T-slot Nuts]]''' can be inserted, then bars and other clamping devices can be bolted down. '''Toolmaker's Clamps''' have parallel-jaws and two screws to hold items together. These would be in addition to the vise and other clamps from previous sets. [[File:TruLockMachineVice.jpg|thumb|right|640x378px|Figure 5.5-19 - Machine vice with angle scale bolted to mill bed.]] * '''Machine Vise''' - is bolted to a machine tool to hold a part while being worked on (Figure 5.5-19). These are either plain or have rotation and tilt motions. Often used with other clamps and fixtures for precise positioning. * '''[[w:V-block|V-Blocks]]''' - with clamps are used to hold round or irregular shapes when drilling or cutting. * '''Setup Blocks''' - Often 1x2x3 and 2x4x6 inch sizes for ease of setting up exact positions. These can either be plain or drilled and threaded. * '''[[w:Parallels_(engineering)|Parallel Bars Set]]''' - To support work above vise jaws or at offset positions while staying parallel to the machine table. Often used in combination with other setup blocks. * '''[[w:Angle_plate|Angle Plate]]''' - Used to hold a part at a measured angle to a machine table. * '''[[w:Magnetic_switchable_device|Magnetic Holders]]''' - have a switchable magnetic field to temporarily hold an item in a fixed position, typically for taking measurements, centering, or machining. They are an alternative to clamps and vises, but care should be taken that they have enough holding force for the task. ::'''Measurement Tools''' &emsp;'''[[w:Machinist|Machinists]]''' use a wide variety of measuring tools to produce accurate parts and machines. Some machines have built-in scales and devices, but separate tools are often needed. They are often more accurate versions of basic measuring tools. * '''[[w:Scientific_calculator|Solar Scientific Calculator]]''' - For general calculations. Some machinist calculations involve trigonometry and circular areas, so it should have these higher functions. The solar cells avoid needing to replace batteries. It should also be protected with a case or be stored in a clear plastic bag. * '''[[w:Machinist_square|Machinist Squares]]''' - These include plain right angle squares in different sizes, and combination squares for centering and angle setting. These are more solid and accurately made than the same tools for woodworking. * '''[[w:Radius_gauge|Radius]]''' and '''[[w:Feeler_gauge|Feeler Gauges]]''' - Radius gauges use a bright light to detect if a part matches the curve of the gauge. Feeler gauges are made to accurate thicknesses to measure small gaps. * '''[[w:Thread_pitch_gauge|Thread Pitch Gauge]]''' - Has leaves with tooth profiles to determine the size of threads on an existing part. * '''Taper Gauge Set''' - These have sloped widths or thicknesses with a scale. Sets have several pieces to cover a wider size range. * '''[[w:Wiggler_(tool)|Edge and Center Finders]]''' - Also called "wigglers" after how they work. Used to find the center or edge of a part, after which a precise offset can be set with a machine's handwheel or digital readout. * '''[[w:Micrometer_(device)|Micrometers]]''' - These use a calibrated screw for accurate measurements. They come in different size ranges and for outside, inside, and depth measurements. Start with a 0-1 inch/25 mm outside micrometer and add others as needed. * '''[[w:Bore_gauge|Bore Gauges]]''' - The telescoping type have a pair of heads that expand to measure inside diameter or width. Used with a micrometer to set or read their width. * '''Thread Wire Measuring Set''' - Uses two wires on one side and one on the other plus a micrometer to accurately measure the size of a threaded part. * '''Toolmaker's Dividers''' - with rigid legs and spring. To transfer measurements and draw arcs on inked parts. * '''Calipers''' - a more accurate version than the basic one from Section 3.0. * '''[[w:Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)|Indicators]]''' - Dial or digital, with magnetic base. Measures distance from a reference surface to a probe. * '''[[w:Surface_plate|Surface Plate]]''' - Highly accurate flat surface, typically granite or cast iron. Used as a reference surface for other measuring tools, setups, and marking of parts before cutting. * '''[[w:Engineer's_spirit_level|Machinist's Level]]''' - A precision spirit (bubble) level for leveling machine tools and other surfaces. * '''Adjustable Parallels Set''' - spanning 0.375-2.25in (10-50mm), for measuring and setting exact widths and offsets. * '''[[w:Gauge_block|Gage Block Set]]''' - Highly accurate blocks which are stacked to produce exact lengths. Typically used to check the accuracy of other measuring devices rather than direct use. * '''[[w:Sine_bar|Sine Bar]]''' - This is two accurate cylinders connected to a bar so that exact angles can be calculated or set by the mathematical sine of a triangle formula. * '''[[w:Coordinate-measuring_machine|Coordinate Measuring Machine]]''' - an advanced and often automated machine to measure the physical geometry of an object. * '''[[w:Optical_comparator|Optical Comparator]]''' - a device to magnify and project the profile of a part so it can be measured. ::'''Marking Tools''' * '''Industrial Marker''' - These use heat and oil-resistant ink for marking and layout. * '''Layout Fluid & Brush''' - For more durable layout marks. Either commercial, or a denatured alcohol/shellac/fabric dye mix. * '''Scriber, Carbide Tipped''' - For scratching lines onto metal parts. * '''Prick and Center Punches''' - Prick punches are smaller and used for marking exact points on a part. Center punches are heavier and struck like chisels to make a starter hole for drill bits. * '''Transfer Punches''' - These come in sets of different diameters, and are used to transfer the centers of one or more holes from one part to another. * '''Steel Straight Edge''' - An accurately made flat bar for scribing lines onto a part, and checking flatness with a light held behind it. Commercial flat bar stock may be enough to start with, but precision ones made for the purpose will be more accurate. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;Basic assembly tools like screwdrivers and socket wrenches were included in Section 3.0. Some '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Additional Specialty Tools]]''' may be needed to maintain or adjust machine tools such as the '''[[w:Torx|Torx]]''' type. Some of these allow higher torque, which can be useful when building new projects. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' * '''[[w:Tap_and_die|Tap and Die Sets]]''' - Includes handles and individual taps and dies. Used for cutting matching inside and outside screw threads. * '''[[w:Reamer|Reamers]]''' - Hand and Expanding. Uses tap handle for turning. Finishes a hole to an exact size. * '''[[w:Drill_bit#Center_and_spotting_drill_bit|Center Drill Bits]]''' - Used in a lathe to drill a center hole in the part for the '''[[w:Tailstock|Tailstock]]''' to fit into. * '''[[w:Center_gauge|Center Gauge]]''' - used to guide grinding thread-cutting tools to the right angle and then mount them perpendicular to the part. * '''[[w:Hand_scraper|Hand Scrapers]]''' - Used with or to make surface plates and produce precision surfaces. ::'''Stationary Subtractive Machines''' [[File:Sharp_3_Axis_Vertical_Mill_Full_View.jpg|thumb|right|358x599px|Figure 5.5-20 - Vertical milling machine with manual positioning, electronic readout, and Kurt machine vise to hold parts being milled.]] * '''[[w:Milling_(machining)|Vertical and Horizontal Milling Machines]]''' - (Figure 5.5-20) These are described by the rotating axis of the tool head. Movements can be manual or computer (CNC) controlled. Vertical mills are typically smaller and lower power. A compound (2 axis) slide table added to a medium drill press may be enough to get started, but a floor-mounted mill will be more accurate and can handle larger parts. Desktop CNC mills can be used for small items, but are lower power and therefore slower. [[File:Tornio_piccolo.jpg|thumb|right|640x407px|Figure 5.5-21 - Small Bench Lathe.]] * '''[[w:Metal_lathe|Metal Lathe]]''' - These are heavier and more powerful than wood-cutting lathes, with higher accuracy. They are described by the maximum diameter and length of the parts they can work, such as 7x14 inches. A small bench-top one (Figure 5.5-21) may be enough to start. Larger ones require custom tables or are floor-mounted. Lathes can be manually or computer (CNC) controlled. Combination machines exist that do both milling and lathe work if space is at a premium * '''Lathe & Mill Accessories''' - Lathes and mills use a variety of '''[[w:Cutting_tool_(machining)|Cutting Tools]]''' and need specialized holding tools (noted above) for the items being worked. The cutting tools are held with '''[[w:Chuck_(engineering)|Chucks]]''', '''[[w:Collet|Collets]]''', and '''[[w:Spindle_(tool)|Spindles]]''' due to the high forces involved. They are often particular to a given machine or machine size. A '''[[w:Rotary_table|Rotary Table]]''' or '''[[w:Indexing_head|Indexing Head]]''' allows allows positioning items at precise angles. :&emsp;Industrial machine tools use cutting oils to remove heat and chips. For small projects a brush or oil can and hand application may be enough. For larger ones a steady feed of oil and chip removal is needed. Oil can be filtered and reused, but metal chips are sharp and should be carefully disposed of. CNC type machines need a computer and suitable software to prepare the series of instructions, or directly control them. * '''[[w:Drill#Geared_head|Industrial Drill Press]]''' - These are larger and heavier than woodworking drill presses, typically floor mounted with gear rather than belt drives. Some come equipped with cross-slide or rotating tables, or these can be added as accessories. Others have radial and tilt heads for large and heavy parts where it is easier to move the head than the part being drilled. One or more sets of metal-cutting drill bits with different diameters and lengths are needed to start with. * '''[[w:Bandsaw#Metal_fabrication_shop_and_machine_shop_models|Horizontal Metal Bandsaw]]''' - For cutting larger metal bars or blocks to length. In contrast to the wood saws, the metal is clamped in place while the cutting blade slowly pivots down. * '''Vertical Heavy-Duty Bandsaw''' - For rough cutting curved metal sections by moving them through the saw. This can be a woodworking bandsaw with a metal-cutting blade, or a more powerful one. It is suitable for thinner and lighter metal pieces. For larger and heavier items, they are held stationary while a portable cutting tool is moved through them. * '''[[w:Surface_grinding#Equipment|Surface Grinder]]''' - Produces flat surfaces by moving a part horizontally under a grinding wheel. * '''[[w:Electrical_discharge_machining|EDM Machine]]''' - Electrical discharge machining uses sparks across an insulating fluid to remove material and shape a part. * '''[[w:Laser_cutting|Laser Cutter/Engraver]]''' - uses a focused high-power laser to cut or ablate material, often under computer control. There are various types and sizes of machines. ::'''Additive Machines''' &emsp;'''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' is a category of methods and machines that make parts by adding material under computer control. There are now a '''[[w:3D_printing_processes|Variety of Such Machines]]''' in various sizes that "print" different materials by different methods. Some methods are better suited to industrial use, and others for home use. Part resolution can be as small as 10 nanometers, and other machines work on a large enough scale for '''[[w:Construction_3D_printing|Building Construction]]'''. A related set of methods involve spraying material onto an existing surface. Examples are '''[[w:Spray_painting|Spray Painting]]''' and '''[[w:Thermal_spraying|Thermal Spraying]]'''. The spray is often directed by hand, but can be done by machines under computer control. &emsp;Printed parts often need additional finishing steps, like removing printed supports that were needed during printing but not afterwards, or sanding to smooth sometimes uneven surfaces. Which types of additive machines are needed depends on the materials you want to use, and the speed, size, and accuracy required. Due to the wide variety of processes, machines, and purposes, we don't list individual machines. Instead, we recommend looking at some '''[https://archive.org/details/inlibrary?query=3D+printing Reference Sources]''', then investigate available machines. &emsp;Most printers need a computer file describing the part to be made. They can be made yourself using suitable software, or use existing ones made by others. Depending on the printer, they may need a separate computer to send commands, similar to how office printers work with paper. Otherwise they may have the control computer built-in and only need the part file delivered to it. &emsp;When starting out, it may make sense to use a commercial printing service, as they only need the computer file to make a part. Open-source printer designs and kits are available. They are less expensive, but require doing some or all of the work of building them. Already built '''[[w:Comparison_of_3D_printers|Printers]]''' are available new for as little as a good portable power tool, but supplies of printing material can be expensive if you are making many parts. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">7.0 - Outdoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers projects where the work or the finished items are mostly located outdoors. It includes yard work, gardening, digging and landscaping, forestry, and farming. Aside from location, they share somewhat overlapping sets of tools, so consider other lists than the primary category you are interested in. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 12 - Yard Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;A '''[[w:Yard_(land)|Yard]]''' commonly means the area of land surrounding a house, typically in suburban areas. In urban areas, residences may have little or no yard area. Properties larger than a few acres (1 hectare) can be called "acreage" if mostly undeveloped, and a large house with lots of outside improvements on multiple acres is called an '''[[w:Estate_(land)|Estate]]'''. This list covers items for self-maintenance of suburban yards, or maintenance of yards for others on a small-business scale. &emsp;Typical yards have live items like grass, some trees, and decorative plants and ground cover. They can also have a variety of constructed items like paths, fences, storage sheds, decks and patios. Most of these need some degree of cleaning and maintenance for appearance and to meet local rules. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Brooms and Dustpans''' - For sweeping paved areas and picking up the resulting piles. Includes Wide push, upright sweep, and wide dustpan. * '''Rakes''' - Leaf, Bow, and Thatch types. * '''[[w:Edger#Manual_lawn_edgers|Lawn Edger]]''' - A manual tool used to keep grass and roots from encroaching on paved or other types of surfaces. * '''[[w:Hedge_trimmer|Hedge Trimmer]]''' - Large scissors or pruning shears used to trim hedge plantings or decorative bushes. '''Pruning Shears''' have shorter blades, usually curved, with more leverage for cutting thicker or harder stems. * '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' - A single or dual-wheel cart with handles for general moving of bulk or heavier items. The wheel(s) carry most of the weight while steering and pushing with the handles. Most have a sloped tray so they can be emptied by tilting vertical. * '''[[w:Hatchet|Hatchet]]''' - A combination tool with a sharp blade on one side and a hammer head on the other. An example use is trimming a branch to make a stake then pounding it in. * '''[[w:Loppers|Lopper]]''' and '''Pruning Saw''' - Loppers have long handles with short blades, sometimes with compound action. Can cut saplings and branches up to 2 inches (5 cm) for the largest version by working around the stem until severed. Pruning saws are hand saws with teeth designed to cut living wood, and can cut somewhat larger branches in crowded areas. Large branches should be cut partway from below with two cuts removing a wedge, then finished from above. This prevents a split from damaging the main stem or trunk, and makes a more controlled fall for the branch. * '''[[w:Polesaw|Polesaw]]''' - A pruning saw attached to a pole to reach higher without a ladder. Many have a levered pruning blade with a cord, to cut smaller high branches. * '''[[w:Garden_hose|Garden Hose]]''' - For delivering water where needed in a yard. A simple spray or pistol nozzle is enough to start, but there are a number of other special purpose attachments. Rubber grommets are used to prevent leakage. * '''Containers''' - '''[[w:Bucket|Water Buckets]]''' and smaller containers can be used to transport small amounts of water. '''[[w:Fuel_container|Fuel Containers]]''' are needed for machines and devices that use them. Other yard supplies like fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can be toxic. They either come with a container, or can be stored in suitable boxes and bags. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Outdoor power tools can be electrical, using either a power cord or internal batteries. Corded tools generally need outdoor-type extension cords of sufficient length and wire gauge for the required distance. Battery types typically need a matching charger for removable batteries. Portable generators and inverters connected to a vehicle can supply power at greater distances than extension cords. Other outdoor tools have combustion engines that require fuel or a fuel/oil blend, and some need separate lubricating oil. The choice among power types depends on cost, convenience, noise level, and required power level. * '''[[w:Leaf_blower|Leaf Blower]]''' - uses high-speed air to move leaves and other debris away from buildings and pavements or into piles. Mower blades act like a fan, and with a side discharge can both chop up and blow leaves into piles or rows for pickup. * '''[[w:String_trimmer|String Trimmer]]''' - Cuts grass and weeds around obstacles or edges of a yard, without damaging other items. Some types accept other accessories for different tasks. Alternately herbicides, woven or sheet weed barriers, and solid objects can prevent growth in unwanted areas. * '''Power Hedge Trimmer''' - Typically use a reciprocating blade that slides against stationary fingers. Does similar tasks to hand hedge shears and pruners. * '''[[w:Pressure_washing|Pressure Washer]]''' - Uses high pressure water, sometimes with additives like soap, to clean exterior surfaces. Some have different angle nozzles and adjustable pressure. * '''[[w:Brushcutter_(garden_tool)|Brush Cutter]]''' - The hand-carried type has more power than a string trimmer and accepts accessories like circular saw blades to cut thicker items. A '''[[w:Brush_hog|Brush Hog]]''' has wheels or is mounted to a larger machine, and functions like a heavy-duty lawn mower. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' * '''[[w:Lawn_mower|Lawn Mower]]''' - Uses blades to cut larger areas of grass to an even height. Most modern ones are powered. Smaller ones are walk-behind and either pushed or are self-propelled. Larger '''Riding Mowers''' have a seat and steerable wheels. Some types have a bag to collect grass clippings, and may have a side discharge to blow the clippings away from the blades. Even larger '''Lawn Tractors''' are powerful enough to tow wagons or mount other attachments. These start to overlap in function with small agricultural tractors with a mowing attachment. :&emsp;The type of mower to use depends on the area to be mowed, coverage speed, cost, noise level, whether it is for personal or commercial use, and what obstacles have to be worked around. For example, with '''[[w:Zero-turn_mower|Zero-Turn]]''' mowers the drive wheels rotate at different speeds/direction, and the other wheels swivel in any direction. This allows maneuvering in tighter spaces. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''[[w:Mulch|Mulch]]''' - A layer of material applied to the surface of soil. It can be applied around structures, plantings, and trees to make maintenance easier, conserve moisture, improve fertility, reduce erosion, and for looks. Ground covers can be artificial, like landscape fabric, inorganic like gravel, organic like wood chips, or living plants which are close to the ground. Organic mulches can be self-made on-site from items like fallen leaves and branches which are shredded or composted. * '''[[w:Lawn#Lawn_care_and_maintenance|Lawn Maintenance]]''' - Depending on the current and desired condition of a yard, this can include adding topsoil, organic material, sand, and other soil additives to improve its quality. Additional supplies include grass seed, fertilizers, pest controls, and herbicides. It can be much easier to work with the natural soil and climate conditions than to force a specific lawn type. For example, a grass/clover mix can self-fertilize since clover can fix nitrogen from the air. Other ground covers, perennials, shrubs, and trees may be less work to maintain. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 13 - Gardening</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Gardening|Gardening]]''' is distinguished from general yard work by intentionally planting and growing plants for food or aesthetic reasons. Yard work is more basic exterior maintenance to suppress weeds, maintain access, and reduce vermin. There is overlap between the two, but gardening typically has more specialized tools. &emsp;This is a very popular activity, so there are many reference sources, suppliers, organizations and groups, and outside help such as '''[[w:Agricultural_extension|Agricultural Extension]]''' education. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Garden Trowel''' - a small pointed shovel designed to use with one hand. * '''Hand Cultivator''' - small single hand, or long handle two hand types. They have several curved tines for breaking up soil or pulling weeds by the roots. * '''Hand Weeder''' - any of several tools to sever deeper roots or cut weeds near the surface. * '''Draw Hoe''' - has a blade set crosswise to the handle. It is intended to chop into the ground and then pulled or levered. Can be one or two-handed, with various blade shapes. Narrow blades are for hard soil, while wider ones can move looser soil. * '''Scuffle Hoes''' - The '''Hoop''' or action type has a cross blade more parallel to the handle, often sharpened to cut roots near the surface. '''Linear''' hoes have blades parallel to the handle and can cut roots without disturbing adjacent soil. * '''[[w:Garden_fork|Garden Fork]]''' - has around four sturdy tines set parallel to a D-ended handle. They are driven into the soil and then levered to loosen or lift it. The '''[[w:Pitchfork|Pitchfork]]''' has a longer straight handle and slightly curved tines. It is used to pick up and throw loose material rather than drive into the ground. * '''Bulb Planter''' - has pivoted cylinder halves and a serrated bottom to cut and lift soil for planting bulbs and other plants, then replacing the soil to cover them. * '''Wheel Hoe''' - A narrow wheel attached to handles, on which a hoop blade and other attachments can be mounted. It is useful where longer rows of soil need to be worked. * '''Root Cutter''' - any of a number of serrated tools designed to cut thicker roots. The shovel type has a chisel bottom edge and toothed sides, and is stepped on for cutting force. The one hand type have hooked saw blades or a toothed trowel shape. The shovel and trowel types are first used to expose the root before cutting. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''Garden Shed''' - This is a building near a garden to store tools, equipment, and materials. It may also include a workbench for maintenance and tasks like potting plants. * '''[[w:Raised-bed_gardening|Raised Beds]]''' - are enclosed areas of soil above ground level set up for any of a number of reasons: easier access, erosion control, eliminate compaction by not walking on the soil, and others. * '''[[w:Garden_structure|Garden Structures]]''' - These are other structures like walls, fences, trellises, greenhouses, stakes, and wire mesh. They are used for weather and sun control, to keep out animals, and to support growing plants. The simplest gardens use none of these and must accept the yield losses. This may be less than the cost and work of building structures, and simply planting more to reach the desired yield. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' &emsp;For larger gardens and heavier soils, hand tools will take too long or are too hard to use. Wheeled power equipment, either electric or combustion engine, can handle the needed soil preparation. For new gardens, this includes breaking up the soil, removing excess rocks, grading for drainage, and mixing in soil amendments. It may make sense to hire the people and equipment for the heavier one-time tasks. Categories of equipment include self-powered walk-behind, and attachments to larger riding mowers and garden tractors (List 12). * '''[[w:Cultivator#Garden_cultivators|Garden Cultivator]]''' - walk-behind machine for breaking up and mixing soil using rotating tines. * '''Dump Cart''' - Two wheel cart attachment with a tilting bed. For moving larger amounts of material than a wheelbarrow or with less labor. * '''[https://brinly.com/product-category/ground-engaging/ Ground-Engaging Attachments]''' - These are used with larger garden tractors to turn and break up soil. They include a plow, cultivator, and harrow. ::'''Supplies''' * '''Water, Light, and Temperature''' - All plants need enough of these in the right amounts to grow. The easiest way to do this is selecting plants suited to the climate. For example '''[[w:Hardiness_zone|Hardiness Zones]]''' are mapped out by minimum annual temperature, and various information sources will list which zone(s) a given plant is suited for. &emsp;If natural conditions are unsuited, they can be modified artificially. There are many ways to do this from simple watering cans to complex irrigation systems, removing or adding items for shade and temperature control, and artificial lights. * '''[[w:Compost|Compost]]''' - is decomposed plant, food, and other organic material. It is used to fertilize and condition soil. It can be bought or made on-site from garden and other sources. Composting takes time, so making it involves an open pile or suitable container. * '''[[w:Seed|Planting Stock]]''' - Many plants grow from seeds, which can either be purchased, or obtained from previous generations of grown plants. Other forms of '''[[w:Plant_propagation|Plant Propagation]]''' don't require seeds, but need a previously existing plant, or parts from it, as starting material. * '''[[w:Fertilizer|Fertilizers]]''' - Besides the basics of water, light, air, and usually soil, plants need a variety of other nutrients to grow. If they can't obtain them from the available soil or water sources, they have to be added. General additions of fertilizers, based on knowledge of the soil and what given plants need can be helpful. More specific recommendations can come from '''[[w:Soil_test|Soil Tests]]'''. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 14 - Landscaping</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Landscaping|Landscaping]]''' is the intentional change of visible features of land. A landscape typically includes non-living features like steps, walls, and fences, and living items like grass, trees, ground cover, and ornamental plants. &emsp;Landscaping overlaps with yard work, gardening, and construction. Yard work is more concerned with maintaining an existing landscape, and gardening is focused on growing specific plants rather than all the land. Building construction often disturbs the land, requiring landscaping to restore it, and uses heavier equipment for excavation and contouring the land. Construction can also install utilities and equipment later needed in a landscape such as water and electric. &emsp;'''[[w:Landscape_architecture|Landscape Architecture]]''' is concerned with the design of landscapes. As a profession it is related to '''[[w:Architecture|Architecture]]''', which is concerned with structures. You can hire professionals for complex projects, but most home and small business projects don't need that level of training. '''[[w:Landscape_design_software|Landscape Design Software]]''' is available to help design and visualize projects. Many '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Landscaping Books]''' and other reference sources are available on this subject. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:Shovel|Shovels]]''' and '''[[w:Spade|Spades]]''' - These are variations of the general tool type used for digging and moving bulk material. A shovel has a rounded and more angled blade and is used at a lower angle. It is more suited for picking up and moving loose material. A spade has a flatter and in-line blade and is used vertically for trenching and other straight-sided digging. One general-purpose long-handled shovel is enough to start. Other variations can be added as needed. * '''[[w:Earth_auger|Earth Auger]]''' - The hand version has a wide screw or two curved vertical blades, with a T-handle for leverage. It is only suited for smaller holes in soil. * '''[[w:Digging_bar|Digging Bar]]''' - A long metal bar with various shaped ends, used to break up, pry, and tamp soil and rock, using their weight and thickness, and using repeated impacts or leverage. One about chest to head height with flat and pointed ends to start. * '''[[w:Pickaxe|Pickaxe]]''' - T-shaped tool with sturdy pointed and flat ends of the head. The swing motion allows more impact force than a digging bar, and is used for similar tasks. * '''[[w:Mattock|Cutter Mattock]]''' - Similar to pickaxe but has lengthwise and crosswise blades suited to exposing and cutting roots. * '''[[w:Post_hole_digger|Post Hole Digger]]''' and '''[[w:Post_pounder|Post Pounder]]''' - The digger consists of facing shovel blades, hinged so they can grab dirt trapped between them to pull out. Both are used for setting fence posts, either directly, or by making a hole which is later filled and tamped. * '''Soil Tamper''' - any heavy object with a small flat base used to compact loose soil by impact. The small end of a heavy branch can be used as an improvised one, but metal rods made for the purpose are also used. ::'''Power Tools''' &emsp;Power versions in various sizes are available for the above yard, garden, and landscaping hand tools. They are used for bigger jobs, and can be rented or hired with crew for larger projects that only need them once. They are either dedicated machines for a single task, or mounted as attachments to a larger machine like a garden tractor, '''[[w:Skid-steer_loader|Skid-Steer Loader]]''', or '''[[w:Tractor|Farm Tractor]]'''. Some are towed to a working location, but others have drive wheels or tracked treads to move themselves. None of these are needed to start on a small scale, but can be used when larger projects are attempted. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 15 - Forestry</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hand Axes - Felling Axe for cutting trees, smaller Camp axe for trimming and notching branches. * Saws - '''[[w:Bucksaw|Bucksaw]]''' for cutting smaller logs to length. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow Saw]]''' typically has a narrower blade and smaller frame for branches and working in tight spaces. The electric or fuel-powered '''[[w:Chainsaw|Chainsaw]]''' is for cutting larger trees down and to size. '''WARNING''' all serious timber cutting is very dangerous due to powerful machines with exposed teeth, and the weight of falling or shifting trees and branches. It should never be done alone or without some training. Methods like anchor ropes/chains can pull down trees from a safe distance. If you are at all unsure, hire professionals with the right equipment and experience. * Bark Tools - Spud, Bark Scraper/Pry Bar, Power Debarker ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 16 - Farming</u></span>=== &emsp; ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">8.0 - Construction Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Construction generally follows a sequence of steps, some of which may be skipped if not needed. The exact order of tasks depends on the design and access needed, so the lists in this section are not a strict sequence, but rather grouped by trade and skills. The main steps include: * '''Plans and Permits''' - Before physical work, design of the project, including making sure outside access and utilities will be available, what site features currently exist that may need to be changed or worked around, then obtaining needed permission such as building permits. * '''Site Work''' - This includes clearing, surveying, marking out, grading, compacting, and excavation, and providing temporary utilities and sanitation if needed. * '''Substructure and Foundations''' - These are the items that end up at or under ground level when complete, such as drainage, utility lines, and the building foundation. * '''Main Structure and Large Items''' - Walls, floors, roof, external doors and windows; and also items like heating and ventilation systems and bathtubs that are too large to install later. * '''Internal Utilities and Services''' - These are items like electrical and plumbing that will later be hidden by finished walls. * '''Finishing''' - The final surfaces, cabinets, interior doors, fixtures, and appliances that will be visible and used. &emsp;How many of the steps you can do yourself vs hiring contractors depends on your skills, crew size, and how often you expect to do it. Earlier work like excavation generally needs larger and more expensive equipment than later steps like finishing. So when starting out in construction we suggest contracting out the bigger steps. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 17 - General Construction</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Besides basic tools from Lists 1 and 2, some general equipment is used across multiple phases of construction projects. We try to list those here, and more specialized items in the later lists. ::'''Measurement Tools''' * '''[[w:Chalk_line|Chalk Line]]''' - For marking out straight lines by snapping a chalked string against a surface. * Measuring Tapes & Wheels - 10-100m (30-300 foot) Tapes for measurements and layout. * Transits - Builder's and Surveyors, for vertical and property measurement. * Mason's Twine - Light string to mark edges and horizontals with minimal stretch and sag. * Bullhorn * Portable Radios * Rubber Boots * Cold Weather Gear * Folding Chairs * Coolers - Drink, Food * Tables - Plan, Portable * Extension Cords, Multi-Plug Adapters, & Power Strips * Work Lights * Water Pump - Trash type. For removing water after rain or from holes. * Drop Cloths & Tarps - Painter's (Canvas, Plastic), Vinyl Cargo, Polyethylene * Weather Protection - For workers and worksites. Can be manufactured, or rigged from tarps, lumber with nails or screws at one or both ends as poles, anchor ropes, and either heavy objects like concrete blocks or ground stakes/anchors to secure the ropes. * Cleanup - Brooms, dust pans, trash cans & bags (can also use empty boxes) * Extension Poles - for tools and props * Fans - Box, Pedestal, Drum * Inverter and Portable Generator * Warning cones, signs, safety and erosion fencing, security equipment, safety vests * Seam Roller - has multiple uses for roofing, carpet, and wallpaper. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 18 - Carpentry</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Carpentry includes wood framing, roofing, structural metalwork, fireplaces, and drywall. Drywall is typically left until after internal utilities and services are installed. * Hammers - '''[[w:Framing_hammer|Framing Hammers]]''' are larger and heavier than claw hammers, for driving large nails into wood-frame construction. * Nail Guns - Assorted sizes. These drive nails with electric or air power, when large numbers or faster work is desired. * Drywall Square * Drywall Saw * '''[[w:Glass_cutter|Glass Cutter]]''' - for trimming window and other glass to size. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 19 - Masontry & Concrete</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hammers - Brick, Engineer, Sledge * Chisels - Assorted types and sizes Brick, Concrete, Mason, Stone, Tile, Star Point. Hand protectors & Offset Holders as needed * Trowels - Pointing, Brick, Rectangular * Mortar Hoe - with holes to aid mixing * Mixers - Hand, electric blade, wheeled or trailer electric or fueled for larger amounts. Very large amounts typically use mixer truck delivery. * Mud Tray and Hawk - for holding smaller amounts of mortar for troweling * '''SDS Type Hammer Drill''' - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 20 - Plumbing</u></span>=== &emsp; * Pipe and Tubing Cutters * Pipe Threading Taps & Dies - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 21 - Electrical</u></span>=== &emsp; * '''Insulated Screwdrivers''' - To prevent electrical shocks. Generally power should be off while doing electrical work, so this is a safety measure in case it accidentally isn't. * '''Electric Circuit, Outlet, and Breaker Testers''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 22 - Finishing</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Construction finishes are the final visible parts of a building after the structural, mechanical, and hidden utilities are installed. ::'''Finish Carpentry''' &emsp;This includes interior doors, cabinets, countertops, closet interiors, wood flooring, baseboards, and moldings. ::'''Paint and Wall Coverings''' * Combination and Razor Scrapers * Hand Sander * Can Hook & Key * Paint Brushes & Comb * Roller Tray & Liners, Roller Handles, Roller Brushes, * Paints and stains as needed per job. * Wallpaper Paste and Smoothing Brushes * Trimming Wheel - To trim or cut wallpaper to size, especially once pasted to a surface. ::'''Plumbing and Electrical Fixtures''' &emsp;This includes items like sinks and faucets, wall outlets, ceiling lights, and built-in electronics. It also includes installing built-in and free-standing appliances. ::'''Flooring and Tile''' &emsp;This includes flooring other than wood, such as carpet, sheet, and floor tiles. It also includes other tile work such as kitchens and bathrooms. * Caulk Gun * Putty Knives - Assorted sizes * Drywall Trowels - Narrow & Wide * Pole Sander * Floor Buffer * Floor Scraper </div> {{BookCat}} 43ctwkdjon60oco7mivkr2b4dv76p4r 4096038 4095755 2022-08-25T11:29:18Z Danielravennest 13526 List 14 through mobile equipment wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:left;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">Section 5.5 - Starter and Expansion Sets</span>}} <div style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"> <div class="nonumtoc">{{TOCright}}</div> &emsp;The goal of the personal production example is supplying a range of basic products for a community of owner-operators. They do this as individuals or through joint effort for larger tasks. Product types include furniture, home improvements, food, and utilities. They start with smaller and simpler items and work up to bigger projects. We assume they start with limited funds, time, equipment, and experience. So part of the effort is improving themselves as people to overcome these limits. &emsp;A community project may start with as little as one person's part-time effort and no equipment or skills. So we describe a range of starter sets from very minimal to more substantial, with suggestions on use and gaining skills. Project owners can then select their starting points based on their available people and resources. We then include several expansion sets for projects growing beyond these starting points. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">1.0 - Necessary Inputs</span>== &emsp; &emsp;We can consider a starter set as a product. It must first be assembled and set up before it can be used to make improvements for itself, and end products for the owners and others. Like any functional system, it requires inputs and emits outputs of various kinds. These include: * '''Time''' - from one or more people to make plans, look for and acquire needed items, operate equipment, train others, or learn skills as needed. * '''Supply sources''' - for parts, materials, tools, machines, training materials, plans, and instructions. * '''Money''' - for items which can't be made internally, or for outside labor that project members can't supply. * '''Sheltered Space''' - to store and use the equipment. Even outdoor equipment should be protected when not in use. * '''Energy''' - such as electric power or human muscles, to make, set up, and operate the equipment. * '''Maintenance Items''' - like water, cleaning supplies, and waste disposal during and after operations. &emsp;We suggest starting by assessing which of these you have and which are lacking. The next step is to make a plan for getting enough of the inputs to get started, and how you will continue from there. For example, if you don't have all the basic tools from List 1 (below), you can make a shopping list of the missing items, then either buy them, start saving to buy them, or find a makerspace/hackerspace, community group, or neighbor that allows you to use them. &emsp;In modern society, money can commonly be traded for most other things people need and want. If lack of money is an obstacle, there are a couple of ways around that. One is to cut expenses, such as eating out less or sharing living space. The other is to increase income, such as doing basic jobs for other people in addition to current work, or upgrading your knowledge and skills so you can find better work. Reaching a goal may seem like a big challenge. Breaking it down into smaller steps, then taking them one at a time is more manageable. But you have to take the first step to get anywhere. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">2.0 - Starter Set Lists</span>== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Tool_use_by_animals|Some species]]''' besides ours use tools. We are unique in the variety and complexity of our tools, and that we use tools to make other tools. So which of the many options should be included in a starter set? The answer for a particular project and self-improvement path will vary. &emsp;The lists below are provided as a starting point for consideration and selection. '''<u>You don't need every item to start making things</u>'''. But the more of them you have, the more kinds of projects you can do. The lists also don't cover every possible project. They are starter sets to build on, not complete lists of every possible tool. Additional items may be needed for particular projects. For large and complex projects you may need multiples of each item, either different sizes and types, or for multiple people to use. For example, a saying in woodworking is "you can never have too many clamps". '''[NOTE:]''' Some of these lists or portions of them will be moved later to other chapters. They are currently here for ease of editing. &emsp;The lists are compiled from 18 existing tool and equipment lists. The intent is a sampling from a wide variety of sources which are then sorted to form starter and expansion sets for the various examples in these books. The source lists are from several makerspaces, a tool bank (who lend out tools to nonprofit projects), a book on rural workshops, the phased equipment list for the Seed Factory Project, a pamphlet from manufacturer Porter Tools, a course on "manual arts" (later called "shop class" in schools), a compiled list of equipment for industrial training classes, a website for beginning machinists, the author's personal tool list, a contributed list to these books, recommended tool brands from an online forum, a woodworking list from a YouTube channel, and a study of small industry in India. [[File:Personal Production Starter Set Path.png|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 5.5-1 - Suggested tool set paths for different types of projects. Figures can be enlarged by clicking the lower right -->.]] &emsp; &emsp;'''List Types''' - There are basic tools that have proved useful in many circumstances, from general home use to industrial production. Others are more specialized for specific tasks. For example, an axe is useful in dealing with trees, but useless for cutting steel reinforcement for concrete. So lists 1 and 2 below are the basic sets for general home use and home improvement/do it yourself projects. This is followed by expansion sets for more advanced and specialized projects. The lists are additive, meaning you should start with the basic ones, then add to them from the later lists as needed. Figure 5.5-1 shows a suggested path from the basic sets to more advanced ones. They are grouped into small indoor, large indoor, outdoor, and construction. The last of these produces more indoor space. Depending on the needs and interests of the personal production community, they can get items from any or all of these lists, and go beyond them. &emsp;Tools and machines can be classified according to size, power level, and cost. The general groups are (1) manual hand tools, (2) portable power tools, (3) stationary equipment, either powered or not, and (4) mobile equipment that is towed or can move itself. Cost and space needed tend to increase with each group. The lists are generally in order from the smaller, less expensive, and most needed first, but some items are needed together to complete a task. An example is drill bits for an electric drill. We try to note when that is the case. &emsp;To go beyond these lists, you will need to know what projects and products you want to make, and the methods and equipment needed for them. Many instructional books and articles have explicit lists of the equipment needed. Others implicitly identify useful tools by discussing their use. Tool and supply catalogs, and the tool sections of general online marketplaces can also be reviewed to identify candidate items. &emsp;'''Choosing Equipment''' - A given tool type, like a claw hammer, can be found in many versions with different quality, weight, intended usage, and cost. So the first thing is to understand what you will be using it for. Is it occasionally hanging pictures, or working full time as a carpenter? Larger and heavier tools can work with heavier materials, but can require more body strength and endurance to use. Smaller and lighter tools can be more precise, and used in tight spaces. So it can be useful to have several versions of a given type. &emsp;Cost is often a factor. You can get started with less expensive but adequate ones, and upgrade later. However very cheap tools may break or wear out quickly, and not be able to handle whatever you are working on. For personal production on a regular basis they should be hobbyist or professional grade rather than lowest grade. Used tools are typically less expensive, and often are perfectly fine for this type of use. Recognizing tool quality is a learned skill, as is knowing what grade you need for a given purpose. You may want to get recommendations from more experienced people, books, articles, instructional videos, online reviews, and discussion forums if you are new to it. &emsp;'''Supplies, Parts, and Materials''' - To complete a project you need more than just equipment like tools and machines. Equipment is not generally used up in a single project. But some supplies, like sandpaper, wear out with use. Others, like paint, end up as part of the finished item. If you are merely tightening something that has come loose, or are assembling a packaged kit that comes with everything needed, you may not need any added parts and materials. But most projects will need materials like lumber, and parts like screws, that end up in the finished item. &emsp;There is such a wide variety of these items that we cannot list them all. Instead we will note categories of supplies, parts, and materials as part of the lists below. Instructional and reference sources have more specific information on what is needed. Published project plans will often include a detailed materials and parts list. When starting a custom project you can develop a list as you plan it. Then you can look at what you already have, and identify what else is needed to complete it. &emsp;Shopping for every small project takes time, and buying in quantity can be less expensive. So it can be helpful to keep some supplies, parts, and materials on hand. These can be leftovers from previous projects, packaged hardware assortments, or accumulated from second-hand sources. We will try to indicate what is helpful to stock as a starting point, but suggest getting other items as needed for particular projects. There are many types of these items, so some way to keep them organized is useful. This can be '''[[w:Organizer_box|Organizer Boxes]]''' with compartments and drawers, empty jars and cans, or sometimes the box they came in. &emsp;In addition to purchased inventory, you can reuse items you already have but don't need, like old furniture, and items from your property like fallen or cut tree branches. Free and cheap outside sources can be found almost anywhere. Particularly good ones include scrap and wrecking yards, leftovers and removals from construction and renovation projects, and business trash. Always ask permission when scavenging from private property. You can also offer to clean up/remove/move items for people. For example, someone may have fallen tree branches which you can get free for the asking, or even get paid for removing them. Discarded or second-hand furniture can be used as work tables or storage, or as a source of lumber. &emsp;'''Making and Improving Your Own Items''' - The basic idea in these books is self-improvement. So if finances are more limited than time, or simply because you enjoy it, you can make or improve your own equipment. This lets you customize them to better fit your needs. For example, a workbench can be fit to your body size, what you are working on, and the available work space. A basic table saw consists of a motor, and an adjustable blade emerging from a cutting surface. But you can add different blades to suit the material, assorted guides for moving what you are cutting, and extension tables for managing larger pieces. To make or upgrade equipment requires already having some to work with, or access to other people's. However making everything from basic materials will take much longer than buying. So project members should consider what to make vs finding/buying already functional items. &emsp;Simple self-made woodworking projects include saw benches and saw horses, a stationary workbench, bench hook, miter box, and wooden mallets. A blacksmith can make many of their own tools, including a forge, chisels, hammers, punches, drifts, and fullers. A skilled one can make tongs, specialized hammers, hardies, flatters, and swages. Combining wood and iron work can produce cutting tools like axes and chisels, planes, drawknives, spokeshaves, claw hammers, and screwdrivers. '''[[w:David_J._Gingery|David Gingery]]''' even wrote a book series on how to build metalworking machines from scrap. At a more advanced level, a well-equipped machine shop can make many of the parts for another machine shop. &emsp;'''Ready-Made Equipment''' - Places to find new tools include home improvement and hardware stores, online marketplaces, industrial suppliers, and direct from the manufacturers. Used tools can be found online on trading sites like '''[[w:EBay|eBbay]]''' or '''[[w:Craigslist|craigslist]]''', or locally in the for-sale sections of social media. Pawn shops, flea markets, estate and garage sales are good sources for used tools. If you join a community of hobbyists or a '''[[w:Hackerspace|Makerspace]]''', you may find people who are upgrading or changed interests and are selling off/giving away items. You can sometimes borrow or rent tools, or use ones at community arts centers. A dedicated space for your own or group projects is less constrained by time and access, and has better control over tool selection and care. &emsp;'''Learning to Use Them''' - There are plenty of sources of information beyond what is in these books. Other books, both paper and digital, are a primary source. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?tab=collection Internet Archive]''' has a vast collection of digitized books. Local libraries either have paper books, can borrow them from other libraries through inter-library loan, or have digital copies you can borrow. You can of course buy new and used books online and in bookstores. Hobbyist magazines and other publications are useful both for project information and specialty equipment sources. &emsp;A community of people doing personal production can teach each other whatever skills they already had or are learning. Formal classes are taught at community centers and trade schools. Informal ones can be found among hobbyist groups, stores that sell the relevant items, and at makerspaces where you can observe and try things. You can find local community projects, hobbyists, or professionals and offer to help or work for them, and learn while doing. Video tutorials and online forums on specific subjects have also become quite helpful in recent years. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">3.0 - Basic Sets</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Before starting to use any kinds of tools and equipment, you should know how to use them safely and properly, and be protected from injury. So have the following items available, and get some safety training if needed: &emsp;'''Reference Material''' - At least one reference book on basic tool use to start with. Add additional books, videos, training classes, etc. as needed. There are many basic books available, but '''[http://everyspec.com/USN/NAVEDTRA/NAVEDTRA_14256_JUN1992_18379/ Tools and Their Uses, US Navy, 1992]''' is public domain and downloadable. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=home+workshop+tools Internet Archive]''' also has several books on home workshops and tools to borrow or download. &emsp;Both paper and e-books can be used where you are working. To protect them from dirt and damage, a thick cardboard backing with rubber bands or spring clips, and a clear plastic bag or sheet as a cover is enough to start. E-books may need more protection for the display, like a wood tray with a hinged clear plastic lid. &emsp;'''Safety Equipment''' - Tools, and the materials being worked on, are usually stronger than body parts. So a variety of safety equipment should be used to protect yourself. These include safety glasses or goggles, ear plugs or headsets for sound, work gloves (cloth, leather, fireproof, and rubber in varying thickness), knee pads, masks or respirators for dust or vapors, shop aprons, hard hats, reinforced shoes and boots, and protective covers or shields around dangerous tool parts. The latter are often built-in or available for the tools. Which of these are needed depends on what you are doing. Loose clothes and hair can get caught up in moving parts, and should be changed or secured. &emsp;Despite using safety equipment, injuries can still happen. So '''[[w:First_aid_kit|first-aid supplies]]''' should be available nearby. Most homes already have some. If a work space is some distance away or you are working away from home, a basic first aid kit should be located in the space or your vehicle. Appropriate fire extinguishers and/or sprinklers should be available for any project with flammable materials. For outdoor work, water buckets and hoses should also be available. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 1 - General Home Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;These items are useful for common household tasks like hanging pictures, assembling furniture, or installing appliances. They are also needed for more advanced projects and maintaining other equipment. They should all fit in a toolbox like the one in figure 5.5-2. [[File:Caisse_à_outils_avec_petit_outillage.JPG|thumb|right|640x375px|Figure 5.5-2 - A cantilever toolbox with trays that slide apart.]] ::'''Tool and Supply Containers''' &emsp;While household tools can be stored in a drawer or closet shelf, it is handy to keep them in a '''[[w:Toolbox|Toolbox]]''' of some kind. This avoids multiple trips when you need to use more than one, and keeps them all together. Almost any kind of container will work, as long as it will hold the majority of them (except the largest like hand saws), and strong enough for the weight. Thick-wall cardboard boxes and plastic tubs are low-cost examples. Handles or hand openings make carrying them easier. Manufactured or self-made toolboxes often have one more more drawers, removable/sliding trays, or smaller containers/dividers for small items (Figure 5.5-2). That makes it easier to organize and find what you need than a random pile. Additional types of tool carriers include large buckets, with optional tool organizers, non-rigid carrying bags and backpacks, and tool belts and aprons for when you want to keep some tools at hand. [[File:Motorists_tool_kit_roll_of_1912.jpg|thumb|right|640x441px|Figure 5.5-3 - A 1912 Mechanic's tool roll.]] &emsp;Most tools are mostly or all metal, and power tools have motors, batteries, or cords. Many tools have accessories, like drill bits or various size sockets. So at some point hand-carrying a toolbox becomes difficult. You can either have multiple smaller toolboxes, or use a larger one with wheels and a handle to make moving it easier. There are manufactured stackable sets with the bottom unit having the wheels and handle, or you can get a separate handcart and strap multiple toolboxes to it. &emsp;Tools can damage each other, especially ones like files designed to cut metal. Smaller containers, especially ones with individual tool holders, within the tool box can protect them. Sharp blades can be covered with a cap or sheath, or wrapped in cloth. A tool roll of heavy cloth or soft leather can keep tools organized and separated from each other (Figure 5.5-3). &emsp;Supply items like nails, screws, and sandpaper get used up in a project. Extra supplies avoids having to shop for them for each project, and it is often cheaper to buy in quantity, or not possible to buy very small amounts. These extra supplies also need storage. Small amounts can be kept in the same container as the tools, either loose in a compartment or in the package they came in. Larger amounts can be stored in a separate container, and then whatever is needed for a given project pulled out as needed. [[File:HeadLamp.JPG|thumb|right|640x376px|Figure 5.5-4 - A battery-powered headlamp.]] ::'''Lighting and Inspection''' &emsp;You need to be able to see what you are working on. If permanent home lighting or daylight is not enough, there are portable options like plug-in lamps and work lights. Work lights can be mounted on stands or clamp onto an available surface. Battery options include flashlights, and headlamps which leave the hands free (Figure 5.5-4). Inspection mirrors are small adjustable ones on a handle to see in hard-to-reach places. Some have telescoping handles and built-in lights. ::'''Measuring and Marking Tools''' &emsp;These are used for marking where to make cuts or shapes, dimensions, or what a part is for later assembly. Typically a cut line is marked, and then an X, squiggle, or shading is used to show the part being cut away. Cuts should be on the removal side of the line rather than directly on it. It is easier to remove material to get the final dimension than put it back once removed. So tool positioning should account for blade width. * '''Pencils & Pens''' - Start with ordinary pencils. sharpener and eraser, and yellow and red marking crayons for dark and light raw wood respectively. Ink pen and colored marker lines are easier to see but harder to erase. The edge of '''[[w:Masking_tape|Masking Tape]]''' can be used to mark locations and be written on, then more easily removed where appearance matters. Office sticky notes and other low-stick items can also be used for this. * '''[[w:Scratch_awl|Scratch Awl]]''' - These make indented lines and points. They make a sharper line than writing tools and the indents help position a chisel or drill in the right place. * '''[[w:Ruler|Rulers]]''' - Steel, preferably stainless to resist rust and heat. One or more straight ones to start, 15-60cm (6-24 in) with fine-scale markings. '''[[w:Tape_measure|Tape measures]]''', one each roll-up steel, 4-10 m (12-30 ft)for straight distances, and a cloth/plastic sewing type for wrapping around objects. * '''[[w:Combination_square|Combination Square]]''' - For measuring and marking perpendicular or at an angle to an edge, and finding the center of an end. One 30cm (12 in) to start with. [[File:Tool-level.jpg|thumb|right|640x228px|Figure 5.5-5 - A torpedo level.]] * '''Levels and Plumbs''' - For finding horizontal and vertical lines. '''[[w:Spirit_level|Spirit levels]]''' have liquid with an air bubble in a curved tube. Start with a torpedo Level (Figure 5.5-5), a small magnetized one suitable for general home use, like leveling appliances. A '''[[w:Plumb_bob|Plumb Bob]]''' is a light string with a substantial weight, sometimes pointed at the bottom. Gravity pulls it vertical. It can be used to transfer positions or align objects vertically. If attached to a marked frame or scale it can help align vertical, horizontal or sloped directions. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;For fastening parts together or take them apart again. Also for striking items to drive them together or apart or change their shape. These are mainly manual (unpowered) tools. * '''[[w:Screwdriver|Screwdrivers]]''' - Screws come in a variety of sizes with different slots, for which a matching driver should be used. Sets with common sizes are available. A basic set should have at least a large flat head, large Phillips, small flat head, small Phillips, and stubby flat head (short shaft). Since a lot of torque (twisting force) is often needed, they should be better than the cheapest grade. :&emsp;When an item doesn't already have screw holes, an '''[[w:Bradawl|Awl]]''' with a very narrow or pointed tip is useful for starting small screws. If nothing else is available, a sharpened nail can be used. Larger wood screws require pre-drilling a hole about the size of the shaft inside the threads to avoid splitting the wood. :&emsp;A small cordless screwdriver that accepts hex shank bits can replace multiple screwdrivers and pre-drill holes. A set of screwdriver and small drill bits with matching shanks should be added if not included. '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand Drills]]''' of various kinds still exist but are mostly obsolete or used where power is not available. * '''[[w:Pliers|Pliers]]''' - For firmly holding items using leverage. A basic set would include either a channel or slip joint type where the space between the jaws can be changed, a lineman’s with heavy-duty jaws, long nose for reaching confined spaces, and a locking type which continues to hold without hand pressure. * '''[[w:Socket_wrench|Socket Wrench Set]]''' - For larger screws and bolts that need more torque. A basic set includes a reversible ratcheting handle and different sizes of matching sockets to fit hexagonal-head fasteners. '''[[w:Hex_key|Hex Keys]]''' (Allen wrenches) are used for hexagonal holes in a screw or bolt. A basic set of different size hex keys is enough to start. * '''[[w:Hammer|Hammers]]''' - For striking with higher force by combined arm and handle speed. A basic set includes a '''[[w:Claw_hammer|Claw Hammer]]''' for driving and removing nails, a '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball-Peen]]''' for striking other metal tools or shaping metal, and a '''[[w:Mallet|Rubber or Rawhide Mallet]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are hitting. These can be anywhere from the 250-1500g (8-38oz) weight range depending on your strength and what you are hitting but a 500g/16oz one is enough to start with. * '''[[w:Staple_gun|Staple Gun]]''' - The manual version uses a hand-compressed spring to drive heavy staples. It can be used for fastening plastic sheet, fabric, and other light materials into soft woods. Hardwoods may require hammering the staples flush, or using sturdier fasteners like upholstery tacks. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' [[File:Tapijtschaar.jpg|thumb|right|400x300px|Figure 5.5-6 - Carpet Shears.]] * '''[[w:Scissors|Scissors/Shears]]''' - These have two blades on a pivot connected to handles. A toolbox version should have stronger blades and higher handle-to-blade length ratio to cut thicker material than household/craft scissors. A suitable heavy duty one is a '''Carpet Shears''' (Figure 5.5-6). The offset handles make it easier to cut on a flat surface. * '''[[w:Utility_knife|Utility Knives]]''' - The kind called a "box cutter" has a retractable razor knife for cutting materials like cardboard. This is enough to start with. A straight edge can guide the blade along a desired line. If you use the knife often enough, it should come with or you can get replacement blades when they wear out. Blades are very low cost and not worth sharpening to a razor edge. An inexpensive '''[[w:Putty_knife|Scraper/Spreader Set]]''' with different width and shape blades is useful for general cleaning, prying, and spreading. Thicker blades are better for scraping, while thinner flexible blades are better for spreading. A '''Razor Scraper''' holds a single-edged razor blade crosswise, and is used at a low angle on hard surfaces like glass. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Pocketknife|Folding Pocket Knife]]''' has one or more blades which pivot into the handle. A '''[[w:Multi-tool|Multi-tool]]''' includes other items besides edged blades. In all cases the movable blades make it safer and easier to carry when not being used. Traditional fixed-blade utility knives have their uses, especially outdoors or working with wood, but need a sheath when not being used for safety and to avoid damage to the edge. They should be single-edged so you can push on the back of the blade for extra force. * '''[[w:Diagonal_pliers|Diagonal Pliers]]''' - are made of hardened steel and used to cut wires and similar long, narrow materials. They are typically built into lineman's pliers along with the gripping jaws. but adding a smaller one for tighter spaces or cut more closely to a surface is useful. * '''[[w:Snips|Metal Snips]]''' function like scissors, but have much thicker blades and more leverage, often with compound action. This allows cutting sheet metal and similar hard materials. A starter set only needs the straight-cutting type, but left and right curve cutting versions can cut more complex shapes without multiple straight cuts. * '''[[w:Hacksaw|Hacksaws]]''' hold a narrow, fine tooth blade under tension in a frame. One standard 30 cm(12 inch) saw with a few blades of different tooth fineness is sufficient for a starter set. They are used to cut metal, plastic, and wood where a narrow cut or thin walls requires a thin blade with small teeth. Junior and mini saws use shorter blades and can be used in smaller spaces. * '''[[w:Hand_saw|Wood Hand Saws]]''' - These are for general cutting of wood to size. One short enough to fit in a toolbox to start with. Longer carpenter's saws can use the full stroke length of arm and body. They need a longer toolbox or are stored separately with something to protect the cutting teeth. The basic types are '''[[w:Crosscut_saw|Crosscut]]''' with teeth to cut across the wood fibers (grain), and the '''[[w:Ripsaw|Ripsaw]]''' with teeth to cut lengthwise along the fibers. There are many other types of '''[[w:Saw|Saws]]''', but a smaller toolbox one and the two carpenter types for larger pieces of wood are enough for basic home projects. * '''[[w:File_(tool)|Files]]''' and '''[[w:Rasp|Rasps]]''' are used to remove small amounts of material by abrasion. Files have teeth the width of the tool, while rasps have smaller individual teeth. They are usually made of hardened high-carbon steel so they can cut other metals. They are fairly inexpensive, so a packaged set of six or more different sizes, shapes, and tooth fineness is enough to start. This should include at least the bastard, double cut, round, and triangular types. '''[[w:File_(tool)#Needle_files|Needle Files]]''' are very small ones for confined spaces or fine work. :&emsp;File sets should have some handles, and a holder or wrap to keep them from damaging each other and other tools. A stiff toothbruch, detail brush or "file card" (a brush with fine metal wires) can be used to remove accumulated particles. * '''[[w:Sandpaper|Sandpaper]]''' - is used to smooth surfaces, round sharp corners and similar finishing tasks. An assortment pack with different grain sizes is enough to get started. Grain is either particles per inch where fine grains have higher numbers, or direct size in microns. Sandpaper wears out and becomes clogged with particles, but is inexpensive to replace. A stiff brush like a toothbrush can clean out excess particles. There are types intended to be used wet or dry, and different grain materials. :&emsp;The paper or other backing is flexible and can be cut from the back or folded and torn to whatever size is needed. Cutting from the grit side will damage blades. It can be wrapped or taped to scrap wood or any other object to conform to the surface being sanded. '''[[w:Sanding_block|Sanding Blocks]]''' are also made for this purpose. Fingernail files and hobby sanding sticks are useful for small spaces. ::'''Tool Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;Tools and work areas need some care, maintenance, repair, or cleaning. Care can be divided into avoidable problems and unavoidable wear. Water and high humidity causes steel and other metals to rust or corrode and wood to decay. Dry storage and work areas, and quickly removing water after use helps avoid these problems. A wiped on coating of oil, or storing in oiled paper or cloth, can help keep water away from metal. Wood finishes or chemically treated lumber can prevent rot. Freshly cut logs and branches have a high water content, so they should be '''[[w:Wood_drying|Dried]]''' before most uses. This is called "seasoning" because drying time in air is measured in seasons. Paints and other durable coatings, and waterproof containers can protect both wood and metal items. &emsp;'''Sharpening''' - Using tools will eventually wear down sharp edges and moving parts. Casual use of a wood or metal saw may take years to wear down the cutting teeth, but if used regularly they require '''[[w:Sharpening|Sharpening]]''' or replacement. Hacksaw and razor blades are inexpensive and replaceable. More expensive cutting tools can be sharpened with files, sandpaper fastened to a flat surface like glass, and '''[[w:Sharpening_stone|Sharpening Stones]]''', and '''[[w:Razor_strop|Stropping]]''' with abrasive compounds. These are used in series with progressively finer teeth and grains until the necessary sharpness is reached. This varies by tool and its use. A fine tooth file from those listed above and a two-sided sharpening stone with coarse/fine grain is enough to start with. &emsp;'''Repair''' - Other tool parts may need replacement if they become too worn or break. The assembly tools listed above are used to take tools apart, replace the part, and put them back together. Any kind of flat tray or small container can be used to hold loose parts while disassembled, so they don't get lost or forgotten. If there are many parts, a multi-compartment item like an egg carton, ice tray, or muffin pan can organize them in the order they were disassembled so it can be reversed during re-assembly. &emsp;General maintenance and cleaning items don't need to be carried in a tool box, but brought out as needed. They include: * '''Lubricants and Tapes''' - One saying is "'''[[w:WD-40|WD-40]]''' for anything that moves but isn't and '''[[w:Duct_tape|Duct Tape]]''' for anything that moves but shouldn't". Lubricants and tape have many uses, so some of each should be available. One can of penetrating spray lubricant, and a roll each of strong cloth (duct) and regular masking tapes are enough to start. Other kinds of '''[[w:Lubricant|Lubricants]]''' and '''[[w:List_of_adhesive_tapes|Tapes]]''' can be added as needed. :&emsp;Tools and machines with moving parts often need oiling at specific points and not others. Some oil containers come with a small nozzle, but a small brush or cotton swab can be used in harder to reach spots. Dedicated '''[[w:Oil_can|Oil Cans]]''' (oilers) that work by gravity or pressure are available for frequent or large-scale use. * '''Brushes and Vacuums''' - Old toothbrushes and wire brushes can be used to clean up blade teeth, fastener threads and other small spaces. Soft hand brushes. a broom, dust pan, and trash cans are for collecting sawdust, metal shavings, etc. Hand and shop vacuums can clean up inaccessible or large areas. Cotton swabs and small craft brushes can be used to clean or apply finishes to small areas. * '''Cleaning Supplies''' - Old clothes or towels can be cut up, or cleaning rags purchased, for removing dirt, oil, grease, etc. Paper towels can be used but they wear out quickly. General household brushes, sponges, buckets and mops, water and household cleaners are used as needed to clean work areas. Most people have these already. If needed, cut-open plastic shopping or trash bags, and newspaper/advertising fliers can be used to protect surfaces. * '''Twine and Rope''' - Have multiple uses for bundling, temporary clamping, and securing loads being moved. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 2 - Home Improvement/Do-It-Yourself Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;The general-purpose tools and equipment listed here, when added to List 1, enable a range of more substantial home improvement, craft, and repair projects. You can start adding them as-needed for specific projects. Finding them used in bulk, such as auctions, moving, and estate sales, may save money. Any duplicate or unneeded items can be sold off or traded for ones you need. As noted above, you don't need everything from these two basic lists to start on projects. But the more items you have, the wider the range of projects you can do. ::'''Office & Media Equipment''' &emsp;These are used as=needed before starting a project to plan, design, research, and shop. They should be located away from work areas to avoid damage from tools, dirt, and dust: [[File:Drafting_board_with_T_Square.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-7 - Drawing board with T-square and other tools.]] &emsp;Hand drawing has been substantially replaced by computers and software, especially for professionals, but it is much lower cost to get started. Even with computers, it is still useful for sketching ideas, or making notes and alterations to existing plans. Printed plans, however created, are still useful in the workshop, as they can be larger than screens, and if full size can be used directly as templates. * '''[[w:Drawing_board|Drawing Board]]''' - This is a surface to make drawings and plans of custom projects, customizing existing ones, or scaling templates to full size. An existing table or counter with a smooth top can be used to start, but any piece of smooth-surfaced rigid material can be used instead to avoid pen and tape marks. Portable boards (Figure 5.5-7) can be moved where needed and put away between uses. Tape or push-pins are used to hold drawing sheets in place. Translucent '''[[w:Drafting_film|Drafting Film]]''' (vellum) can be laid over other drawings and illustrations as guides. '''[[w:Graph_paper|Graph Paper]]''' has a pre-printed grid, making scaled sketches easier. *'''[[w:Technical_drawing_tool|Drawing Tools]]''' are used to draw accurate lines and curves. These include the T-square, 45 and 60 degree triangles; engineer's, metric, and architects scales; lettering, circle, and irregular curve templates; protractor, low-stick drafting dots, masking tape; erasers, eraser shield, and dusting brush; bow compass and dividers; and mechanical pencils of various lead diameters. * '''Computer and Peripherals''' - If you don't already have one, a computer is useful for communication, inventory, purchasing, task management, and design software. A multifunction printer can be used to print out online or e-book plans, or enlarge templates to full size. The scanning function can do the reverse. Large plans and templates can be sent to a commercial print shop. A webcam can provide live video conversations. A smartphone can use its cameras to also do this function. A '''Digital projector''' can be used to transfer designs to physical items or templates. ::'''Storage and Workshop Space''' [[File:Paris_-_Carpenter_workshop_-_4944.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-8 - A professional woodworking shop with storage and workbenches.]] &emsp;As tools accumulate, it gets harder to fit them in a closet and move them around even with a wheeled toolbox. So dedicated storage becomes useful. Storage may be in a garage, utility room, or outbuilding. A storage area can also hold parts and materials for future projects. Tools and materials can be quite heavy, so the storage should be sturdy. Shelving and cabinets, either wall-mounted or freestanding, are typically used for smaller items. Longer or larger items can be leaned against or hung from a wall. &emsp;Drawers can help keep items accessible but out of the way when not being used. For tools and accessories, some portable tool boxes, and the larger wheeled or stationary '''Tool Chests''' come in all sizes and number of drawers. Parts organizers, small containers, or open bins can be used for bulk items like nails and screws. Empty cardboard boxes are often free from stores if you ask, and come in all sizes. Sturdy ones are preferred. Labels on everything help finding the right items once many have accumulated. A pack of blank address labels and a bold marker can serve for this. &emsp;When you add dedicated work space to storage, it becomes a '''[[w:Workshop|Workshop]]''' (Figure 5.5-8). These come in all sizes from a craft area in the corner of a room, to garage and basement space, to freestanding buildings that can be as large as needed. If you move to an existing or new home, it may already have space for a workshop, or an existing shop in place. &emsp;Since the tools in these lists enable making and building things, workshops can be largely self-made. The shelves, work tables, chairs, cabinets and other items that support working in them are collectively called '''Shop Furniture'''. Setting up storage and workshop space can be a very big project, so it is typically divided into smaller steps, with the completed parts helping finish the rest. &emsp;How much workshop space is needed is determined by the size of the projects being made, and the shop furniture, assembly areas, tools, stationary machines, parts, and materials being stored and used. Workshops can be used by one person or many, so there should be enough space to not interfere with each other. Enough additional space is needed to move around and for large items to overhang and move through machines. For some projects, outdoor space can be used temporarily to extend the working area. &emsp;Shops should not be overcrowded and items piled haphazardly. That is both unsafe and hard to use. So enough space for proper storage and future growth should be planned for. Workshops also need adequate lighting, either natural or artificial, and enough electric power if if such tools are used. This may require upgrades to existing systems. Access to water, such as a utility sink, and ventilation if fumes or dust are generated are helpful. The floor must be able to support the total weight of everything in the shop, which can be quite large. Temperature and humidity should be controlled enough to prevent rust, wood rot, and be comfortable to work in. Access doors should be large enough to move materials and finished items through. &emsp;If you are doing longer-term projects, specialized '''Work Clothing''' is helpful. Tool and nail aprons and belts allow keeping the most used tools with you. Denim, leather, or other heavy materials are durable and can provide protection. Some versions have extra pockets, loops, and holders for items. ::'''Work Surfaces and Clamps''' * '''Portable''' - While some work can be done on the floor, supports bring the work to a comfortable height, and for longer items keep them from sagging or tilting while being worked on. Two '''[[w:Sawhorse|Sawhorses]]''', with optional boards and/or sheet goods laid on top are simple and flexible, and are a starting point if you have nothing else. They can be bought, but basic ones are easy to make and cheaper. '''[[w:Black_%26_Decker_Workmate|Folding Portable Workbenches]]''' can have built-in vises, stops, and tool-holders. If they are very light they can move while working. Some have steps to use body weight to stabilize them. They can also be weighted with anything heavy to keep them steady. [[File:Clamps.jpg|thumb|right|596x480px|Figure 5.5-9 - Assorted clamps: pipe, bar, trigger, handscrew, spring, C-clamp, and cam types.]] * '''[[w:Clamp_(tool)|Clamps]]''' - Clamps in general are used to hold one or more items together or to the work surface to keep them from moving. They can be much stronger than muscles and leave the hands free for working. A single clamp can allow items to rotate, so at least two medium-size ones are needed to start with. Additional clamps of various types and sizes are desirable (Figure 5.5-9). There are specialized clamps that use '''[[w:Band_clamp|Straps]]''' or for '''[[w:Mitre_clamp|Holding Corners]]''' that can be added later as needed, and temporary ones can be made from rope and sticks, with wedges driven under the rope to apply pressure. * '''[[w:Workbench|Workbenches]]''' - These are either stationary, or if wheeled generally stay within a workshop area. Their weight and rigidity keeps items from moving or vibrating from tool forces. They typically have built-in '''[[w:Vise|Vises]]''' and clamps, or are designed so temporary ones can fix the work to the bench. Vises generally have larger faces to apply pressure and are stationary, while clamps are typically movable. The intermediate clamp vise can be temporarily clamped where needed. The '''[[w:Vise#Engineer's|Bench]]''' (Figure 5.5-18) and '''[[w:Woodworking_vise|Woodworking Vices]]''' are the most common types. The latter have wood vise faces to avoid damage to items. :&emsp;There are a number of specialized tools and accessories to hold items to workbenches. Some have '''[[w:Bench_dog|Bench Dogs or Pegs]]''' or '''[[w:Holdfast_(tool)|Holdfasts]]''' that can be inserted into holes to position or secure items. Shaped inserts can better hold round or other items that don't match the jaw shape. For some projects, custom holding jigs need to be self-made. For any kind of vise or clamp, softer materials like wood, leather, or rubber can be inserted between the jaws to prevent damage to the work. :&emsp;Many workbenches have storage shelves, hooks, or drawers below the bench top. Wall-mounted benches often have additional shelves or cabinets above the bench for storage. Free-standing benches (not against a wall) allow access from all sides and working on overhanging items. If large items will be worked on, temporary supports or other shop tables can be used to support the excess. Depending on use, bench top height can be for working standing up or sitting, or a taller chair or stool used to sit at a standing bench. Some benches have built-in electrical outlets for power tools. Otherwise corded tools or battery chargers can be plugged in elsewhere. ::'''Ladders and Platforms''' &emsp;Some projects involve reaching/working above floor or ground level, and occasionally down a hole. * '''[[w:Ladder|Stepladders]]''' have steps or rungs to climb and stand on. They come in a wide variety of sizes, and are either free-standing or leaned against something. A two-step version may be enough to reach ceiling lights and high shelves indoors, but a 2 meter (6 foot) one with four legs is more stable and provides places to set or hang tools and materials while working. Some versions have a small fold-out shelf for this purpose. This size is sufficient to start with. For outdoor use extension or folding ladders can be adjusted to the task at hand. If you expect to reach a roof or tree limb, the length can be chosen based on that height. :&emsp;Modern ladders are rated for weight. Select one rated for at least your body weight plus the heaviest item you expect to lift up it. '''A falling ladder or falling off one can cause serious injury'''. Move the ladder rather than leaning or lifting heavy items beyond the legs. If the ground is not level or firm use boards or blocks to fix that. Secure the ladder if needed to what you are climbing up, or braced to the ground with diagonal poles or staked ropes. Secure yourself to the ladder or what you are climbing with hooks and ropes/straps/safety belt to prevent falls. *'''Work Platforms''' provide more horizontal surface to stand on or place things than ladders. They are useful when horizontal movement is needed while working. One or two sturdy boards placed across two ladders, or one ladder and building steps are simple versions. Since loose boards can shift, they should be clamped or have angles or blocks attached to prevent sliding off. ::'''Moving and Lifting''' &emsp;Moving heavy objects or large amounts of supplies happens often on larger projects. Moving or lifting items over 20 kg (40 lb) or carrying multiple smaller or lighter items is difficult by hand, and benefits from various transport and lift devices. Some bags and boxes saved from previous shopping or discarded by stores may be enough to start with. Horizontal movement benefits greatly from wheels. Depending on the task, a '''[[w:Hand_truck|Hand Truck]]''', '''[[w:Flatbed_trolley|Flatbed Trolley]]''' (moving dolly) or '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' can be used. '''[[w:Tub_(container)|Tubs]]''', '''[[w:Bucket|Buckets]]''' and assorted small containers are useful for storing and moving items like fasteners, bulk materials, liquids, and groups of tools. Workshop machines and carts can come with wheels or have them added. This allows moving them out of the way when not being used, or to where needed while working. &emsp;For moving large amounts of material or larger single items, motorized vehicles of many types and sizes exist. The most common are passenger cars, pickup trucks, and enclosed vans. Trailers can be attached to many of these vehicles. Flat or open bed loads can be protected and secured by tarps, nets, elastic or chain hooks, and ratcheted straps. Blocks, wedges, and bars can prevent loads from shifting. Securing loads is important for balancing trailers whose deck extends beyond the wheel base. '''[[w:Intermodal_container|Shipping containers]]''' can carry large amounts of goods and serve as temporary storage or even a small workshop. &emsp;'''[[w:Pulley|Pulleys]]''' are used for lifting, dragging, or changing the direction of a force. A single rope and body weight is enough for smaller loads. Sets of pulleys can be combined for added leverage. Inclined boards set on a step or block and fabricated ramps can help withe height changes. The ledge at the bottom of a hand truck and many other objects can be used as '''[[w:Lever|Levers]]''' to lift objects enough to place supports under them or get them onto wheels. '''[[w:Back_belt|Back Supports]]''' may help avoid injury when lifting heavy items with body strength, but proper technique is more important. &emsp;'''[[w:Winch|Winches]]''' multiply leverage with cranks and gears. There are both hand and powered versions. Temporary hoists can use 1-3 poles with anchor ropes as needed. They can support pulleys, hooks and other lifting gear high enough for a given task. These are the '''[[w:Gin_pole|Gin Pole]]''', '''[[w:Shear_legs|Shear Legs]]''', and '''[[w:Tripod|Tripod]]'''. Commercial lifts and cranes can be rented for occasional use, or are supplied while delivering large loads. &emsp;'''[[w:Jack_(device)|Jacks]]''' - are devices to lift heavy weights or apply bending forces, generally more than simple levers. There are may types using ratchets, screws, air pressure, or hydraulics. The type included with most passenger cars for changing tires is enough to start, but a bottle jack of 10-20 tons capacity is a useful addition. Always make sure the jack is firmly supported. On bare ground it is likely to push itself into the ground rather than lifting a heavy object. Boards, timbers, or concrete blocks can spread the load. Also place timbers or other supports as the item is lifted, in case the jack slips or the load shifts sideways. ::'''Measuring and Marking''' * '''Size Measures''' - The ruler-type '''[[w:Calipers|Caliper]]''' has a sliding jaw attached to a ruler, with a vernier scale for accuracy. The inside and outside spring types can take and transfer measurements. These three 6-12" (15-30cm) in size to start with. Dial and digital calipers can make more accurate measurements, but not as accurate as a micrometer. * '''Weight and Volume Measures''' - For measuring bulk items and liquids. These can be conventional kitchen and bathroom scales, measuring spoons and measuring cups. Empty clear/translucent containers can be filled with measured volumes and marked for shop use. This is useful for materials that will stain or are toxic that you don't want to contaminate your measuring set. &emsp;'''Note:''' Some of the angle, curve, and spline tools that follow overlap the drawing tools in the office section above. If you already have those, you may not need more to start with. Larger versions are useful for measuring and marking larger physical projects as opposed to scale drawings. The need for them depends on what projects you are doing. * '''Angle Measures''' - There are various devices for setting right angles (90 degrees or perpendicular). The '''[[w:Try_square|Try Square]]''' is 20-50 cm (8-20 inches) is for smaller accurate work. The '''[[w:Steel_square|Steel Square]]''' is a larger one-piece device with engraved scales. Angled and sloped cuts are either described by the two scales, like "6:12", or calculated from the angle tangent. For cutting sheet goods there are squares the full width of a standard sheet. Sheet goods are generally manufactured with right angles, so an alternate method is measuring the lengths on opposite sides from the corners, and connecting them with a straight edge. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Speed_square|Speed Square]]''' is a triangular '''[[w:Set_square|Set Square]]''' with a built in fence. This can be pressed against a board edge to mark a cut, or clamped to it to guide a circular saw. A '''[[w:Protractor|Protractor]]''' has an angle scale, and the bevel type has a pivoting arm to mark angles. A '''[[w:Sliding_T_bevel|Sliding T Bevel]]''' can set and transfer angles when you want them to match. One try or steel square is enough to get started, depending on the size of the projects. * '''Curve Marking''' - A '''[[w:Compass_(drawing_tool)|Compass]]''' has two sharp points, or one point and pencil/pen for marking arcs and circles. The distance between the points is set against a ruler to the radius desired. The regular and beam/trammel types will mark small and large radii and are enough to start with. Very large curves can be set by hooking the end of a tape measure to a small nail at the center point, and securing the sharp point, pencil, or pen to the tape with a small '''[[w:Binder_clip|Binder Clip]]''' * '''[[w:Flat_spline|Flat Splines]]''' and '''[[w:French_curve|French Curves]]''' can be used for non-circular curves. Lines on curved surfaces like cylinders can be set by marking two or more measured points, then wrapping folded paper or other bendable but not stretchy material between them to mark a line. [[File:Vpass-1.JPG|thumb|right|640x284px|Figure 5.5-9 - Carpenter's Level.]] * '''Carpenter's Level''' - 60-120 cm (2-4 foot) (Figure 5.5-9). A longer version of the torpedo level from list 1. This can span more distance and be more accurate, but is harder to use in small spaces. For longer distances a level can be set on or against a straight piece of finished lumber with parallel sides or any similar object. Once a horizontal or vertical line is determined, slopes can be set by measuring perpendicular to one end. ::'''Additional Hand Tools''' * '''Screw- and Nut Drivers''' - The basic screwdriver set can be extended to cover most projects with about 30 pieces from a large standard plus a precision assortment sets. Nut drivers have axial handles like screwdrivers, but with tips that fit different size nuts and bolt heads. Their use overlaps socket wrenches with extension bars. * '''Hand Saws''' - '''[[w:Compass_saw|Compass]]''' and '''[[w:Keyhole_saw|Keyhole Saws]]''' have narrow blades for making curved cuts. They differ in size and tooth fineness. Interior cuts can be extended from a small starter hole made with a drill or chisel. A '''[[w:Coping_saw|Coping Saw]]''' has a very narrow blade with small teeth, and a frame to keep it straight under tension. The small teeth are good for thin material. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow or Frame Saw]]''' is a larger version. Interior cuts can be made by unhooking the blade, putting it through a starter hole, and re-attaching it. The blade can be rotated as needed for the cutting direction. A '''[[w:Bench_hook|Bench Hook]]''' is a simple accessory, usually self-made, to keep an item steady while cutting, and slightly raised so you don't damage a work table. Hook a pair of them over the edge of the table and press what you are cutting against the upper blocks. :&emsp;Hand '''[[w:Backsaw|Backsaws]]''' have a reinforcing strip to keep the blade straight and can be used with a '''[[w:Mitre_box|Miter Box]]''' to guide it. They are used for cutting to length and accurate crosscut angles. They come in various sizes and tooth fineness from the larger miter saw, to tenon, dovetail, and razor. Ones with offset handles are used to cut pegs and other protrusions flush. Hand saws require periodic sharpening with use. Specialty clamps, file jigs (to even tooth height), and '''[[w:Saw_set|Saw Sets]]''' (to set kerf width) are available, but can be made/use other tools. The actual sharpening uses files and sharpening stones. * '''Hammers''' - Add other sizes of hammers with metal heads to those in list 1, either smaller and lighter for fine work, or heavier up to two-handed '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]'''. One or more hardwood mallets or '''[[w:Dead_blow_hammer|Dead Blow Hammer]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are striking, with less rebound than the rubber mallet. These often have soft striking faces with sand or metal shot filling the head, which absorbs the rebound forces. The light '''[[w:Upholstery_hammer|Tack Hammer]]''' has one magnetized head to start small tacks and nails, such as for upholstery. The unmagnetized head then finishes driving them in. * '''Hooks and Picks''' - These are small tools with various shaped tips for fine work. They are similar to dental '''[[w:Periodontal_probe|Probes]]''' and '''[[w:Dental_explorer|Explorers]]'''. A basic set with several types to start with. * '''[[w:Burr_(edge)|Deburring Tools]]''' - For removing rough edges left by cutting tools. Files can also do this task, but a specialty tool set is sometimes more efficient on softer materials and longer edges. * '''Pry and Demolition Bars''' - These use leverage to remove nails, pry items apart, or start to lift heavy items. They can use hands or hammers to insert. They come in various sizes and shapes like the '''[[w:Cat's_paw_(tool)|Cat's Paw]]''', '''[[w:Crowbar|Crowbar]]''', and flat pry bars. Claw hammers have a built-in prying tool, but additional ones are useful. [[File:Quick_Change_Tool_System,_2parts.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 5.5-10 - Punch and matching die.]] * '''Chisels and Punches''' - '''[[w:Chisel#Cold_chisel|Cold Chisels]]''' are used to indent or cut thinner metal, and score, chip, or split masonry. '''[[w:Punch_(tool)|Punches]]''' are used to indent or pierce leather, wood, or metal. Hollow punches can make well-defined holes in thicker material. Matching '''Die Blocks''' support the other side so the surrounding area is not deformed (Figure 5.5-10). :&emsp;A '''[[w:Punch_(tool)#Center|Center Punch]]''' is used to mark where a drill will cut and keep it from wandering. A '''[[w:Nailset|Nailset]]''' is a punch with a small head, for driving a nail flush or slightly below without damaging the surrounding material. '''[[w:Drift_pin|Drift Pins]]''' are either straight or tapered. They are used to either transfer hammer impacts to hard-to-reach places or align holes before assembly. Start with a punch and chisel set of assorted types and sizes plus one medium '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Wood Chisel]]''' for minor trimming and cutting of wood and other softer materials. * '''Wrenches''' - Add to the basic socket set in List 1 a larger set with multiple handle sizes and a larger range of sockets. Sizes up to 1 1/2" SAE and 38mm metric will cover all but the largest projects. Using two handles with a nut and bolt allows more tightening force. :&emsp;Open or close-ended single piece '''[[w:Wrench|Wrenches]]''' can apply higher forces that would damage a ratchet type handle. Their drawback is having to remove and reposition for each turn in tight spaces. A combination wrench has one open and one closed end. Using the ratchet handle first, then this type for final tightening minimizes the work. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adjustable_spanner|Adjustable Wrenches]]''' have a cylinder to change the jaw opening. Four sizes from 6-12" (15-30cm) should cover most needs '''[[w:Pipe_wrench|Pipe Wrenches]]''' have parallel serrated jaws to better grip large nuts and heavy pipe. These come in a wide range of sizes, but a medium one is enough to start. A '''[[w:Hex_key#Variants|Ball-End Hex Key]]''' can be used at an angle to the screw in hard to reach places. Sizes from 0.05-0.5" and 1.27-10mm in addition to the plain set from list 1 should cover most needs. * '''Pliers ''' - As needed, add '''[[w:Pincers_(tool)|Pincers]]''' and nippers, to grab or cut across the handle rather than along it. They are useful for pulling items like nails, or cutting protruding items flush. To a single locking pliers in the basic set you can add additional sizes and jaw shapes. Other types of pliers can be added in different sizes and lengths. Also add pliers to install and remove '''[[w:Retaining_ring|Retaining Rings]]'''. The rings have different styles and sizes, so you may need a set, or one with replaceable tips. * '''[[w:Bolt_cutter|Bolt Cutter]]''' - For cutting thicker rods or bars than pliers using compound leverage. For even thicker items use a metal hacksaw, angle grinder, or reciprocating saw. * '''Shop Magnets''' - Extension and sweep, for retrieving dropped items and metal cuttings. A strong shop magnet can be used to locate nails and screws in a wall by feel, and so also where the framing is located. A '''[[w:Stud_finder|Stud Finder]]''' is a more advanced device for finding wall posts (studs). ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;There are many types and sizes of '''[[w:Power_tool|Power Tools]]'''. The portable ones are meant to be moved to the work and used with one or two hands, while stationary ones are larger and have the work brought to them. Most use electric power either from a battery or cord. Batteries allow moving anywhere without worrying about cord length and handling, but they eventually need recharging. Battery packs and chargers add to the cost. Corded tools generally allow higher power levels and longer running time. Most power tools come in a range of quality and power level, measured by Amps or Watts. Which to use depends on the projects you are doing. &emsp;'''[[w:Extension_cord|Extension Cords]]''' allow working farther from a power outlet. Cords should be rated for the highest power tool you expect to use, and for outdoor use if you expect to use them that way. If you are moving around or climbing up, tie an '''[[w:Overhand_knot|Overhand Knot]]''' with the ends of the tool and extension cords before plugging together. This prevents them from pulling apart. * '''[[w:Drill|Electric Drill]] and Accessories''' - One corded drill around 6 Amp power and a standard wood drill '''[[w:Drill_bit|Drill Bit Set]]''' up to the drill chuck size is enough to get started. If you expect to work with metal, there are bits made of stronger materials with a different cutting angle. A '''Drill Gauge''' can help identify the size of a bit. The '''Hammer''' type drill can apply forward impacts to better go through hard materials. Many drills have side handle and depth gauge attachments to for better control. Specialty '''Right Angle Drills''' have the chuck mounted sideways to the grip rather than axially, which allows drilling in smaller spaces. :&emsp;There are many accessories that can fit in a drill chuck. '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Driver Bits]]''' can be used in place of screwdrivers and socket wrenches. They are faster but with less control. A driver assortment set is enough to start. Others include sanding, wire, and buffing wheels, countersink, counterbore/spade, expansion, and auger bits for wood, and abrasive stones for metal. For large holes a stationary drill press (see List 8) handles the higher torque better, or use a smaller starter hole then a saw to enlarge it. Various kinds of '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand-Powered Drills]]''' still exist, but are mostly used where power is not available, to start a hole, for small spaces, or countersinking. * '''[[w:Circular_saw|Circular Saw]]''' - A hand-held corded type with 7.25 inch (18.5 cm) blade diameter with carbide teeth is the most common to start with. Other size saws and blade types as needed. Cordless (battery powered) types typically use smaller blades. All types rotate the blade at high speed. So what you are cutting should be secured to prevent movement, and a firm grip on the tool with both hands. For accurate cuts, a straight object is clamped to the work, offset by the blade distance from the guide plate edge. * '''[[w:Reciprocating_saw|Reciprocating Saw]]''' with assorted blades - This moves the blade forward and back rather than rotating. Longer blades allow cutting thicker items than a circular saw. Since only the blade is in the cutting area, they can work in tighter spaces than a circular saw. A variety of blades are available for different materials, and in different lengths and stiffness. They are generally less accurate than circular saws, but clamping something to the work to hold the tool against can improve accuracy. * '''[[w:Jigsaw_(tool)|Jigsaw]]''' with assorted blades - This is a type of reciprocating saw where the blade goes vertically through a guide plate. They are most useful making straight or curved cuts in boards or sheet goods * '''[[w:Angle_grinder|Angle Grinder]]''' and '''[[w:Dremel|Rotary Tool]]''' - These use high speed bits for tasks like cutting, grinding, and sanding. They differ in the direction of rotation and size. Angle grinders rotate at a right angle to the tool body, and are generally larger and more powerful. Rotary tools, such as the Dremel brand, rotate in line with the body, similar to electric drills. Compared to electric drills they spin at much higher speeds but with lower torque at the same power. One of either type is enough to get started. * '''[[w:Heat_gun|Heat Gun]]''' - These produce much higher temperatures than hair dryers and should never be used for that purpose. Uses include paint stripping, shrink wrapping, softening plastic for bending, and general heating and melting. Higher temperatures require an oven or furnace, but heat guns are portable and can cover larger areas. ::'''Stationary Equipment</u>''' &emsp;These items should either be fastened in place to use properly, or are too heavy or unwieldy to hand carry while operating. Stationary equipment generally includes both powered and unpowered tools, but the three here are all powered. * '''[[w:Miter_saw|Power Miter Saw]]''' - These perform the same function as a hand backsaw and miter box but are much faster using a powered circular saw blade. Basic versions have a horizontal angle gauge and fence. More advanced ones have blade tilt and slide features, clamps for the material, and projected lines for the cut. A bench, sawhorses, or rollers keep longer and heavier lumber straight and balanced while cutting, and the saw generally has holes for bolting in place. * '''[[w:Bench_grinder|Bench Grinder]]''' - This uses high speed abrasive, wire, or buffing wheels to sharpen, remove material, clean, and polish. They throw cuttings at high speed and can generate sparks, so gloves and face protection should be used. On metal the heat generated can affect the '''[[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Temper]]''' and burn hands, so dipping in water periodically can cool the item. :&emsp;'''Wet Grinders''' turn more slowly and apply water to the wheel to avoid overheating. They are typically used for blade sharpening. A '''[[w:Sharpening_jig|Sharpening Jig]]''' holds the tool at the right angle to the abrasive. A 6-8 inch (15-20 cm) bench grinder with abrasive wheels is enough to start with. Bench grinders can be fastened to a workbench, or to a stand if larger items need to be worked on. * '''[[w:Air_compressor|Air Compressor]]''' - This is useful for inflating tires and other items, and also for air tools like nail guns and paint sprayers. A small one light enough to move where needed plus an air hose and attachments kit is enough to start with. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Beyond basic supplies already noted, these can mostly be accumulated as needed for current and future projects. We suggest starting with some nail, screw, and bolt/nut/washer assortment sets with different sizes. This avoids making a shopping trip for minor home projects. ::'''Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;'''Building Maintenance''' - Homes and other structures require maintenance to stay functional. Many of the tools and equipment listed above can be used for repair and replacement, in addition to building new items. Some tools are only used to diagnose and fix problems, but not to build new items. These include: * '''[[w:Test_light|Test Lights]]''' - are used to check if an electrical outlet or other device has a voltage (power). They are mostly used for safety, to make sure power is off before doing work, and to see if a non-working device is broken vs. an electrical supply problem. * '''[[w:Plunger|Rubber Plunger]]''' and '''[[w:Plumber's_snake|Snake]]''' - for clearing blockages in household pipes. &emsp;'''Vehicle Maintenance''' - After their homes, the next most important items for many people are their vehicles. This includes passenger cars, light trucks, motorcycles, bi- and tricycles (manual and electric), utility trailers, golf carts, riding mowers, and all-terrain vehicles. Some of the tools above, such as socket wrenches, can be used for maintenance, but a number of more specialized ones are used with vehicles. These include: * '''Tire gauge''' * '''Accessory Tire Inflater''' - A small compressor, often using a 12 Volt car accessory socket. It is mainly intended for vehicle and trailer tires, but can also be used for wheelbarrow, mower, and other small tires. * '''Battery Charger''' * '''Engine Oil, Grease Gun and other lubricants''' * '''Engine Coolant''' * '''Vehicle Cleaning Supplies''' &emsp;'''General Maintenance''' - When damaged, stripped, or frozen fasteners need to be removed, there are several ways to deal with it. Dirt and rust can be removed with brushes and rags, or specialty rust remover fluids. Penetrating spray lubricants and strong wrenches may then be enough to remove them. Many kinds of '''[[w:Screw_extractor|Extractors]]''' are made for removing broken or frozen screws, nuts, and bolts. If the hole is too damaged to reuse, it can be re-threaded with taps and dies, an insert or filler material used to patch it, or a new hole drilled nearby. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">4.0 - New Workshops and Expansion Sets</span>== &emsp; ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>New Workshops</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;List 2 talked about storage and workshop space. Some homes and many apartments don't have enough spare space for the kinds of projects you want to do, especially if you go beyond basic home improvement/do-it-yourself ones. The alternatives are to find or buy existing workshop space in the community, or to build new private or shared space. We discuss the needs and features of workshops first because they have to exist before you can work in them. Simpler ones can be built with the basic items from Section 3. Larger and more complex workshops may need items from Section 8 (below) on construction. When to build a new workshop depends on what you already have available, the need for added space, and outside factors like cost, financing, permits, etc. ::'''Needs and Features''' &emsp;Workshop buildings are one or more suitable existing structures, or purpose-built new ones added to a property. The property may already have living space, or be commercial, industrial, or bare land. Workshops can be additions attached to an existing building, or detached free-standing structures. Their size, location, and features depend on what kind of projects are intended. When planning them, you should consider future growth in addition to current needs. This can be handled by over-sizing a structure, planning for additions and extensions to it, or adding additional separate structures. &emsp;There are a number of reasons for a separate workshop. These include: * Outgrowing existing home space * Excessive noise, dust, debris, and fumes * Extra power and light requirements * Better access for vehicles and moving large items &emsp;Workshops can be specific to one type of craft or activity or more generalized. Some suggested design features include: * Sufficient windows or skylights for natural lighting, and added artificial lights where needed. * Large doors for materials and product delivery. * Sprinklers and fire extinguishers for fire protection. * A strong enough floor for heavy machinery and storage, or deep footings where needed. If there are upper floors, the heavier items should be on the lower floors. Stairs and lifting devices can ease moving items between floors, and the whole structure has to support the total weight. * Enough storage area for materials, parts, and supplies, and for equipment not currently being used. * Enough electric power for all equipment, preferably routed through ceiling drops or wall channels, for flexibility and to avoid trip hazards from cords. * A water supply for clean-up. * A first aid station. * A separate office area to keep out dust and dirt, with desk, drawing table, files for record-keeping, etc. &emsp;The contents of a workshop can be grouped into general items used across multiple activities, and those specific to a particular one. The layout should consider your workflows. In general, work starts with delivery of supplies, materials, and parts. Materials are then converted to finished parts, finishes applied, and assembled into completed items. Unless the completed items are to be used in the shop, the last step is delivery. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>Expansion Sets</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Sections 5.0 to 8.0 include a series of expansion set lists for items beyond the basic ones in Section 3.0. The added equipment may fit in space you already have at first, and outgrow it later. The lists are grouped into four categories: Small Indoor, Large Indoor, Outdoor, and Construction. Each list is specialized according to types of projects and materials. The expansion sets are not in a required order where earlier lists are needed before later ones. They are a set of mostly independent choices, depending on your interests and what you want to do. An exception is List 17 - General Construction, which has items used by multiple construction trades listed separately afterwards. &emsp;Most specialized projects will need some or all of the basic items from Sectopm 3.0. We try to list items where they are most likely to be needed, but some items can be shared across different project types. So you may want to review the items in related lists. Within each list the general order is from hand to power and larger tools. We try to note accessories that go with a particular tool or machine. We also try to note reference sources, and materials, parts, and supplies needed for the project type. At present the later lists are less complete than the basic ones. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">5.0 - Small Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Small indoor projects can be for personal enjoyment, creative expression, or to make useful items for personal use or sale. These are crafts and projects that can begin in temporary space like a desk or dining table, or in dedicated space of less than a room in existing living areas. They include light arts and crafts, printing and digital media, fabrics and leather work, jewelry, and electronics. They can mostly start with ordinary room lighting and electric power, perhaps with extra light in the work area. Serious hobby or small business production can grow beyond such workspace and have special needs. Section 4.0 covers new workshops for this. &emsp;We don't cover every possible activity and project, just some of the more common ones. Wikipedia's '''[[w:Outline_of_crafts|Outline of Crafts]]''', '''[[w:Handicraft|Handicraft]]''', and '''[[w:Fine_art|Fine Art]]''' articles list many of these other subjects. See also '''[https://www.smooth-on.com/applications/ Smooth-On's website]''' for additional categories, and the '''[https://www.dickblick.com/ Blick]''' website for types of tools and supplies. For ones not covered here you will need to find some reference books, printed articles, or websites that cover what is needed to get started. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 3 - Light Arts & Crafts</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Light arts and crafts involve creative expressions that don't require much power, space, or stationary equipment to start. Examples are '''[[w:Drawing|Drawing]]''' and art painting, where all the tools and supplies can be hand-carried to work on location rather than at home. &emsp;'''[[w:Painting|Artistic Painting]]''' is distinguished from the general use of '''[[w:Paint|Paints]]''' for coloring or protection, as in room walls and automobile bodies. General paints can be used artistically, but usually artist's paints are specialized types in smaller amounts. Modern paintings are usually portable on a surface like framed canvas or wood panels. Fixed paintings are sometimes done on building interiors and exteriors. Historically some sculptures were painted to make them look more lifelike. Almost any surface that paint or ink will adhere to or be implanted in can be used. &emsp;'''Artistic or Decorative Printing''' includes '''[[w:Linocut|Linocut]]''' and '''[[w:Woodblock_printing|Woodcut]]''' on fabric or paper. '''[[w:Papier-mâché|Papier-mâché]]''' uses paper or pulp, fabric reinforcement if needed, and glue, starch, or wallpaper paste. '''[[w:Mixed_media|Mixed Media]]''' are assemblages, collages, and sculpures using more than one type of material or '''[[w:List_of_art_media|Art Medium]]'''. In addition to some basic tools from prior lists, arts and craft tools can include: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Craft Scissors''' * '''[[w:Brush|Brushes]]''' - Art, foam, craft and general paint types. * '''Single Hole Punch''' * '''Crafting Needles''' - Including '''[[w:Crochet_hook|Crochet]]''', '''[[w:Knitting_needle|Knitting]]''', and '''[[w:Sewing_needle|Hand Sewing]]''' types, ::'''Work Area Items''' * '''Work Table and Storage''' - These can be existing household items or dedicated for arts and craft work. * '''Art Furniture''' - '''[[w:Easel|Easel]]''', drawing boards, portfolios, carrying cases, and folding tables and chairs for working in a studio or on location. * '''Surface Protection''' - Newspaper, old bedsheets, dropcloths, plastic tablecloths, or plastic sheeting. * '''Work Clothes''' - For messy arts and crafts such as an apron, smock, or old large shirt. * '''Storage containers and Organizers''' - for storing and mixing the variety of tools and materials. These can be purpose-made, or reused egg cartons, empty boxes, clean cans, jars, and small plastic containers. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Hot-Melt Glue Gun''' - uses sticks of glue and heat to melt them. * '''Small Oven''' - such as a kitchen toaster oven. For heating or melting small items. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Drawing''' - colored crayons, chalk, markers, pens, and pencils, drawing paper, pads and sketch books. * '''Artist's Paints''' - includes oil paints, pastels, watercolors, tempera, acrylics and enamels. * '''Art Printing''' - ink pad, sponge, brayer, rubber stamps, printing ink, wood blocks, linoleum. * '''Disposable containers''' - for weighing and mixing powders and liquids, and casting low-temperature resins. * '''Disposable stirrers''' - for paint, resin, etc. These can be bought, leftover plastic utensils, or scrap items. * '''Aluminum foil''' - to protect surfaces, and liners and containers for items needing oven heating. * '''Plastic''' - sheets, tubes and blocks from materials like acrylic and high-density polyethylene. * '''Casting Materials''' - Plaster of Paris, resins, etc. &emsp;Mixed media can use any found items, but some basic supplies include: * '''Fasteners & Adhesives''' - White, decoupage, fabric and wood glues. Glue sticks, painter's tape, thumbtacks, and hardware fasteners like brads, or nails. * '''Textiles''' - Yarn, craft felt, fabric scraps, thread, embroidery floss, muslin, burlap, and wool felt. * '''Sculptural Materials:''' - Salt and bread doughs. Modeling, polymer, and air dry clays. Craft foam and foam rubber. Chenille stems (pipr cleaners), toothpicks, straws, and craft/popsicle sticks. Scrap, found, and shaped wood pieces. Floral and coiled metal wire of various diameters, and larger metal pieces. * '''String, Bead and Knotwork''' - Cord, string, artificial sinew, fishing line, and thread. Pony, wood, glass, plastic, and metallic beads. * '''Decorations''' - such as glitter, pom poms, feathers, cotton balls, googly eyes, and sequins. * '''Papers''' - Copy, colored construction, wax, colored tissue, bath and "bleeding" tissue, freezer, crepe, and newsprint (blank or printed). Paper napkins, towels, and bags. Contact (adhesive-backed) paper, clear or colored. Card stock, flat and corrugated cardboard. Roll white, brown, and tracing paper. * '''Reused Items''' - such as magazines, junk mail, netting from produce bags, bubble wrap, packaging peanuts. * '''Natural Materials''' - such as leaves, sticks, small rocks, acorns & nuts, pine cones, flowers, and seeds & seed pods. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 4 - Printing and Digital Media</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Artistic printing is typically single or small numbers of items. '''[[w:Printing|Production Printing]]''' is a technology for mass reproduction and distribution of text and images for business, education, and entertainment. It has a long history of making physical copies like books and newspapers. Writing and drawing by hand can be done with very simple tools and materials. But printing in quantity needs specialized equipment for paper, fabric, photographs, and lithographs. &emsp;Today '''[[w:Electronic_media|Media]]''' of all types are increasingly produced, stored, and distributed by digital electronic methods. In addition to making text and drawings, digital media includes capturing photographs, sound, and video. It also includes creating digital content wholly electronically. New creations and recordings can be made, combined, and edited with a variety of suitable computers and software. These include stationary and portable computers, tablets, and smartphone. Additional input and output devices are often used with them, and the completed items distributed by communication networks or physical media. &emsp;Depending on the type of printing or digital media projects you want to do, you may need any of the following to get started: * '''Basic Working Space''' - including furniture and general tools from lists 1 and 2 for setup. * '''Basic Content Creation''' - this includes technical drawing and basic computing equipment and software from List 2 for text and illustrations, and light arts and crafts items from List 3 for artistic creations. A basic computing device generally includes some storage, display, keyboard and mouse, and speaker. These can be merged into a single device, such as laptops and smartphones, or separate components for desktop systems. They also generally have a network connection - wired, wireless, or both. ::'''Computers and Peripherals''' * '''Upgraded Computer(s)''' - High-end media creation, editing, and display may need better computers. This is generally set by the needs of the software and peripherals you will be working with. For example, if you are doing digital photography, you need enough storage for all the pictures you are editing and saving. Rendering high-end 3D graphics may require a corresponding graphics card, or even a dedicated computer for the task. If more than one person is working, you will need multiple computers. * '''Upgraded Input Devices''' - This includes special keyboards, mouse, joysticks, and touch-sensitive tablets. * '''Upgraded Displays''' - Some work benefits from larger, multiple, or higher quality displays. * '''Upgraded Audio''' - This can include higher quality and quantity of speakers, microphones, multichannel audio output, and headsets. * '''External or Networked Storage''' - * '''Scanners and Printers''' - These range from basic office types to large format versions. Multifunction units can do both scanning and printing. * '''[[w:Digital_camera|Digital Camera]]''' for photography and video production. A dedicated digital cameras, with accessories like tripods, lights, and microphones, can produce better results than smartphones or webcams. They have larger lenses and sensors, and more adjustments for focus, zoom, exposure time, etc. Higher-end cameras have interchangeable lenses for different purposes. ::'''Other Print Media''' &emsp;This includes printing on with other materials or processes besides paper, such as fabric, photographic prints, and lithographs. * '''Screen Printing Press''' - 4-Color, with accessories and supplies ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 5 - Fabric and Leather Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Textile|Textiles]]''' are fibers commonly used to make '''[[w:Woven_fabric|Woven Fabrics]]'''. '''[[w:Sewing|Sewing]]''' and related processes then turn fabric into creative and useful items such as clothing, drapery, and bedding. '''[[w:Leather|Leather]]''' is animal skin treated to prevent decay. In some cases it can be sewn and used like fabric. But the thickness, stiffness, and strength of leather often requires different tools, and it gets used for different kinds of items. &emsp;'''[[w:Pattern_(sewing)|Patterns]]''' are full-size drawings fastened or traced onto the material as a cutting guide. They are often purchased, but custom patterns made to fit a particular body or project, or scaled-up patterns from books and other sources can be self-made. You can use wide paper rolls or inexpensive cloth to make patterns. The latter can be test-fit on the wearer before cutting more expensive material, or used multiple times since cloth is more durable than paper patterns. &emsp;Custom patterns for complex shapes like feet can be made by wrapping plastic wrap or bags around them, then wrapping flexible tape around the plastic. Seam lines are then marked on the tape, and the pieces carefully cut off the body and flattened. Patterns made this way need to have seam margins added to them. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Sewing Kit''' - While all the items can be bought separately, it is convenient to get all of them at once to start, and kits are typically not very expensive. It can include any or all of the following: storage for all the items, spools of thread in various colors and thickness, scissors, spare buttons, spring clips and dressmaker's pins for holding fabric together. Hand sewing needles of various sizes, machine bobbins, safety pins, crochet hook, magnifier, tip and ring thimbles, pin cushion, and a measuring tape. * '''Cloth Measuring Tape''' - A flexible cloth or plastic ruler without a case. This was included in List 1, but if you don't have it yet, get one at least 60 inches (150cm) long for measuring body dimensions, and another up to 144 inches (360cm or 4 yards) for measuring uncut fabric and large sewn items like drapery. * '''Tailor's Chalk or Soapstone''' - For temporary marking on fabric. * '''Dressmaker's Shears''' - These are very sharp scissors with an offset handle that leaves the fabric flat while cutting. They should not be used for other purposes. * '''Thread Snips''' - Small pointed, and usually spring loaded, scissors for cutting thread and trimming fabric. The small size allows reaching into tight spaces after sewing. * '''[[w:Seam_ripper|Seam Ripper]]''' - A tool with a razor-edged hook for cutting sewn stitches without tearing the fabric. * '''Rotary Cutter Set and Mat''' - This uses a razor edged wheel rather than scissors action to cut material. A set includes replacement wheels with different shaped edges. A soft mat protects the table surface while allowing the blade to penetrate through. * '''[[w:Tailor's_ham|Tailor's Ham]]''' - A tightly stuffed pillow for pinning and ironing curved areas of fabric. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Sewing_table|Sewing Table]]''' - This can be any kind of table to start with, to support a sewing machine or fabric being hand cut and sewn. Custom tables inset a sewing machine bed level with the rest of the surface. This makes sliding the material easier. For larger and heavier material, a machine set perpendicular to a longer table eases movement. Custom tables can also have storage for accessories and tools or fold up to save space when not in use. * '''[[w:Sewing_machine|Sewing Machine]]''' - with accessories. A light domestic electric machine with at least straight and zig-zag stitches is enough for basic household sewing, like clothing and drapery. Modern ones can have many other stitches and accessories, and electronic features for semi-automatic tasks. A "foot" is what holds the fabric down while the needle passes through it. A basic one comes with the machine, but specialized ones either come with it or can be bought afterwards. :&emsp;A heavy-duty machine has a stronger frame and motor to sew thicker materials. Industrial machines are faster for production work and have more clearance between needle and frame, but typically fewer stitch types. Domestic machines typically feed one or two threads from a spool above, and another from a bobbin beneath, so a set of bobbins of the correct type are needed if they did not come with the machine. Sewing machines also use specialized needles of different diameters, which should be added if not included. The following specialized machines are not needed to start with, but added as needed: * '''[[w:Overlock|Overlock Machines]]''' - (Sergers) are used for edging, hemming, and seaming using multiple threads at once, needing fewer steps to finish a task. * '''[[w:Machine_embroidery|Embroidery Machines]]''' - add stitched threads to underlying fabric for decoration rather than construction and edging of basic sewing. Patterns can be formed by hand or with electronic control, beyond the mechanically formed fancy stitches. * '''Washing and Drying Machines''' - Some fabrics need pre-washing to remove residual dyes, avoid later shrinkage, or removing sizing applied to the fabric. Some dyeing can also be done in a washing machine. Most people already have such machines or access to commercial ones. * '''[[w:Ironing|Ironing Station]]''' - This includes a heat-resistant surface, usually cloth covered, and a heated '''[[w:Clothes_iron|Clothes Iron]]''' to remove wrinkles and flatten fabric or finished items. Pressing cloths are used between the iron and item to protect from excess heat. ::'''Leather Tools and Machines''' &emsp;Sewing leather requires heavy duty or specialized tools and machines. '''[[w:Leather_crafting|Leather Crafting]]''' involves other processes like dying, painting, carving, stamping, and molding, and uses a different set of mostly hand tools. The production of leather from skins and hides uses yet another set of tools and processes. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Fabric''' - cotton, synthetic, upholstery * '''Leather''' * '''Thread''' * '''[[w:Notions_(sewing)|Notions]]''' - refers to small items and accessories besides fabric, leather, and thread, which end up in finished articles. Examples include buttons, clasps, zippers, hooks, eyelets, and laces. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 6 - Jewelry Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Jewellery|Jewelry]]''' is decorative wear, often made from high value materials. Creating it often involves small-scale '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' and '''[[w:Lapidary|Lapidary]]''', but can use a variety of other techniques. At a beginner level items would mostly be assembled from parts. More advanced projects involve making the parts before assembly. &emsp;Jewelers use basic items from Section 3.0 like measuring tools, some kind of workbench with a vise, small clamps and clips, needle files, and abrasive/polishing supplies. To those, add the following as needed: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Ring Sizers''' - A set of measured rings for fingers and a marked tapered rod for the rings themselves. * '''Magnifiers''' - Since jewelry work is typically small, these are very helpful. One useful type is an articulated lamp with a built-in lens. * '''[[w:Helping_hand_(tool)|Helping Hand]]''' - A base with jointed arms and clips or end clamps, and often a magnifier. It allows positioning an item at any angle, leaving both hands free to work with. * '''Bench Pin''' - A protruding hardwood pin with at least a narrow "V" slot, and optional other holes and indents, that is clamped to a workbench. It supports items while sawing or otherwise being worked on. Pins can be bought, but as sawing often damages them, they can be easily made to suit and replaced as needed using basic tools. * '''[[w:Piercing_saw|Piercing or Jeweler's Saw]]''' - A small coping saw 2-8 inches (50-200mm) in size with adjustable frame length. It uses very fine blades that often break, so shorter lengths can reuse broken pieces. A pack of blades of various fineness should be added if not supplied with the saw. * '''Jeweler's Anvil''' - A small anvil with round and flat horns. * '''Small-Jaw Pliers''' - If you don't already have them, a set with very small jaws for fine work, in assorted shapes. * '''Small Forming Hammers''' - A set of polished hammers around 5 ounces (150 grams) with various head shapes. For very fine work add a set of "micro" hammers around 2 ounces (60 grams) * '''Soft Hammer''' - A light hammer with rubber and plastic heads, which is less likely to leave marks on the work. * '''[[w:Planishing|Planishing Stakes]]''' and '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' - for hammering outside and inside compound curves. These are the same tools as used in blacksmithing (List 10), just smaller and working cold rather than hot metal. The process is also known as '''[[w:Sinking_(metalworking)|Sinking]]''', doming, dishing, or dapping. * '''[[w:Mandrel|Mandrels]]''' - Metal rods held by a vise or base block. Tapered ones are used for sizing and shaping items like rings and bracelets. Straight ones are used to support hollow or curved pieces being worked on. A set of various diameters and shapes (round, oval, triangular, square, etc.) can be accumulated as needed. Plain steel bars and rods can be used to start with. * '''[[w:Wire_drawing|Wire Drawing Plate]]''' - has a series of sized holes for reducing soft wire diameter by pulling it through with lubrication. Depending on wire diameter it may require mechanical leverage to get enough pulling force. * '''[[w:Engraving|Hand or Power Engravers]]''' - cut grooves into a hard surface for decoration or lettering. * '''Small metal shear''' * '''Body Forms''' - These are in the shape of complex parts of the body like head, neck and shoulders, hands, and feet. They are used to lay out and hang jewelry while being designed and fitted. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Rotary Tool''' - with accessory bits, if you don't already have one. A stand to hold the tool steady is useful for fine work. A flexible shaft is also useful to reach small spaces and is lighter than holding the motor section. * '''Soldering equipment''' * '''Buffing station''' * '''Small Oven and Annealing Pans''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 7 - Electronics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Electronics|Electronics]]''' is distinguished from List 21 - Electrical Work, which is mostly done during construction and remodeling, and is mostly to supply power for lighting, electrical outlets, and fixed appliances. Electronics involves more complex active devices rather than than simple passive ones like on/off switches. In addition to basic tools from Section 3.0, add the following, or another set for electronics work: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Precision Screwdrivers''' * '''[[w:Wire_stripper|Wire Stripper]]''' - is designed to cut the insulation from various gauge (diameter) wires without cutting the wire itself. They usually have built-in cutters to then trim the wire itself to length. * '''Pliers''' - Smaller Diagonal and long nose * '''Precision Tweezers''' * '''Magnifiers''' - Electronic components are often small, so an Eye Loupe (a head-mounted magnifier) or an articulated lens with built-in light is useful. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' * '''[[w:Soldering_iron|Soldering Iron]]''' - with assorted tips and sponges. * '''Digital Multimeter''' ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;Electronics projects benefit from a dedicated '''Work station'''. This typically includes a Work Table with a heat-resistant surface, Fume Fan, Universal Vise with standard and circuit board jaws, Third Hand, Test Leads, and a magnifier light. Additional items can include: * '''Digital Microscope''' * '''DC Power Supply''' * '''Oscilloscope/Signal Analyzer''' * '''Function Generator''' * '''Flash Memory - programmer and debugger''' * '''Computer''' - for communications to and from the electronic device, recording, analysis, and design. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Electronics is notable for the wide variety of parts available and used. To start with some basic items like wire and resistor assortments can be stocked, but the rest should probably be bought as needed for projects. * '''Discrete Components''' - Assorted Resistors, Capacitors, Choke Coils, Diodes, Transistors, Motor Drivers, Voltage Regulators, Amplifiers, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Photodetectors * '''Other Components''' - LCD Displays, Speakers, Microphones, Temperature Sensor, Hall Effect, Accelerometers, Microcontrollers, Frequency Crystals, Radios, Magnets, Buttons & Switches, Headers, Assorted Jacks & Plugs, Ribbon Connectors, Screw Terminals, Battery Holders, USB cables and connectors, Ethernet cables and connectors, Transducers, Small DC Motors and Digital Servos, Power Supplies * '''Wire''' - General Electrical: single, pair, and grounded types, solder wire, magnet wire, shape memory * '''Circuit Board substrates''' * '''Other Supplies''' - Antistatic Bags, Heat Shrink Tubing, Desoldering Braid, Cable Ties, Rubber sheet/feet ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">6.0 - Large Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers activities that typically need larger or more dedicated indoor space, extra power or other special features, and often result in more practical and useful finished items. We include woodworking, basic metal fabrication, projects that require high temperatures, and machine shop work. There is some overlap in tools and equipment used, but each of these has some unique items and workshop needs. &emsp;Typical home workshop spaces include a garage, basement, or freestanding building. More advanced community production may require dedicated property. This is partly from needing larger shop furniture, stationary machines, materials storage space, and the size of the items being made. Additional requirements like more power, heavy weights, and heat resistance can make regular living space unsuited. These lists assume you have most or all of the equipment from the basic sets in Section 3.0. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 8 - Woodworking</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Since other animals use wood for tools, they are likely the oldest tools of our ancestors. Many human artifacts, like houses and furniture, are primarily made from it. So some tools for basic '''[[w:Woodworking|Woodworking]]''' were already included in the lists in Section 3.0. Additional tools from this list can be added as needed for projects. Growing trees ('''[[w:Forestry|Forestry]]'''), converting them to lumber ('''[[w:Logging|Logging]]''' and '''[[w:Sawmill|Sawmills]]'''), and woodwork for buildings ('''[[w:Carpentry|Carpentry]]''') are specialized enough to cover in other lists. This one covers hobbyist and small business projects made and used mostly indoors, like furniture, cabinetry, and smaller items. &emsp;Prior to the 20th Century, all woodworking was done manually or with some assistance from water and wind power. Since then electricity and compressed air have greatly increased the speed and power of tools. Some woodworkers prefer using hand tools - they are quieter and you can more directly feel what is happening to the wood. Power tool users still need some hand tools to avoid damage, precise finishing, or getting into small spaces. Power and stationary tools generally need more workshop space and cost more. So it is a matter of choice, budget, and working space for which ones to use. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;If you are new to woodworking, the '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Woodworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22&sort=-date Internet Archive]''' has over 400 general books on the subject which are available to download or borrow for two weeks at a time. This list is sorted newest first. Books prior to 1950 will tend to focus more on hand tools, because modern power tools were not as common or too expensive for individual use. You can enter more specialized search terms on that site to find more books. &emsp;A general '''[https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube]''' search for "woodworking" brings up many results, but you are better off searching for more specific subjects. A single video is not long enough to cover all of woodworking. For beginners, we suggest a search term like "beginning woodworking series" to find ones that give a general introduction across several videos. An example is '''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRWjFTaHniqMVryvDAQ3771MO6_QQRYXN Start Woodworking]''', with 13 videos taking about 8 hours, which you can watch a little at a time. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Woodworking obviously requires wood to work with. It comes mainly from '''[[w:Tree|Trees]]''' and some large plants like '''[[w:Bamboo|Bamboo]]'''. Wood properties vary widely depending on the species, growing conditions, and other factors, making every piece unique. So certain kinds of wood and particular pieces are better suited than others in a given project. There are artificial products like '''[[w:Plywood|Plywood]]''' and '''[[w:Composite_lumber|Composite Lumber]]''' partially made of wood, and some non-wood materials can be worked on with the same tools. This sometimes requires requires different bits or blades. &emsp;Commercial lumber is grown and processed into grades of similar type, suited for a category of projects. When buying, you should inspect and select individual pieces. For bulk amounts, you should expect some loss from defects, warp, etc. A knot or split may make a board unsuitable at full length, but you can cut off the bad part and use the remainder as a smaller piece. &emsp;Other materials, parts, and supplies used in woodworking include a wide variety of fasteners, hardware, glue, finishes, and abrasives. Home improvement and hardware stores will stock many of these, and specialty items can be bought from other suppliers. An assortment of nails, screws, and a bottle of '''[[w:Wood_glue|Wood Glue]]''' are enough to get started. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:Marking_gauge|Marking Gauges]]''' - Have an adjustable fence and single or dual points or knives, for scribing lines parallel to an edge. The '''[[w:Mortise_gauge|Mortise]]''' type marks both sides of a mortise and tenon joint at once so the two parts will fit exactly. * '''More Clamps''' - Woodworkers say "you can never have too many clamps". They are used to hold items in place while being shaped, groups of items that need identical cuts or smoothing, drilling aligned holes, and while gluing pieces together. Types include bar, screw, pipe, locking, spring, rigid C-shape, corner, strap, hose, and others. Since there are so many kinds, we suggest accumulating them a few at a time from used sources or bought as-needed for a project. :&emsp;Clamps can also be self-made by (1) taking any length of lumber, fastening two or more blocks to it, then driving a pair of wedges to tighten, (2) wrapping cord around the item, and driving one or more wedges between cords and wood, (3) using a loop of cord and twisting it with a stick to tighten, or (4) placing the item on the floor or a table and placing heavy objects on top. * '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Woodworking Chisels]]''' have a sharp edge at the end of the blade beveled 25 degrees on one side. They are either pushed by hand or hit with a '''[[w:Mallet|Mallet]]''', typically wooden so as not to damage the tool handle. A simple mallet can be made from a tree branch the diameter of the head, with the handle portion trimmed down to size. Get either square edge or beveled wood chisels in several widths to 1 inch (25mm) or so to start with. There are a number of other types, like the mortise chisel for cutting grooves, which can be added as needed. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adze|Adzes]]''' are specialty tools with curved blades and a chisel edge. They are swung to rough out a shape. Long-handled ones are used standing on or next to the work. Smaller ones are used on bowls and other interior curves. * '''[[w:Plane_(tool)|Hand Planes]]''' - have wide chisel blades that slightly protrude through a flat base so as to take thin shavings, with one or two handles. The blade is positioned so as to preferentially cut high spots in the wood, enabling flattening it. There are a wide variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. The '''[[w:Scrub_plane|Scrub]]''', '''[[w:Block_plane|Block]]''', '''[[w:Jack_plane|Jack]]''', and '''[[w:Jointer_plane|Jointer]]''' types are for flat surfaces. The '''[[w:Rebate_plane|Rabbet/Rebate]]''' type is for cutting grooves or recesses, while circular planes have a curved rather than flat base for working curved surfaces. The combination plane has an adjustable frame for accepting different widths or sets of cutters. A few sizes of flat planes are enough to start. * '''[[w:Drawknife|Drawknife]]''' and '''[[w:Spokeshave|Spokeshave]]''' - These are two-handled tools used on the pull stroke, generally for shaping round pieces. The first has a wide, unprotected blade for removing bark and large shavings. The second has a smaller blade extending a variable amount from the body for finishing work. The blades may be straight or curved. One of each type is enough to start. [[File:Carving_tools_2.jpg|thumb|right|640x380px|Figure 5.5-11 - Woodcarving tools and mallet.]] * '''[[w:Wood_carving#Tools|Carving Tools]]''' - These are used for more intricate wood shaping than the ones previously mentioned. Depending on blade size and accuracy they can be driven by hand or a mallet (Figure 5.5-11). The carving knife has a short lengthwise blade, while gouges are sharpened crosswise, with longer blades that are either curved, hooked, or V-shaped. A set assorted shapes can be used to start. * '''[[w:Card_scraper|Cabinet (Card) Scrapers]]''' - Used with a '''[[w:Burnisher|Burnisher]]''' to create a sharp burr for scraping a fine surface on hard or difficult grained wood. * '''[[w:Wood_finishing|Wood Finishing]]''' - Sandpaper and sanding blocks are in List 1 above, but additional grain sizes and different backings like cloth are useful. Once the wood pieces or assembled item is the final shape, there are many finishing methods for appearance or to protect it. Tools like brushes and cloth pads can be used to spread the finish and remove excess. Applying finishes can be messy and involve toxic solvents and media. Workshop dust can contaminate the finish before it dries. So a separate finishing area with ventilation, drop cloths, and personal protection like gloves and filter masks are desirable. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Modern portable tools can use a power cord or batteries, with the choice depending on convenience, power level, and running time. List 2 included some basic portable power tools. Additional ones include: * '''[[w:Router_(woodworking)|Routers]]''' - The portable type has a fixed base and uses a variety of bit sizes and shapes, for cutting wood and other materials. If the router did not come with them, you should get at least a basic set of bits. The '''Plunge Router''' has a spring between motor and base, allowing vertical bit movement while working. * '''[[w:Sander|Sanders]]''' - There are many types of power sanding devices, both portable and stationary, which work faster than hand sanding. Some sanding accessories be mounted on other tool types like electric drills or bench grinders. The portable Belt, Detail, and Orbital types belts and disks with different grain fineness. One palm or belt sander with a assorted abrasives is enough to start. * '''Hand Planer''' - Uses a rotating cutting blade to flatten surfaces similar to hand planes. * '''[[w:Dowel|Dowel]]''' and [[w:Pocket-hole_joinery|Pocket Hole Jigs]]''' - Accessories used with an electric drill to accurately position holes. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;These larger machines can work faster and more accurately by using built-in or accessory guides. The built-in table or work surface can be enlarged with extension tables, and side supports like sawhorses and rollers can be used to stabilize larger wood pieces. * '''[[w:Table_saw|Table Saw]]''' - A circular saw blade and motor mounted under a table, with adjustments to height and tilt. They generally have fences and other accessories to control the movement of the item past the blade. Compared to the portable circular saw in List 2 they are generally more powerful with a larger depth of cut, and easier to set up for repetitive cuts on multiple parts. A bench-top version may be enough for lighter projects, but should be secured while in use. Larger versions have a stand or cabinet. Different blades are available depending on what is being cut. * '''[[w:Jointer|Jointer]]''' - is similar to the power hand planer in having a rotating blade, except it is below the wood, and the wood moves rather than the tool. A fence is used to guide the wood, and some can be set at other angles than perpendicular. * '''Thickness Planer''' - Pulls a board with rollers between a flat table and rotating knives. It produces boards with flat and parallel surfaces. If you don't have a jointer to produce one flat surface, you can use a flat sled with the board shimmed and hot-glued to it to flatten one side with shallow cuts. * '''Sanders''' - Stationary sanders use a variety of abrasive belts, disks, cylinders, and drums. Some types will feed the work through the machine, but most require manually moving the work to the abrasive surface. A medium combination belt and disk sander is a good starting point. * '''[[w:Bandsaw|Bandsaws]]''' - use a loop of metal with teeth as the blade, running over two or more motor-driven wheels. They come in a variety of sizes from bench-top to floor-mounted, with different width and height capacity and motor power. Different blades are available for various cutting tasks. [[File:Holzdrechsel.jpg|thumb|right|640x425px|Figure 5.5-12 - Woodturning lathe.]] * '''[[w:Woodturning|Woodturning Lathe and Accessories]]''' - Turning makes symmetrical wood shapes mainly using a wood lathe (Figure 5.5-12) and long-handled chisels, gouges, and scrapers. Various holding devices are used with the lathe, according to the size and shape of the item being turned. Finishing operations like sanding can also be done while the piece is still mounted. * '''[[w:Scroll_saw|Scroll Saw]]''' - A reciprocating saw with a vertical narrow blade in tension, capable of cutting intricate curves. Get a set of assorted blades if not provided. * '''[[w:Drill#Drill_press|Drill Press]]''' - This is an electric drill mounted to a column and base, with an adjustable table. Compared to a portable drill they are more powerful and accurate. There are many sizes and variations, with the chuck axis-to-column distance being a key measurement since it sets the maximum distance a hole can be from the edge of a part. :&emsp;A very basic '''Drill Stand''' mounts a portable drill vertically, but this is only suitable for light work. An 8 inch (200mm) bench-top press is a better starting point. The frame is more rigid and the drive belt lowers speed and increases torque for a given motor. Smaller machines should be clamped or bolted to a stable surface. Larger versions are floor-mounted, and some can move and tilt the drill head for better access. * '''[[w:Router_table_(woodworking)|Router Table]]''' - This mounts a portable router, usually below the table surface, or can be a dedicated machine. Typically it has guide fences, and allows moving the wood through rather than moving the tool. This helps with doing multiple pieces of the same kind. * '''[[w:CNC_wood_router|CNC Wood Router]]''' - uses motors to move the cutting tool along defined axes, under computer control. This is useful for doing complex or repetitive patterns. The table can be any size, but ones large enough to cut quarter, half, or full sheets of plywood are common. * '''[[w:Dust_collector|Dust Collection System]]''' - A simple version is a wet/dry '''[[w:Vacuum_cleaner#Wet/dry|Shop Vacuum]]''' on wheels which is brought to whatever machine is being used. The machines may have fittings installed for the vacuum's hose. A more advanced version has pipes installed around the workshop that lead to a larger stationary vacuum system that has a separator for dust and larger chips. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 9 - Metal Fabrication</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;This list covers basic metal fabrication, This type of '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' involves forming, cutting, and joining thinner metal pieces where high accuracy is not required. Larger and thicker pieces require heating to shape or cast. Ceramics also require high temperatures, so we group them with blacksmithing and foundry work into List 10 (Hot Work). Machine Shop Work (List 11) can produce highly accurate finished parts, but needs a different set of equipment than the ones here. A given project may need some equipment from all three lists. Basic metal work needs many or all of the basic equipment from Section 3.0, such as workbenches and vises. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Metalworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22 Internet Archive]''' lists about 50 general books on metalworking which can be downloaded or borrowed for 14 days. You can find additional works using more specific search words like "welding" or "sheet metal", then selecting for "Always Available" and "Borrow for 14 days". Other types of reference and training sources, like paper books, instructional videos, and classes are also available. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;'''[[w:Metal|Metal]]''' is of course required for metalwork. By far the most common type is '''[[w:Steel|Steel]]''', which is iron with a little carbon added, and optionally other elements to make a particular '''[[w:Alloy|Alloy]]'''. Scrap and auto salvage yards, recycling stations, and discarded appliances are cheap sources for basic metals. Auto and other types of repair shops may have scrap bins. Retailers like home improvement, hardware, and online stores stock some metal and fasteners. Dedicated metal and industrial suppliers have larger selections and can be found in most cities. Other items besides metal stock include: * '''[[w:Arc_welding#Consumable_electrode_methods|Consumable Electrodes]]''' - These are rods or wire used to fill joints and make weld beads, with a flux added protect from oxidation. * '''[[w:Sandblasting#Media|Abrasive Blasting Media]]''' - a wide variety of materials are used in blasting operations besides the sand from which it got its name. * '''Fasteners and Other Hardware''' - Some of these are the same as for woodworking and other projects, but machine screws, bolts, and rivets tend to be used more with metal. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Steel Welding Table''' - with magnetic welding squares, for grounding and magnetically clamping workpieces. This is in addition to a basic workbench. It should be located away from combustible materials. * '''Portable Welding Screens''' - to protect other people and equipment from sparks and UV light. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:C-clamp|Welding Clamps]]''' - The ordinary C-type clamp can be used, but ones with a deeper throat distance or locking jaws with flat tips are useful for welding. * '''Chain Vise or Clamp''' - Uses a flexible chain to hold round or irregular objects in place. * '''[[w:Metalworking_hand_tool|Forming Tools]]''' - Also known as "auto body tools", since that is a common use for them. These include various shape hammers and metal or wood blocks, but also specialty slappers, spoons, dollies and forming bags to create complex curves or flatten sheet metal. The tools used by jewelers and blacksmiths work similarly, but are smaller and larger respectively. * '''[[w:Bending_(metalworking)|Bending Tools]]''' - This includes hand bar, strip, and tube benders for lighter metal. * '''Blind Riveter and Rivet Set''' - for setting expanding or solid '''[[w:Rivet|Rivet]]''' fasteners. * '''Scriber and Ink''' - for accurate marking for cutting and drilling. * '''Soapstone Pencils''' - for marking metal when welding, since it is heat resistant. * '''Chipping Hammer & Stiff Wire Brushes''' - for removing slag and cleaning surfaces while welding. The hammer head has one sharp point side and often a chisel edge on the other. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' '''WARNING''' - Many types of welding produce harmful UV light, fumes, and hot sparks, and all produce a lot of heat. You should therefore have suitable goggles, face mask, respirator, gloves, cap, and heat-protective clothing like gloves and aprons. Some welders require dedicated or upgraded electric power to operate. Electric types have shock risk, and all types have fire risk. Work areas should be well ventilated against fumes and heat build-up. Basic welding machines include: * '''[[w:Spot_welding|Spot Welder]]''' - for sheet metal. Melts a small area by resistance heating. * '''[[w:Flux-cored_arc_welding|Flux Core Arc Welder]]''' - also called "Shielded Metal Arc Welding" (SMAW) a light-duty A.C. unit with sticks or spool feed is enough to start working with thicker steel sections. * '''[[w:Gas_metal_arc_welding|Gas Metal Arc Welders]]''' - These use a separately supplied inert shielding gas like CO2 or argon. There are a number of types. MIG uses a consumable weld wire as the electrode, while TIG uses a tungsten electrode and a separate stick or wire weld feed. * '''[[w:Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting|Torch Welders]]''' - These use a fuel-air or fuel-oxygen torch. The hot flame melts the material, into which a weld rod can be fed. Torches can also be used for rough cutting. These require gas tank supplies, but can work where enough electricity isn't available. A friction or long-handled lighter is needed. * '''[[w:Plasma_cutting|Plasma Cutters]]''' - Use a highly heated gas to cut most materials. Smaller ones are portable, and larger computer-controlled ones (CNC) are stationary with a support framework and water bath below. * '''Power Shears & Nibbler''' - Shears work scissors, while nibbler punches through metal, and can work from an interior starter hole. * '''Impact Drivers & Wrenches''' - These tools accept hex-shank bits and square drive sockets respectively. They apply rotary blows to the chuck or socket for extra tightening and loosening forces. Bits and sockets should be designed for impact use to prevent breakage. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Abrasive_saw|Abrasive Saw]]''' - Also called a '''Chop Saw''', it is used to cut hard materials like metal, tile, and concrete. Smaller jobs can use an abrasive blade in a circular saw, or an angle grinder. The larger bench version protects the motor from metal dust, and can clamp the material for higher accuracy. It can cut thicker angle, bar, and pipe stock to length. * '''[[w:Abrasive_blasting|Sand Blaster]]''' - Uses compressed air to blow high velocity sand or other media at a surface to clean or finish it. The stationary version has a cabinet and collection system to contain the debris. The effect is similar to paper and wheel abrasives, but can be used for larger and more intricate items. * '''[[w:Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)|Brakes]]''' - are used to bend sheet metal. The finger type can bend and fold selected parts of an edge. These come in hand and powered versions depending on size and thickness of the bend. * '''Sheet Metal Shears''' - In addition to the left, straight, and right compound hand snips, and portable power shears and nibblers, the stationary '''[[w:Shear_(sheet_metal)|Sheet Metal Shears]]''' can handle larger and thicker sheets. This includes the bench, foot, power and compound throatless types. * '''[[w:Roll_bender|Roll Benders]]''' - can form cylindrical and conical shapes using three rollers that are either parallel or with one at a slight angle. * '''[[w:Machine_press|Machine (Shop) Press]]''' - For applying large forces for bending, shaping, or setting fasteners. Arbor presses use gears for mechanical advantage, while hydraulic presses use fluid pressure. '''[[w:Ironworker_(machine)|Ironworkers]]''' are heavy duty machines using hydraulic or flywheel power to cut, punch, or shape thicker materials while cold. Hot work equipment from list 10 is used to soften metals when cold work becomes too difficult. * '''[[w:Parts_washer|Parts Washer]]''' - This can range from a simple utility sink or tub to more complex units with a pump and spray system. Used to clean dirt, grease, and other contaminants from metal parts before working on them. * '''Hydraulic Pipe & Bar Bender''' - More powerful than hand benders for thicker bars, tubes, and pipes. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 10 - Hot Work - Blacksmith, Foundry, and Ceramics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''CAUTION''' - All of these involve high temperatures, so either an outdoor or specially designed indoor area should be used. Good ventilation and fireproof/heat-protecting clothes are needed. &emsp;These types of hot work share the need for a high temperature furnace, kiln, or forge. They can share equipment, or at least share a working area designed for the heat, so we group them into one list. '''<u>Blacksmithing</u>''' [[File:Fort_Jackson_2012_-_panoramio_(23).jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-13 - Blacksmith's forge and leg vise.]] &emsp;'''[[w:Blacksmith|Blacksmithing]]''' is the general term for shaping thicker and heavier metal pieces while hot, but also for working iron and steel particularly. There are specialty names like '''[[w:Tinsmith|Tinsmith]]''' and '''[[w:Silversmith|Silversmith]]''' for working other metals either cold or hot. A minimal starter set requires a heat source (forge/furnace), a gripping tool to hold the hot metal without getting burned, a hammer, and a thick piece of unheated (and therefore hard) metal (anvil) to hammer the softened hot metal on. While basic work can be done with general-purpose tools, blacksmith's tools are specialized for this purpose. In addition to the special tools, basic ones like chisels and punches are also used. * '''Forge/Furnace''' - A '''[[w:Forge|Blacksmith's Forge]]''' (Figure 5.5-13) burns a bed of coal or charcoal to reach high temperatures. '''[[w:Industrial_furnace|Furnaces]]''' are insulated chambers with a door or opening that use use propane, natural gas, electric coils or induced currents for heating. '''[[w:Fire_brick|Fire Brick]]''', made from minerals with high melting points, are commonly used as liners in both, although natural clay will work with more heat loss. Fire brick is only moderately insulating, so it is sometimes backed with other materials like mineral fiber blankets to reduce heat loss. :&emsp;The forge or furnace structure is typically steel or common brick, which are fireproof. A variable air supply increases combustion rate and temperature for fuel-powered versions. Forges and furnaces can be bought, but assembling one from common items like sheet metal, fireplace bricks, and hair dryers is not difficult. Judging the metal temperature by color is important, so a shaded area is typically used. Impurities in coal smoke are toxic, so good ventilation is needed when using it. [[File:Turaidas_muižas_kalves_darbarīki.jpg|thumb|right|640x480px|Figure 5.5-14 - Blacksmith's tongs (center left) and other tools.]] * '''Tongs and Rakes''' - Blacksmith's tongs (Figure 5.5-14) have long handles with high leverage. Their length keeps hands out of the heat, and leverage is needed to hold heavy metal pieces. A variety of jaw shapes are used to fit the piece being picked up. For very heavy objects, an integral handle or the object's length keeps one end cool enough to grip. It gets removed later. Small rakes and shovels, which can be self-made, are used to remove coal ash (clinkers), or to move solid fuel around and over the piece. [[File:Hammer_collection_(49844506846).jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-15 - Various hammer types.]] * '''Hammers''' - These come in various sizes and shapes for hand shaping the heated metal (Figure 5.5-15). They include the simple one-handed square-head '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]''', '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball Peen]]''', and other '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer#Variants|Wedge]]''' or flat heads. Section 3.0 already included some hammers. For blacksmithing a one-handed sledge and two sizes of ball-peen are enough to get started. For heavy-duty work, trip hammers use a foot pedal to raise and then drop a heavier hammer, and power hammers use motors and flywheels, or hydraulics, to produce greater forces. * '''Anvils and Blocks''' - '''[[w:Anvil|Anvils]]''' are heavy steel blocks shaped specifically for blacksmithing. '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' have various holes, indentations, and grooves to hammer into. They are often used with complementary hammers. These specialized tools are fairly expensive. Any heavy piece of steel can be used to start with, such a length of scrap railroad track, square or cylindrical blocks, or a section of thick plate. All of these should be mounted at a comfortable height on a stable impact-resistant stand. A vertical log buried partway into soil or a tree stump still in place are traditional methods. [[File:Silversmithing_anvils_and_hammers.jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-16 - Hammers and forming stakes.]] * '''Stakes''' are various shapes attached to a rod or bar which fit into a hole in an anvil or metal plate (Figure 5.5-16). For example used steel balls from a '''[[w:Ball_mill|Ball Mill]]''' welded to a bar can be used for compound curves. Straight pins inserted into a plate can be used for bending, typically with a length of pipe for leverage. Since blacksmiths make metal items, they can make some of these themselves. * '''Leg Vise''' - This is a large sturdy vise with a leg that extends to solid ground (Figure 5.5-13). This allows heavy hammering or bending without damaging the workbench or other support it is attached to. Either the workpiece or a shaping tool can be clamped in the vise. * '''[[w:Quenching|Quenching]] and [[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Tempering]]''' - the former rapidly cools workpieces in liquid, which results in a different crystal structure than slow cooling. Tempering is moderate heating of steel to control hardness and toughness. Annealing is heating metal enough to remove '''[[w:Work_hardening|Work Hardening]]''' and allow more shaping without cracking. Containers with fluids or sand, and controlled-temperature ovens are typically used for these processes. '''<u>Foundry</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Foundry|Foundry Work]]''' - '''[[w:Casting_(metalworking)|Casting]]''' metal involves melting then pouring into a prepared mold to cool. Depending on the metal it can require higher temperatures than blacksmithing, which only requires heating to soften it. In addition to a furnace, basic equipment needed includes: * '''[[w:Crucible|Crucibles]]''' - Containers designed to hold heated or melted materials. Some have handles, but many are simple bowl shapes, sometimes with lids. These require special tongs or lifting tools to insert and remove from the furnace, and pour molten material. * '''Casting Molds''' - There are many types of molds. '''[[w:Sand_casting|Sand Casting]]''' uses a parted box filled with damp sand mixed with a bonding agent. Patterns and additional cores are pressed between the box parts, then removed. This leaves a void the shape of the desired casting, and holes for the metal to pour in and hot gases to escape. * '''[[w:Pattern_(casting)|Patterns]]''' - These are replicas of the desired cast shape. They are typically made of wood, metal, or plastic if intended to be reused in sand casting. Other methods like '''[[Investment_casting|Investment]]''', '''[[w:Lost-wax_casting|Lost Wax]]''' and '''[[w:Die_casting|Die]]''' casting use different types of molds and pattern materials. '''<u>Ceramics</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Ceramic|Ceramics]]''' are shaped at room temperature, then heated in an enclosed furnace to make their shape permanent. Typically they use inorganic materials like clay. It takes time to first remove water with moderate heat, then reach the required high temperatures and slowly cool to avoid breakage. So furnaces are generally either thick-walled or insulated to reduce heat loss. [[File:Four_poterie_Sevres.jpg|thumb|right|410x599px|Figure 5.5-17 - Updraft Kiln.]] * '''[[w:Kiln#Ceramic_kilns|Ceramic Kiln]]''' - A type of furnace for longer-term heating than metal casting. '''[[w:Pit_fired_pottery|Pit Firing]]''' requires only a hole in the ground and fuel, but can't reach the higher temperatures of a kiln. '''Updraft Kilns''' (Figure 5.5-17) have a lower chamber for fuel, with an air supply. Combustion gases then go to an upper chamber with the ceramics, and finally to a chimney to draw air upwards. Simple ones can be made from clay, optionally lined with firebrick. A first firing will then harden the kiln. Enclosed gas or electric kilns can be purchased. To start with or for small amounts, it may be easier to find a community arts center that already has a kiln. * '''[[w:Potter's_wheel|Potter's Wheel]]''' - typically a lower flywheel and upper table spun to mold clay on the upper surface with hands and tools. It is used for the main shaping of symmetrical objects. They may be powered by feet directly, a pedal and crank, or electric motor. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Hot work needs clays and glazes for ceramics and metals for smithing and casting. '''[[w:Molding_sand|Molding Sand]]''' is needed for sand casting, and machinable wax for lost-wax casting. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 11 - Machine Shop Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Machine_shop|Machine Shops]]''' until recently practiced "Subtractive Manufacturing". This is removing some of the material to turn unfinished items into finished parts. Modern '''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' uses the opposite method of "Additive Manufacturing", where material is added to make a finished part. Both depend on accurate tools and machines in order to produce accurate parts. Accurate parts, in turn, are needed in machines where they must fit together, or move and rotate for long periods of time. &emsp;While some machine shop work can be done with hand tools, the majority is usually done with special-purpose machines, which are themselves mostly made using other machine tools. One way to obtain accuracy is using thick and rigid machine tool parts. This makes them heavy. So the workshop needs a suitably strong floor, such as a thicker concrete slab or deep individual foundations for some machines. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;Many websites, books, and videos be found with search terms like: machine shop, machine tools, machinists, and the individual names of tool and machine types. A public example is '''[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc9_524.pdf Fundamentals of Machine Tools, US Army, 1996]'''. &emsp;When starting out, older books focus on the simpler and less expensive tools of that time, so are useful despite their age. Modern computer-controlled (CNC) machines, and those that are larger or have more features, are typically more expensive, need more room, power, and heavier floor support. Learning about these can be postponed until needed. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Heavy Duty Workbench''' - Building and maintaining machines involves heavy metal parts. So one or more suitable workbenches are needed when the machines or their parts don't stand directly on the floor. Some have a metal plate top for durability, but for smaller and more delicate parts a wood top can be used. * '''Storage''' - Like other crafts and project types, machine shop work requires storage for parts, materials, and supplies, and in addition hand tools, cutting bits, and machine tool accessories. Nearly all of this will be metal, which is heavy, so storage should be very sturdy. :&emsp;Precision measuring tools need dust-proof storage with soft liners to avoid damage. They often have custom cases for this purpose. Cutting tools should be stored in a way they don't damage each other and other tools, so loose in a drawer or box is not recommended. They can be wrapped in cloth, or use racks, dividers or individual boxes to keep them apart. ::'''Holding Tools''' [[File:ViceBench-insetSoftJaws.jpg|thumb|right|640x444px|Figure 5.5-18 - Machinist's Bench Vise on metal-top workbench with brass insert at upper right.]] * '''Bench Vise''' - One or more heavy duty vises are typically mounted to the workbench with the jaws overhanging the edge, so that tall items can be clamped. Various inserts are used to hold different shapes, or are made of softer materials to not damage the item (Figure 5.5-18). Some vises have a small built-in anvil. If any hammering is to be done on the vise, it should be mounted over a bench leg. * '''Machinist's Clamps''' - Machine tools often have slots in their tables in the shape of an inverted "T". Inverted bolts and specialty '''[[w:T-slot_nut|T-slot Nuts]]''' can be inserted, then bars and other clamping devices can be bolted down. '''Toolmaker's Clamps''' have parallel-jaws and two screws to hold items together. These would be in addition to the vise and other clamps from previous sets. [[File:TruLockMachineVice.jpg|thumb|right|640x378px|Figure 5.5-19 - Machine vice with angle scale bolted to mill bed.]] * '''Machine Vise''' - is bolted to a machine tool to hold a part while being worked on (Figure 5.5-19). These are either plain or have rotation and tilt motions. Often used with other clamps and fixtures for precise positioning. * '''[[w:V-block|V-Blocks]]''' - with clamps are used to hold round or irregular shapes when drilling or cutting. * '''Setup Blocks''' - Often 1x2x3 and 2x4x6 inch sizes for ease of setting up exact positions. These can either be plain or drilled and threaded. * '''[[w:Parallels_(engineering)|Parallel Bars Set]]''' - To support work above vise jaws or at offset positions while staying parallel to the machine table. Often used in combination with other setup blocks. * '''[[w:Angle_plate|Angle Plate]]''' - Used to hold a part at a measured angle to a machine table. * '''[[w:Magnetic_switchable_device|Magnetic Holders]]''' - have a switchable magnetic field to temporarily hold an item in a fixed position, typically for taking measurements, centering, or machining. They are an alternative to clamps and vises, but care should be taken that they have enough holding force for the task. ::'''Measurement Tools''' &emsp;'''[[w:Machinist|Machinists]]''' use a wide variety of measuring tools to produce accurate parts and machines. Some machines have built-in scales and devices, but separate tools are often needed. They are often more accurate versions of basic measuring tools. * '''[[w:Scientific_calculator|Solar Scientific Calculator]]''' - For general calculations. Some machinist calculations involve trigonometry and circular areas, so it should have these higher functions. The solar cells avoid needing to replace batteries. It should also be protected with a case or be stored in a clear plastic bag. * '''[[w:Machinist_square|Machinist Squares]]''' - These include plain right angle squares in different sizes, and combination squares for centering and angle setting. These are more solid and accurately made than the same tools for woodworking. * '''[[w:Radius_gauge|Radius]]''' and '''[[w:Feeler_gauge|Feeler Gauges]]''' - Radius gauges use a bright light to detect if a part matches the curve of the gauge. Feeler gauges are made to accurate thicknesses to measure small gaps. * '''[[w:Thread_pitch_gauge|Thread Pitch Gauge]]''' - Has leaves with tooth profiles to determine the size of threads on an existing part. * '''Taper Gauge Set''' - These have sloped widths or thicknesses with a scale. Sets have several pieces to cover a wider size range. * '''[[w:Wiggler_(tool)|Edge and Center Finders]]''' - Also called "wigglers" after how they work. Used to find the center or edge of a part, after which a precise offset can be set with a machine's handwheel or digital readout. * '''[[w:Micrometer_(device)|Micrometers]]''' - These use a calibrated screw for accurate measurements. They come in different size ranges and for outside, inside, and depth measurements. Start with a 0-1 inch/25 mm outside micrometer and add others as needed. * '''[[w:Bore_gauge|Bore Gauges]]''' - The telescoping type have a pair of heads that expand to measure inside diameter or width. Used with a micrometer to set or read their width. * '''Thread Wire Measuring Set''' - Uses two wires on one side and one on the other plus a micrometer to accurately measure the size of a threaded part. * '''Toolmaker's Dividers''' - with rigid legs and spring. To transfer measurements and draw arcs on inked parts. * '''Calipers''' - a more accurate version than the basic one from Section 3.0. * '''[[w:Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)|Indicators]]''' - Dial or digital, with magnetic base. Measures distance from a reference surface to a probe. * '''[[w:Surface_plate|Surface Plate]]''' - Highly accurate flat surface, typically granite or cast iron. Used as a reference surface for other measuring tools, setups, and marking of parts before cutting. * '''[[w:Engineer's_spirit_level|Machinist's Level]]''' - A precision spirit (bubble) level for leveling machine tools and other surfaces. * '''Adjustable Parallels Set''' - spanning 0.375-2.25in (10-50mm), for measuring and setting exact widths and offsets. * '''[[w:Gauge_block|Gage Block Set]]''' - Highly accurate blocks which are stacked to produce exact lengths. Typically used to check the accuracy of other measuring devices rather than direct use. * '''[[w:Sine_bar|Sine Bar]]''' - This is two accurate cylinders connected to a bar so that exact angles can be calculated or set by the mathematical sine of a triangle formula. * '''[[w:Coordinate-measuring_machine|Coordinate Measuring Machine]]''' - an advanced and often automated machine to measure the physical geometry of an object. * '''[[w:Optical_comparator|Optical Comparator]]''' - a device to magnify and project the profile of a part so it can be measured. ::'''Marking Tools''' * '''Industrial Marker''' - These use heat and oil-resistant ink for marking and layout. * '''Layout Fluid & Brush''' - For more durable layout marks. Either commercial, or a denatured alcohol/shellac/fabric dye mix. * '''Scriber, Carbide Tipped''' - For scratching lines onto metal parts. * '''Prick and Center Punches''' - Prick punches are smaller and used for marking exact points on a part. Center punches are heavier and struck like chisels to make a starter hole for drill bits. * '''Transfer Punches''' - These come in sets of different diameters, and are used to transfer the centers of one or more holes from one part to another. * '''Steel Straight Edge''' - An accurately made flat bar for scribing lines onto a part, and checking flatness with a light held behind it. Commercial flat bar stock may be enough to start with, but precision ones made for the purpose will be more accurate. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;Basic assembly tools like screwdrivers and socket wrenches were included in Section 3.0. Some '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Additional Specialty Tools]]''' may be needed to maintain or adjust machine tools such as the '''[[w:Torx|Torx]]''' type. Some of these allow higher torque, which can be useful when building new projects. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' * '''[[w:Tap_and_die|Tap and Die Sets]]''' - Includes handles and individual taps and dies. Used for cutting matching inside and outside screw threads. * '''[[w:Reamer|Reamers]]''' - Hand and Expanding. Uses tap handle for turning. Finishes a hole to an exact size. * '''[[w:Drill_bit#Center_and_spotting_drill_bit|Center Drill Bits]]''' - Used in a lathe to drill a center hole in the part for the '''[[w:Tailstock|Tailstock]]''' to fit into. * '''[[w:Center_gauge|Center Gauge]]''' - used to guide grinding thread-cutting tools to the right angle and then mount them perpendicular to the part. * '''[[w:Hand_scraper|Hand Scrapers]]''' - Used with or to make surface plates and produce precision surfaces. ::'''Stationary Subtractive Machines''' [[File:Sharp_3_Axis_Vertical_Mill_Full_View.jpg|thumb|right|358x599px|Figure 5.5-20 - Vertical milling machine with manual positioning, electronic readout, and Kurt machine vise to hold parts being milled.]] * '''[[w:Milling_(machining)|Vertical and Horizontal Milling Machines]]''' - (Figure 5.5-20) These are described by the rotating axis of the tool head. Movements can be manual or computer (CNC) controlled. Vertical mills are typically smaller and lower power. A compound (2 axis) slide table added to a medium drill press may be enough to get started, but a floor-mounted mill will be more accurate and can handle larger parts. Desktop CNC mills can be used for small items, but are lower power and therefore slower. [[File:Tornio_piccolo.jpg|thumb|right|640x407px|Figure 5.5-21 - Small Bench Lathe.]] * '''[[w:Metal_lathe|Metal Lathe]]''' - These are heavier and more powerful than wood-cutting lathes, with higher accuracy. They are described by the maximum diameter and length of the parts they can work, such as 7x14 inches. A small bench-top one (Figure 5.5-21) may be enough to start. Larger ones require custom tables or are floor-mounted. Lathes can be manually or computer (CNC) controlled. Combination machines exist that do both milling and lathe work if space is at a premium * '''Lathe & Mill Accessories''' - Lathes and mills use a variety of '''[[w:Cutting_tool_(machining)|Cutting Tools]]''' and need specialized holding tools (noted above) for the items being worked. The cutting tools are held with '''[[w:Chuck_(engineering)|Chucks]]''', '''[[w:Collet|Collets]]''', and '''[[w:Spindle_(tool)|Spindles]]''' due to the high forces involved. They are often particular to a given machine or machine size. A '''[[w:Rotary_table|Rotary Table]]''' or '''[[w:Indexing_head|Indexing Head]]''' allows allows positioning items at precise angles. :&emsp;Industrial machine tools use cutting oils to remove heat and chips. For small projects a brush or oil can and hand application may be enough. For larger ones a steady feed of oil and chip removal is needed. Oil can be filtered and reused, but metal chips are sharp and should be carefully disposed of. CNC type machines need a computer and suitable software to prepare the series of instructions, or directly control them. * '''[[w:Drill#Geared_head|Industrial Drill Press]]''' - These are larger and heavier than woodworking drill presses, typically floor mounted with gear rather than belt drives. Some come equipped with cross-slide or rotating tables, or these can be added as accessories. Others have radial and tilt heads for large and heavy parts where it is easier to move the head than the part being drilled. One or more sets of metal-cutting drill bits with different diameters and lengths are needed to start with. * '''[[w:Bandsaw#Metal_fabrication_shop_and_machine_shop_models|Horizontal Metal Bandsaw]]''' - For cutting larger metal bars or blocks to length. In contrast to the wood saws, the metal is clamped in place while the cutting blade slowly pivots down. * '''Vertical Heavy-Duty Bandsaw''' - For rough cutting curved metal sections by moving them through the saw. This can be a woodworking bandsaw with a metal-cutting blade, or a more powerful one. It is suitable for thinner and lighter metal pieces. For larger and heavier items, they are held stationary while a portable cutting tool is moved through them. * '''[[w:Surface_grinding#Equipment|Surface Grinder]]''' - Produces flat surfaces by moving a part horizontally under a grinding wheel. * '''[[w:Electrical_discharge_machining|EDM Machine]]''' - Electrical discharge machining uses sparks across an insulating fluid to remove material and shape a part. * '''[[w:Laser_cutting|Laser Cutter/Engraver]]''' - uses a focused high-power laser to cut or ablate material, often under computer control. There are various types and sizes of machines. ::'''Additive Machines''' &emsp;'''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' is a category of methods and machines that make parts by adding material under computer control. There are now a '''[[w:3D_printing_processes|Variety of Such Machines]]''' in various sizes that "print" different materials by different methods. Some methods are better suited to industrial use, and others for home use. Part resolution can be as small as 10 nanometers, and other machines work on a large enough scale for '''[[w:Construction_3D_printing|Building Construction]]'''. A related set of methods involve spraying material onto an existing surface. Examples are '''[[w:Spray_painting|Spray Painting]]''' and '''[[w:Thermal_spraying|Thermal Spraying]]'''. The spray is often directed by hand, but can be done by machines under computer control. &emsp;Printed parts often need additional finishing steps, like removing printed supports that were needed during printing but not afterwards, or sanding to smooth sometimes uneven surfaces. Which types of additive machines are needed depends on the materials you want to use, and the speed, size, and accuracy required. Due to the wide variety of processes, machines, and purposes, we don't list individual machines. Instead, we recommend looking at some '''[https://archive.org/details/inlibrary?query=3D+printing Reference Sources]''', then investigate available machines. &emsp;Most printers need a computer file describing the part to be made. They can be made yourself using suitable software, or use existing ones made by others. Depending on the printer, they may need a separate computer to send commands, similar to how office printers work with paper. Otherwise they may have the control computer built-in and only need the part file delivered to it. &emsp;When starting out, it may make sense to use a commercial printing service, as they only need the computer file to make a part. Open-source printer designs and kits are available. They are less expensive, but require doing some or all of the work of building them. Already built '''[[w:Comparison_of_3D_printers|Printers]]''' are available new for as little as a good portable power tool, but supplies of printing material can be expensive if you are making many parts. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">7.0 - Outdoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers projects where the work or the finished items are mostly located outdoors. It includes yard work, gardening, digging and landscaping, forestry, and farming. Aside from location, they share somewhat overlapping sets of tools, so consider other lists than the primary category you are interested in. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 12 - Yard Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;A '''[[w:Yard_(land)|Yard]]''' commonly means the area of land surrounding a house, typically in suburban areas. In urban areas, residences may have little or no yard area. Properties larger than a few acres (1 hectare) can be called "acreage" if mostly undeveloped, and a large house with lots of outside improvements on multiple acres is called an '''[[w:Estate_(land)|Estate]]'''. This list covers items for self-maintenance of suburban yards, or maintenance of yards for others on a small-business scale. &emsp;Typical yards have live items like grass, some trees, and decorative plants and ground cover. They can also have a variety of constructed items like paths, fences, storage sheds, decks and patios. Most of these need some degree of cleaning and maintenance for appearance and to meet local rules. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Brooms and Dustpans''' - For sweeping paved areas and picking up the resulting piles. Includes Wide push, upright sweep, and wide dustpan. * '''[[w:Rake_(tool)|Rakes]]''' - have a long handle and multiple teeth set perpendicular to it. The '''Leaf''' type has widely spaced springy teeth that catch leaves and other loose material without damaging grass or soil. The '''Bow''' type has a rigid bar with teeth. Both sides are used for moving and leveling soil. The '''Thatching''' type has blade-shaped teeth for removing dead grass (thatch) and loosening topsoil to receive seeds, fertilizers, etc. * '''[[w:Edger#Manual_lawn_edgers|Lawn Edger]]''' - A manual tool used to keep grass and roots from encroaching on paved or other types of surfaces. * '''[[w:Hedge_trimmer|Hedge Trimmer]]''' - Large scissors or pruning shears used to trim hedge plantings or decorative bushes. '''Pruning Shears''' have shorter blades, usually curved, with more leverage for cutting thicker or harder stems. * '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' - A single or dual-wheel cart with handles for general moving of bulk or heavier items. The wheel(s) carry most of the weight while steering and pushing with the handles. Most have a sloped tray so they can be emptied by tilting vertical. * '''[[w:Hatchet|Hatchet]]''' - A combination tool with a sharp blade on one side and a hammer head on the other. An example use is trimming a branch to make a stake then pounding it in. * '''[[w:Loppers|Lopper]]''' and '''Pruning Saw''' - Loppers have long handles with short blades, sometimes with compound action. Can cut saplings and branches up to 2 inches (5 cm) for the largest version by working around the stem until severed. Pruning saws are hand saws with teeth designed to cut living wood, and can cut somewhat larger branches in crowded areas. Large branches should be cut partway from below with two cuts removing a wedge, then finished from above. This prevents a split from damaging the main stem or trunk, and makes a more controlled fall for the branch. * '''[[w:Polesaw|Polesaw]]''' - A pruning saw attached to a pole to reach higher without a ladder. Many have a levered pruning blade with a cord, to cut smaller high branches. * '''[[w:Garden_hose|Garden Hose]]''' - For delivering water where needed in a yard. A simple spray or pistol nozzle is enough to start, but there are a number of other special purpose attachments. Rubber grommets are used to prevent leakage. * '''Containers''' - '''[[w:Bucket|Water Buckets]]''' and smaller containers can be used to transport small amounts of water. '''[[w:Fuel_container|Fuel Containers]]''' are needed for machines and devices that use them. Other yard supplies like fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can be toxic. They either come with a container, or can be stored in suitable boxes and bags. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Outdoor power tools can be electrical, using either a power cord or internal batteries. Corded tools generally need outdoor-type extension cords of sufficient length and wire gauge for the required distance. Battery types typically need a matching charger for removable batteries. Portable generators and inverters connected to a vehicle can supply power at greater distances than extension cords. Other outdoor tools have combustion engines that require fuel or a fuel/oil blend, and some need separate lubricating oil. The choice among power types depends on cost, convenience, noise level, and required power level. * '''[[w:Leaf_blower|Leaf Blower]]''' - uses high-speed air to move leaves and other debris away from buildings and pavements or into piles. Mower blades act like a fan, and with a side discharge can both chop up and blow leaves into piles or rows for pickup. * '''[[w:String_trimmer|String Trimmer]]''' - Cuts grass and weeds around obstacles or edges of a yard, without damaging other items. Some types accept other accessories for different tasks. Alternately herbicides, woven or sheet weed barriers, and solid objects can prevent growth in unwanted areas. * '''Power Hedge Trimmer''' - Typically use a reciprocating blade that slides against stationary fingers. Does similar tasks to hand hedge shears and pruners. * '''[[w:Pressure_washing|Pressure Washer]]''' - Uses high pressure water, sometimes with additives like soap, to clean exterior surfaces. Some have different angle nozzles and adjustable pressure. * '''[[w:Brushcutter_(garden_tool)|Brush Cutter]]''' - The hand-carried type has more power than a string trimmer and accepts accessories like circular saw blades to cut thicker items. A '''[[w:Brush_hog|Brush Hog]]''' has wheels or is mounted to a larger machine, and functions like a heavy-duty lawn mower. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' * '''[[w:Lawn_mower|Lawn Mower]]''' - Uses blades to cut larger areas of grass to an even height. Most modern ones are powered. Smaller ones are walk-behind and either pushed or are self-propelled. Larger '''Riding Mowers''' have a seat and steerable wheels. Some types have a bag to collect grass clippings, and may have a side discharge to blow the clippings away from the blades. Even larger '''Lawn Tractors''' are powerful enough to tow wagons or mount other attachments. These start to overlap in function with small agricultural tractors with a mowing attachment. :&emsp;The type of mower to use depends on the area to be mowed, coverage speed, cost, noise level, whether it is for personal or commercial use, and what obstacles have to be worked around. For example, with '''[[w:Zero-turn_mower|Zero-Turn]]''' mowers the drive wheels rotate at different speeds/direction, and the other wheels swivel in any direction. This allows maneuvering in tighter spaces. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''[[w:Mulch|Mulch]]''' - A layer of material applied to the surface of soil. It can be applied around structures, plantings, and trees to make maintenance easier, conserve moisture, improve fertility, reduce erosion, and for looks. Ground covers can be artificial, like landscape fabric, inorganic like gravel, organic like wood chips, or living plants which are close to the ground. Organic mulches can be self-made on-site from items like fallen leaves and branches which are shredded or composted. * '''[[w:Lawn#Lawn_care_and_maintenance|Lawn Maintenance]]''' - Depending on the current and desired condition of a yard, this can include adding topsoil, organic material, sand, and other soil additives to improve its quality. Additional supplies include grass seed, fertilizers, pest controls, and herbicides. It can be much easier to work with the natural soil and climate conditions than to force a specific lawn type. For example, a grass/clover mix can self-fertilize since clover can fix nitrogen from the air. Other ground covers, perennials, shrubs, and trees may be less work to maintain. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 13 - Gardening</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Gardening|Gardening]]''' is distinguished from general yard work by intentionally planting and growing plants for food or aesthetic reasons. Yard work is more basic exterior maintenance to suppress weeds, maintain access, and reduce vermin. There is overlap between the two, but gardening typically has more specialized tools. &emsp;This is a very popular activity, so there are many reference sources, suppliers, organizations and groups, and outside help such as '''[[w:Agricultural_extension|Agricultural Extension]]''' education. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Garden Trowel''' - a small pointed shovel designed to use with one hand. * '''Hand Cultivator''' - small single hand, or long handle two hand types. They have several curved tines for breaking up soil or pulling weeds by the roots. * '''Hand Weeder''' - any of several tools to sever deeper roots or cut weeds near the surface. * '''Draw Hoe''' - has a blade set crosswise to the handle. It is intended to chop into the ground and then pulled or levered. Can be one or two-handed, with various blade shapes. Narrow blades are for hard soil, while wider ones can move looser soil. * '''Scuffle Hoes''' - The '''Hoop''' or action type has a cross blade more parallel to the handle, often sharpened to cut roots near the surface. '''Linear''' hoes have blades parallel to the handle and can cut roots without disturbing adjacent soil. * '''[[w:Garden_fork|Garden Fork]]''' - has around four sturdy tines set parallel to a D-ended handle. They are driven into the soil and then levered to loosen or lift it. The '''[[w:Pitchfork|Pitchfork]]''' has a longer straight handle and slightly curved tines. It is used to pick up and throw loose material rather than drive into the ground. * '''Bulb Planter''' - has pivoted cylinder halves and a serrated bottom to cut and lift soil for planting bulbs and other plants, then replacing the soil to cover them. * '''Wheel Hoe''' - A narrow wheel attached to handles, on which a hoop blade and other attachments can be mounted. It is useful where longer rows of soil need to be worked. * '''Root Cutter''' - any of a number of serrated tools designed to cut thicker roots. The shovel type has a chisel bottom edge and toothed sides, and is stepped on for cutting force. The one hand type have hooked saw blades or a toothed trowel shape. The shovel and trowel types are first used to expose the root before cutting. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''Garden Shed''' - This is a building near a garden to store tools, equipment, and materials. It may also include a workbench for maintenance and tasks like potting plants. * '''[[w:Raised-bed_gardening|Raised Beds]]''' - are enclosed areas of soil above ground level set up for any of a number of reasons: easier access, erosion control, eliminate compaction by not walking on the soil, and others. * '''[[w:Garden_structure|Garden Structures]]''' - These are other structures like walls, fences, trellises, greenhouses, stakes, and wire mesh. They are used for weather and sun control, to keep out animals, and to support growing plants. The simplest gardens use none of these and must accept the yield losses. This may be less than the cost and work of building structures, and simply planting more to reach the desired yield. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' &emsp;For larger gardens and heavier soils, hand tools will take too long or are too hard to use. Wheeled power equipment, either electric or combustion engine, can handle the needed soil preparation. For new gardens, this includes breaking up the soil, removing excess rocks, grading for drainage, and mixing in soil amendments. It may make sense to hire the people and equipment for the heavier one-time tasks. Categories of equipment include self-powered walk-behind, and attachments to larger riding mowers and garden tractors (List 12). * '''[[w:Cultivator#Garden_cultivators|Garden Cultivator]]''' - walk-behind machine for breaking up and mixing soil using rotating tines. * '''Dump Cart''' - Two wheel cart attachment with a tilting bed. For moving larger amounts of material than a wheelbarrow or with less labor. * '''[https://brinly.com/product-category/ground-engaging/ Ground-Engaging Attachments]''' - These are used with larger garden tractors to turn and break up soil. They include a plow, cultivator, and harrow. ::'''Supplies''' * '''Water, Light, and Temperature''' - All plants need enough of these in the right amounts to grow. The easiest way to do this is selecting plants suited to the climate. For example '''[[w:Hardiness_zone|Hardiness Zones]]''' are mapped out by minimum annual temperature, and various information sources will list which zone(s) a given plant is suited for. &emsp;If natural conditions are unsuited, they can be modified artificially. There are many ways to do this from simple watering cans to complex irrigation systems, removing or adding items for shade and temperature control, and artificial lights. * '''[[w:Compost|Compost]]''' - is decomposed plant, food, and other organic material. It is used to fertilize and condition soil. It can be bought or made on-site from garden and other sources. Composting takes time, so making it involves an open pile or suitable container. * '''[[w:Seed|Planting Stock]]''' - Many plants grow from seeds, which can either be purchased, or obtained from previous generations of grown plants. Other forms of '''[[w:Plant_propagation|Plant Propagation]]''' don't require seeds, but need a previously existing plant, or parts from it, as starting material. * '''[[w:Fertilizer|Fertilizers]]''' - Besides the basics of water, light, air, and usually soil, plants need a variety of other nutrients to grow. If they can't obtain them from the available soil or water sources, they have to be added. General additions of fertilizers, based on knowledge of the soil and what given plants need can be helpful. More specific recommendations can come from '''[[w:Soil_test|Soil Tests]]'''. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 14 - Landscaping</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Landscaping|Landscaping]]''' is the intentional change of visible features of land. A landscape typically includes non-living features like steps, walls, and fences, and living items like grass, trees, ground cover, and ornamental plants. &emsp;Landscaping overlaps with yard work, gardening, and construction. Yard work is more concerned with maintaining an existing landscape, and gardening is focused on growing specific plants rather than all the land. Building construction often disturbs the land, requiring landscaping to restore it, and uses heavier equipment for excavation and contouring the land. Construction can also install utilities and equipment later needed in a landscape such as water and electric. &emsp;'''[[w:Landscape_architecture|Landscape Architecture]]''' is concerned with the design of landscapes. As a profession it is related to '''[[w:Architecture|Architecture]]''', which is concerned with structures. You can hire professionals for complex projects, but most home and small business projects don't need that level of training. '''[[w:Landscape_design_software|Landscape Design Software]]''' is available to help design and visualize projects. Many '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Landscaping Books]''' and other reference sources are available on this subject. &emsp;Power versions in various sizes are available for many of the yard, garden, and landscaping hand tools. They are used for bigger jobs, and can be rented or hired with crew for larger projects that only need them once. They are either dedicated machines for a single task, or mounted as attachments to a larger machine like a garden tractor, '''[[w:Skid-steer_loader|Skid-Steer Loader]]''', or '''[[w:Tractor|Farm Tractor]]'''. Some are towed to a working location, but others have drive wheels or tracked treads to move themselves. None of these are needed to start on a small scale, but can be used when larger projects are attempted. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:Shovel|Shovels]]''' and '''[[w:Spade|Spades]]''' - These are variations of the general tool type used for digging and moving bulk material. A shovel has a rounded and more angled blade and is used at a lower angle. It is more suited for picking up and moving loose material. A spade has a flatter and in-line blade and is used vertically for trenching and other straight-sided digging. One general-purpose long-handled shovel is enough to start. Other variations can be added as needed. * '''[[w:Earth_auger|Earth Auger]]''' - The hand version has a wide screw or two curved vertical blades, with a T-handle for leverage. It is only suited for smaller holes in soil. * '''[[w:Digging_bar|Digging Bar]]''' - A long metal bar with various shaped ends, used to break up, pry, and tamp soil and rock, using their weight and thickness, and using repeated impacts or leverage. One about chest to head height with flat and pointed ends to start. * '''[[w:Pickaxe|Pickaxe]]''' - T-shaped tool with sturdy pointed and flat ends of the head. The swing motion allows more impact force than a digging bar, and is used for similar tasks. * '''[[w:Mattock|Cutter Mattock]]''' - Similar to pickaxe but has lengthwise and crosswise blades suited to exposing and cutting roots. * '''[[w:Post_hole_digger|Post Hole Digger]]''' and '''[[w:Post_pounder|Post Pounder]]''' - The digger consists of facing shovel blades, hinged so they can grab dirt trapped between them to pull out. Both are used for setting fence posts, either directly, or by making a hole which is later filled and tamped. * '''Soil Tamper''' - any heavy object with a small flat base used to compact loose soil by impact. The small end of a heavy branch can be used as an improvised one, but metal rods made for the purpose are also used. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''[[w:Lawn_aerator|Lawn Aerator]]''' - uses rotating spikes or cores to create holes in the soil. This allows air, water, and fertilizers to reach the roots, and with grass divides the roots so the leaves multiply. Commonly a towed attachment. * '''[[w:Broadcast_spreader|Broadcast Spreader]]''' - uses a spinning disk with fins or blade to distribute seeds and granular material evenly over the ground. Smaller hand-crank ones exist, but a towed attachment is used for larger areas. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' * '''Excavator''' - or Backhoe. A hydraulic arm with a toothed digging bucket. * '''Loader''' - a large hydraulic bucket for scraping up, lifting, and dumping loose material. Wheel and track versions are used for different ground conditions. * '''Bulldozer''' - a heavy machine with treads to push or pull materials and objects with great force. * '''Wheel Scraper''' - has a large, low-slung bladed bucket to gather and then hydraulically disperse material. Often used for grading land contours. * '''Trencher''' - cuts a relatively narrow trench in the ground to a desired depth. * '''Dump Truck and Trailer''' - wheeled units to move and then dump material within a project site or over the road. * '''Grader''' - uses an adjustable scraping blade to level and contour loose surface material. ::'''Materials and Supplies''' * Topsoil * ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 15 - Forestry</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hand Axes - Felling Axe for cutting trees, smaller Camp axe for trimming and notching branches. * Saws - '''[[w:Bucksaw|Bucksaw]]''' for cutting smaller logs to length. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow Saw]]''' typically has a narrower blade and smaller frame for branches and working in tight spaces. The electric or fuel-powered '''[[w:Chainsaw|Chainsaw]]''' is for cutting larger trees down and to size. '''WARNING''' all serious timber cutting is very dangerous due to powerful machines with exposed teeth, and the weight of falling or shifting trees and branches. It should never be done alone or without some training. Methods like anchor ropes/chains can pull down trees from a safe distance. If you are at all unsure, hire professionals with the right equipment and experience. * Bark Tools - Spud, Bark Scraper/Pry Bar, Power Debarker ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 16 - Farming</u></span>=== &emsp; ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">8.0 - Construction Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Construction generally follows a sequence of steps, some of which may be skipped if not needed. The exact order of tasks depends on the design and access needed, so the lists in this section are not a strict sequence, but rather grouped by trade and skills. The main steps include: * '''Plans and Permits''' - Before physical work, design of the project, including making sure outside access and utilities will be available, what site features currently exist that may need to be changed or worked around, then obtaining needed permission such as building permits. * '''Site Work''' - This includes clearing, surveying, marking out, grading, compacting, and excavation, and providing temporary utilities and sanitation if needed. * '''Substructure and Foundations''' - These are the items that end up at or under ground level when complete, such as drainage, utility lines, and the building foundation. * '''Main Structure and Large Items''' - Walls, floors, roof, external doors and windows; and also items like heating and ventilation systems and bathtubs that are too large to install later. * '''Internal Utilities and Services''' - These are items like electrical and plumbing that will later be hidden by finished walls. * '''Finishing''' - The final surfaces, cabinets, interior doors, fixtures, and appliances that will be visible and used. &emsp;How many of the steps you can do yourself vs hiring contractors depends on your skills, crew size, and how often you expect to do it. Earlier work like excavation generally needs larger and more expensive equipment than later steps like finishing. So when starting out in construction we suggest contracting out the bigger steps. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 17 - General Construction</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Besides basic tools from Lists 1 and 2, some general equipment is used across multiple phases of construction projects. We try to list those here, and more specialized items in the later lists. ::'''Measurement Tools''' * '''[[w:Chalk_line|Chalk Line]]''' - For marking out straight lines by snapping a chalked string against a surface. * Measuring Tapes & Wheels - 10-100m (30-300 foot) Tapes for measurements and layout. * Transits - Builder's and Surveyors, for vertical and property measurement. * Mason's Twine - Light string to mark edges and horizontals with minimal stretch and sag. * Bullhorn * Portable Radios * Rubber Boots * Cold Weather Gear * Folding Chairs * Coolers - Drink, Food * Tables - Plan, Portable * Extension Cords, Multi-Plug Adapters, & Power Strips * Work Lights * Water Pump - Trash type. For removing water after rain or from holes. * Drop Cloths & Tarps - Painter's (Canvas, Plastic), Vinyl Cargo, Polyethylene * Weather Protection - For workers and worksites. Can be manufactured, or rigged from tarps, lumber with nails or screws at one or both ends as poles, anchor ropes, and either heavy objects like concrete blocks or ground stakes/anchors to secure the ropes. * Cleanup - Brooms, dust pans, trash cans & bags (can also use empty boxes) * Extension Poles - for tools and props * Fans - Box, Pedestal, Drum * Inverter and Portable Generator * Warning cones, signs, safety and erosion fencing, security equipment, safety vests * Seam Roller - has multiple uses for roofing, carpet, and wallpaper. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 18 - Carpentry</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Carpentry includes wood framing, roofing, structural metalwork, fireplaces, and drywall. Drywall is typically left until after internal utilities and services are installed. * Hammers - '''[[w:Framing_hammer|Framing Hammers]]''' are larger and heavier than claw hammers, for driving large nails into wood-frame construction. * Nail Guns - Assorted sizes. These drive nails with electric or air power, when large numbers or faster work is desired. * Drywall Square * Drywall Saw * '''[[w:Glass_cutter|Glass Cutter]]''' - for trimming window and other glass to size. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 19 - Masontry & Concrete</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hammers - Brick, Engineer, Sledge * Chisels - Assorted types and sizes Brick, Concrete, Mason, Stone, Tile, Star Point. Hand protectors & Offset Holders as needed * Trowels - Pointing, Brick, Rectangular * Mortar Hoe - with holes to aid mixing * Mixers - Hand, electric blade, wheeled or trailer electric or fueled for larger amounts. Very large amounts typically use mixer truck delivery. * Mud Tray and Hawk - for holding smaller amounts of mortar for troweling * '''SDS Type Hammer Drill''' - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 20 - Plumbing</u></span>=== &emsp; * Pipe and Tubing Cutters * Pipe Threading Taps & Dies - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 21 - Electrical</u></span>=== &emsp; * '''Insulated Screwdrivers''' - To prevent electrical shocks. Generally power should be off while doing electrical work, so this is a safety measure in case it accidentally isn't. * '''Electric Circuit, Outlet, and Breaker Testers''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 22 - Finishing</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Construction finishes are the final visible parts of a building after the structural, mechanical, and hidden utilities are installed. ::'''Finish Carpentry''' &emsp;This includes interior doors, cabinets, countertops, closet interiors, wood flooring, baseboards, and moldings. ::'''Paint and Wall Coverings''' * Combination and Razor Scrapers * Hand Sander * Can Hook & Key * Paint Brushes & Comb * Roller Tray & Liners, Roller Handles, Roller Brushes, * Paints and stains as needed per job. * Wallpaper Paste and Smoothing Brushes * Trimming Wheel - To trim or cut wallpaper to size, especially once pasted to a surface. ::'''Plumbing and Electrical Fixtures''' &emsp;This includes items like sinks and faucets, wall outlets, ceiling lights, and built-in electronics. It also includes installing built-in and free-standing appliances. ::'''Flooring and Tile''' &emsp;This includes flooring other than wood, such as carpet, sheet, and floor tiles. It also includes other tile work such as kitchens and bathrooms. * Caulk Gun * Putty Knives - Assorted sizes * Drywall Trowels - Narrow & Wide * Pole Sander * Floor Buffer * Floor Scraper </div> {{BookCat}} 5p3ucjhy70q0wnp3a36ujuorlpmou9q 0 294485 4095777 3254780 2022-08-24T16:11:42Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNG with [[File:Endothelial_dysfunction_Atherosclerosis.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · previously name was unnece wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis.png|thumb|Endo dysfunction Athero]] ==Prevalence== Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading causes of death and a major source of morbidity in Australia.<ref name="prevalence">Tuzcu, E. M., Kapadia, S. R., Tutar, E., Ziada, K. M., Hobbs, R. E., McCarthy, P. M., ... & Nissen, S. E. (2001). High prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic teenagers and young adults evidence from intravascular ultrasound. Circulation, 103(22), 2705-2710.</ref> Ischemic heart disease (angina, blocked arteries of the heart, heart attacks) and cerebrovascular disease (haemorrhages, strokes, infarctions, blocked arteries of the brain) are the top two causes of death in Australia resulting in 32, 764 deaths in 2011.<ref name="ABS">Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Causes of Death [Online]. Canberra. Available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3303.0Main%20Features12011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3303.0&issue=2011&num=&view= [Accessed 20 October 2013]</ref> ==What is Atherosclerosis?== Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is initiated by damage to the endothelium inside blood vessels.<ref name="Medical Encyclopedia">A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. 2012. Hardening of the arteries [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001224/ [Accessed 14 October 2013].</ref><ref name="Heart">American Heart Association (2013, May 1). Atherosclerosis. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/WhyCholesterolMatters/Atherosclerosis_UCM_305564_Article.jsp</ref> This is due to a number of factors such as high blood pressure, smoking and elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.<ref name="Medical Encyclopedia"/><ref name="thrombosis">Y. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology, 2001 [Online]. Available: http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis?page=1 [Accessed 14 October 2013]</ref> This damage results in the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, cellular debris, platelets and calcium forming on the inside of the artery walls.<ref name="Heart"/><ref name="thrombosis"/> Overtime hard structures, called plaque, form inside the artery wall making them stiffer.<ref name="Medical Encyclopedia"/><ref name="thrombosis"/> This gradual process slowly reduces the diameter of the artery causing less blood flow and a decreased oxygen supply around the body.<ref name="Heart"/> Eventually pieces of plaque break off due to high blood pressure and turbulent blood flow and travel to smaller blood vessels causing a blockage.<ref name="Medical Encyclopedia"/> This blockage starves the tissues of blood and oxygen and is a common cause of a stroke and heart attack.<ref name="Medical Encyclopedia"/><ref name="thrombosis"/> Atherosclerosis also contributes to the development of a number of diseases in the circulatory system which include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease Ischemic heart disease],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_disease Peripheral Artery Disease],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure Heart failure],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension Hypertension]<ref name="recreational">Michalak, E., Laurentowska, M., Pospieszna, B., Domaszewska, K., & Rutkowski. R. (2008). RECREATIONAL TRAINING VS. SELECTED ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. Polish Journal Of Sports Medicine/ Medycyna Sportowa, 24(2), 81-88.</ref> ==Risk Factors== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Preventable Factors !! Non-Preventable Factors |- | *Improper Diet (high in fats, sugars and salts)<ref name="recreational"/>|| *Genetic disposition<ref name="recreational"/> |- | *Insufficient or no physical activity<ref name="recreational"/> || *Gender<ref name="recreational"/> |- | *Obesity<ref name="recreational"/>|| *Age<ref name="recreational"/> |- | *Hypertension<ref name="recreational"/> || *Environmental pollution<ref name="recreational"/> |- | *Lipid metabolism disorders<ref name="recreational"/> || |- | *Tobacco smoking<ref name="recreational"/> || |} =Benefits of exercise as a form of prevention and treatment= The American Heart Association Counsels of Clinical Cardiology and Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism emphasise that exercise for patients with, or at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a valuable therapeutic strategy.<ref name="prevention">Thompson, P. D. (2003). Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 23(8), 1319-1321.</ref> '''TABLE 1. Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training on Health and Fitness Variables.<ref name="recreational"/><ref name="Resistance">Braith, R. W., & Stewart, K. J. (2006). Resistance exercise training its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 113(22), 2642-2650.</ref><ref name="blood lipid">Durstine, J. L., Grandejean, P. W., Davis, P. G., Ferguson, M. A., Alderson, N. L., & duBose, K. D. (2001). Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. /Lipides sanguins et adaptations des lipoproteins a 1’exercise: analyse quantitative. Sports Medicine, 31(15), 1033-1062</ref><ref name="lipoprotein profiles">Hurley, B. F. (1989). Effects of resistive training on lipoprotein-lipid profiles: a comparison to aerobic exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 21(6), 689-693.</ref><ref name="aerobic">Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K. S. (2006). Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in men: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The journal of men's health & gender, 3(1), 61-70</ref><ref name="atherosclerosis">Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Piña, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H., ... & Wenger, N. K. (2003). Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease A Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation,107(24), 3109-3116.</ref><ref name="children">Tolfrey, K., Jones, A. M., & Campbell, I. G. (2000). The effect of aerobic exercise training on the lipid-lipoprotein profile of children and adolescents. Sports Medicine, 29(2), 99-112.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Health/Fitness Variable !! Aerobic Exercise !! Resistance Exercise |- |- | Insulin sensitivity || ↑↑ || ↑↑ |- | Total cholesterol || ↓ || ↓ |- | Plasma triglyceride || ↓ || ↓ |- | High-density lipoprotein || ↑↔ || ↑↔ |- | Low-denisty lipoprotein || ↓↔ || ↓↔ |- | Resting heart rate || ↓↓ || ↔ |- | Systolic blood pressure at rest || ↓↓ || ↓ |- | Diastolic blood pressure at rest || ↓↓ || ↓ |} ↑ indicates increased; ↓ decreased; and ↔ small effect. =Exercise Guidelines= The American College of Sports Medicine recommends men aged 45+, women aged 55+ and individuals with major risk factors for atherosclerosis and diabetes at any age should consult a health practitioner for a physical examination and a medical history before beginning a vigorous exercise program.<ref name="Resistance"/> Recommended activity guidelines by the American College of Sports Medicine:<ref name="cvd">FRANKLIN, A. B., BALADY, J. G., BERRA, K., GORDON, F. N. & POLLOCK, L. M. 2012. Exercise for persons with cardiovascular disease [Online]. Available:http://www.acsm.org/docs/current-comments/exercise-for-persons-with-cardiovascular-disease.pdf [Accessed 13 October 2013].</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Aerobic Training !! Resistance Training |- | Minimum 3 sessions/week for 12 + weeks || 2-3 sessions/week |- | Intensity should be 70-85% maximal heart rate|| 10-15 repetitions to a moderate level of fatigue |- | 30 minutes continuous exercise or 3 x 10 minute bouts|| Single set program |- | Different types of aerobic exercise consist of brisk walking, jogging, swimming and cycling. ||8-10 different exercises that target the major muscle groups (arms, shoulders, chest, back, hips and legs) |} =Further Readings= *American Heart Association Interactive Cardiovascular Library – [http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=athero Atherosclerosis] and [http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=chlcad Cholesterol and Coronary Artery Disease] *The Heart Foundation: [http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/information-for-professionals/australian-physical-activity-network/Pages/guides-and-policies.aspx Australian physical activity guidelines and policies] *American Heart Association [https://www.heart.org/gglRisk/main_en_US.html Heart Attack Risk Calculator] *[http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Reducing-risk-in-heart-disease.pdf Reducing Risk in Heart Disease] =Reference List= <references/> {{BookCat}} qcu1xjf4so81ld66axy5ll58iyujxqe 0 305571 4095778 3720936 2022-08-24T16:12:00Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNG with [[File:Endothelial_dysfunction_Atherosclerosis.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · previously name was unnece wikitext text/x-wiki {{navigate|Prev=Biomechanics III|Next=Biomechanics V}} ==Cardiac Bio-mechanics== [[File:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg|thumb|150px|Diagram of the human heart]] The mammalian heart is composed of four pumping chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. The atria are the two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives and holds deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus and then sends down to the right ventricle which in turn sends it to the pulmonary trunk and artery for pulmonary circulation. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins and then pumps to the left ventricle for pumping out through the aorta for systemic circulation<ref>http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Blood/Heart_Structure.php</ref><ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html Human heart anatomy diagram.] Retrieved on 2010-07-02.</ref>The atria do not have valves at their inlets.<ref>http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4598</ref>. In the heart, a ventricle is one of the two lower chambers of the heart<ref name="ventri" />.The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs via the pulmonary artery, and the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the circulation system via the aorta<ref name="ventri">>http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9122</ref>. {{Clear}} '''TABLE Basic Determinants of Myocardial Stress and Strain''' {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" |'''Geometry and structure''' || Three-dimensional shape || Wall thickness,Curvature,Stress-free and unloaded reference configurations |- |Tissue structure || Muscle fiber architecture,Connective tissue organization,Pericardium, epicardium, and endocardium |- | rowspan="2" |'''Boundary/initial conditions'''|| Pressure|| Filling pressure (preload),Arterial pressure (afterload),Direct and indirect ventricular interactions |- |Constraints || Effects of inspiration and expiration,Constraints due to the pericardium and its attachments,Valves and fibrous valve annuli, chordae tendineae,Great vessels, lungs |- | rowspan="2" |'''Material properties'''|| Resting or passive || Nonlinear finite elasticity,quasilinear viscoelasticity,Anisotropy,Biphasic poroelasticity |- |Active dynamic|| Activation sequence,Myofiber isometric and isotonic contractile dynamics,Sarcomere length and length history,Cellular calcium kinetics and metabolic energy supply |} ''Source:{{cite book|title= The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition |author= Bronzino, Joseph D. |page=54-2|date=April 2006 |publisher=[CRC Press] |isbn=978-0-8493-2124-5 |url=http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849321245}}'' '''Table Factors Affected by Myocardial Stress and Strain''' {| class="wikitable" |- | Direct factors || Regional muscle work,Myocardial oxygen demand and energetics,Coronary blood flow |- | Electrophysiological responses || Action potential duration (QT interval),Repolarization (T wave morphology),Excitability |- | Development and morphogenesis|| Growth rate,Cardiac looping and septation,Valve formation |- | Vulnerability to injury || Ischemia,Arrhythmia,Cell dropout |- | Remodeling, repair, and adaptation || Eccentric and concentric hypertrophy,Fibrosis,Scar formation |- | Progression of disease || Transition from hypertrophy to failure,Ventricular dilation,Infarct expansion,Response to reperfusion,Aneurysm formation |} ''Source:{{cite book|title= The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition |author= Bronzino, Joseph D. |page=54-2|date=April 2006 |publisher=[CRC Press] |isbn=978-0-8493-2124-5 |url=http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849321245}}'' ===Collagen and Heart Wall=== ====Collagen==== Collagen is composed of a triple helix:two identical chains (α1) and an additional chain that differs slightly in its chemical composition (α2).<ref name="SzpakJAS">{{Cite journal |last=Szpak |first=Paul |title=Fish bone chemistry and ultrastructure: implications for taphonomy and stable isotope analysis | url=http://uwo.academia.edu/PaulSzpak/Papers/827788/Fish_Bone_Chemistry_and_Ultrastructure_Implications_for_Taphonomy_and_Stable_Isotope_Analysis |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=3358–3372 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.022 }}</ref>. A collagen fiber has a greater tensile strength than a steel wire of equal size<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fratzl |first=P. |title=Collagen: Structure and Mechanics |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=0-387-73905-X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buehler |first=M. J. |title=Nature designs tough collagen: Explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils |journal=PNAS |year=2006 |volume=103 |pmid=16895989 |issue=33 |pages=12285–12290 |pmc=1567872 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603216103 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10312285B }}</ref> .Until now, 28 types of collagen have been identified and described. The five common types are: *Collagen I<ref>Junqueira's Basic Histology, P106</ref>:This is the most plentiful collagen of the human body.It is found in skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone) *Collagen II<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_collagen</ref>: It makes up 50% of all protein in cartilage and 85-90% of collagen of articular cartilage.Type II collagen does form fibrils. This fibrillar network of collagen entrap the proteoglycan aggregate as well as provide tensile strength to the tissue. *Collagen III<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collagen,_type_III,_alpha_1&redirect=no</ref>: Collagen alpha-1(III) chain is a fibrillar collagen that is found in extensible connective tissues such as skin, lung, and the vascular system, frequently with type I collagen. *Collagen IV: It forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane. *Collagen V: It is found in cell surfaces, hair and placenta ====Heart Wall==== [[File:Blausen 0470 HeartWall.png|left|thumb|Heart Wall]] The myocardium is composed of myocytes, extracellular matrix, and the capillaries. While only consisting of 1-4% of total heart protein, Type I and III collagen is essential to maintain the size and shape of the heart. The collagen matrix combines myoctyes, myofilaments, and the capillaries to distribute force along the ventricle walls. The cardiac extracellular matrix consists primarily of the fibrillar collagens, type I (85%) and III (11%), synthesized by the cardiac fibroblasts. Collagen content, organization, cross-linking and ratio of types I to III change with age and in various disease conditions including myocardial ischemia and infarction, hypertension and hypertrophy<ref>Harper, J., Harper, E., and Covell, J.W., Collagen characterization in volume-overload- and pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in minipigs, Am. J. Physiol., 265, H434–H438,1993.</ref><ref>Iimoto, D.S., Covell, J.W., and Harper, E., Increase in crosslinking of type I and type III collagens associated with volume overload hypertropy, Circ. Res., 63, 399–408, 1988.</ref><ref>Medugorac, I. and Jacob, R., Characterisation of left ventricular collagen in the rat, Cardiovasc. Res., 17, 15–21, 1983</ref>. After a myocardial infarction, the composition of collagen in the myocardial muscle changes. It increases from 40% to 150% during hypertension and ventricular pressure overload. Hypertrophy is from high increases of collagen Type III in the myocardial muscle<ref>Mukherjee, D. and Sen, S., Collagen phenotypes during development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Circ. Res., 67, 1474–1480, 1990.</ref>. Fibrillar collagen is also a major component in the scar after an MI. During ventricular dilation, a decrease in collagen cross-linking is observed because of the replacement of mature collagen with new collagen with decreased cross-linking.Collagen intermolecular cross-linking is controlled by two separate mechanisms. The formation of enzymatic hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-links is catalyzed by lysyl oxidase, which needs copper as a catalyst. Nonenzymatic collagen cross-links known as advanced glycation endproducts can be formed because of reducing sugars<ref name="pmid2780304">{{cite journal | author = Janeczko RA, Ramirez F | title = Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the entire human alpha 1 (III) collagen | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | volume = 17 | issue = 16 | pages = 6742 |date=Oct 1989 | pmid = 2780304 | pmc = 318382 | doi = 10.1093/nar/17.16.6742}}</ref><ref name="pmid2834369">{{cite journal | author = Superti-Furga A, Gugler E, Gitzelmann R, Steinmann B | title = Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: a multi-exon deletion in one of the two COL3A1 alleles affecting structure, stability, and processing of type III procollagen | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 263 | issue = 13 | pages = 6226–32 |date=Jun 1988 | pmid = 2834369 | pmc = | doi = }}</ref>. Since the collagen is important to maintain myocyte shape and alignment, this weakness cause ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. {{Clear}} ===Ventricular Geometry=== [[File:2007 Ventricular Muscle Thickness.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Ventricular Muscle Thickness]] In view of engineering mechanics, the '''ventricles''' are three-dimensional thick-walled pressure vessels with change of wall thickness and principal curvatures both locally and temporally through the cardiac cycle. Ventricles have thicker walls than atria as it should generate higher blood pressures. The ventricular walls in the normal heart are thickest at the equator and base of the '''left ventricle''' which needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs. The ventricular walls in the normal heart are thinnest at the left ventricular apex and right ventricular free wall. The physiologic load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure by the atria to fill the ventricles. The mass of the left ventricle, according to magnetic resonance imaging, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87––224 g.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schlosser |first=Thomas |last2=Pagonidis |first2=Konstantin |first3=Christoph U. |last3=Herborn |first4=Peter |last4=Hunold |first5=Kai-Uwe |last5=Waltering |first6=Thomas C. |last6=Lauenstein |first7=Jörg |last7=Barkhausen |year=2005 |title=Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation |journal=[[American Journal of Roentgenology|Am J Roentgenol]] |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=765–773 |doi=10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765 }}</ref> The '''right ventricle''' is equal in size to the left ventricle, and contains about 85 millilitres (3 imp fl oz; 3 US fl oz) in the adult. {{Clear}} ===Myofiber Architecture=== [[File:Blausen 0801 SkeletalMuscle.png|left|thumb|Skeletal Muscle]] [[File:MRtractographyheartRat.png|left|thumb|Myofiber architecture by diffusion Spectrum MRI Tractography of heart]] The cardiac ventricles have a complicated three-dimensional muscle fiber architecture<ref>Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ,Diffusion MR tractography of the heart,J Cardiovasc Magn Reson (2009)</ref>. The myofibers are composed of myofibrils. The myofibrils consist of actin and myosin filaments repeated in units called a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the muscle fiber. The sarcomere is responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and muscle contraction. In the heart of various mammals, although the myocytes are relatively short, they are connected with orientation which is commonly quantified by helix and transverse angles<ref name="street1">Streeter DD,Spotnitz HM,Patel DP,Ross J,Sonnenblick EH.(1969) Fiber orientation in the canine left ventricle during diastole and systole. Circ Res 24:339–347</ref><ref name="street2">Streeter DD, Hanna WT.(1973) Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium. II. Fiber angle and sarcomere length. Circ Res 33:656–664.</ref><ref name="Ross">Ross MA,Streeter DD.(1975) Nonuniform subendocardial fiber orientation in the normal macaque left ventricle. Eur J Cardiol 3:229–247</ref><ref name="Greenbaum">Greenbaum RA,Yen Ho S,Gibson DG,Becker AE,Anderson RH.(1981) Left ventricular fibre architecture in man. Br Heart J 45:248–263.</ref>. The helix angle represents the longitudinal component of the fiber orientation, whereas the transverse angle represents the transmural component of the fiber orientation. Measured transmural helix angle is typically range from +60° at the subendocardium to −60° at the subepicardium, although it is various according to measurements. And according to mathematical models of cardiac wall mechanics, it is considered that the distribution of myofiber orientation within the cardiac wall determine the distribution of stress and myofiber shortening throughout the wall during ejection<ref name="ArtsT">Arts T,Prinzen FW,Snoeckx LHEH,Rijcken JM,Reneman RS.(1994) Adaptation of cadiac structure by mechanical feedback in the environment of the cell: a model study. Biophys J 66:953–961</ref><ref name="ArtsT2">Arts T,Veenstra PC,Reneman RS.(1979) A model of the mechanics of the left ventricle. Ann Biomed Eng 7:299–318</ref><ref name="Bovendeerd">Bovendeerd PHM,Arts T,Huyghe JM,van Campen DH,Reneman RS.(1992) Dependence of local left ventricular wall mechanics on myocardial fiber orientation: a model study. J Biomech 25:1129–1140.</ref><ref name="Chadwick">Chadwick RS.(1982) Mechanics of the left ventricle. Biophys J 39:279–288</ref>. While the most trustable results of ventricular myofiber architecture have been done through quantitative histological techniques, diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be a reliable technique for estimating fiber orientation nondestructively in fixed and even intact beating human hearts<ref name="HsuE">Hsu, E.W., Muzikant, A.L., Matulevicius, S.A. et al., Magnetic resonance myocardial fiber-orientation mapping with direct histological correlation, Am. J. Physiol., 274, H1627–H1634,1998</ref><ref name="Scollan">Scollan, D.F., Holmes, A., Winslow, R. et al., Histological validation of myocardial microstructure obtained from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, Am. J. Physiol., 275, H2308–H2318,1998</ref><ref name="DouJ">Dou, J., Tseng, W.Y., Reese, T.G. et al., Combined diffusion and strain MRI reveals structure and function of human myocardial laminar sheets in vivo, Magn. Reson. Med., 50, 107–113,2003</ref>. And according to David E et al.(2009), diffusion spectrum MRI tractography (DSI tractography), was used to image myofiber architecture in normal and infarcted myocardium. Unlike diffusion tensor imaging, DSI tractography resolves multiple myofiber populations per voxel and generates accurate 3D tractograms present in the myocardium for the first time<ref name="DavidE">David E. Sosnovik, MD,Ruopeng Wang, MS,Guangping Dai, PhD,Teresa Wang, MS, Elena Aikawa, MD, PhD,Mikhael Novikov, MD,Anthony Rosenzweig, MD,Richard J. Gilbert, MD and Van J. Wedeen, MD,Diffusion Spectrum MRI Tractography Reveals the Presence of a Complex Network of Residual Myofibers in Infarcted Myocardium,Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2009; 2: 206-212 </ref>. {{Clear}} ===Cardiac Pump Function=== ====Cardiac Cycle==== [[File:Wiggers Diagram.png|400px|thumbnail|left|Cardiac events occurring in the cardiac cycle. Two complete cycles are illustrated.]] [[File:2027 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle.jpg|thumb|left|400px| Phases of the Cardiac Cycle]] The most basic mechanical parameters of the cardiac pump are blood pressure and volume flowrate, specially in the major pumping chambers, the ventricles. In view of wall mechanics, the ventricular pressure is essential boundary condition. Cardiac cycle event related to pressure and volume in the left ventricle are shown in Figure. Stages of the cardiac cycle is divided into five steps: <ref name="Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 24e">Barrett et al. ""Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 24e"" (2012) Table 30-3</ref> # '''Atrial Systole''':Mitral valve opens rapidly and semilunar valves is closed.Atria contract and pump blood.Ventricles, already partially filled from phase 5, receive last ~30% of blood, for a final resting volume of about 130mL. # '''Isovolumetric Contraction''':The deceleration of the inflowing blood reverses the pressure across the valve leaflets and causes them to close mital valve closure and semilunar valves is still closed. Ventricles begin to contract. Ventricular muscle initially shortens a little, but intraventricular pressure rises rapidly(about 50 msec in adult humans). Ventricular volume unchanged. # '''Ventricular Ejection''':Atrioventricular valves close but semilunar valves open. Pressures in left and right Ventricle exceed pressures in Aorta (80mmHg) and Pulmonary Artery (10mmHg). Ejection is quick at first, slowing down as systole progresses.At Amount ejected each ventricle per stroke at rest is 70-90mL. About 50mL of blood remains in each ventricle at the end of systole # '''Isovolumetric Relaxation''':All the valves close as Ventricles relax and pressure within Ventricles drops below 120mmHg. This ends once Ventricular Pressure falls below Atrial pressure until Atrioventricular valves open. The heart pump blood to rest of body. # '''Ventricular Filling''':Atrioventricular valves open and semilunar valve close. Ventricles is relaxed.Ventricles passively fill with approximately 70% of their final volume. As the ventricles fill, rate of filling decreases and the AV valves drift towards closing.Atria expand and are filling. The phases of the cardiac cycle are customarily divided into two: systole and diastole. The end of diastole-the start of systole — is generally defined as the time when mitral valve opens rapidly and semilunar valves is closed. {{Clear}} ====Ventricular Pressure-volume relationship==== [[File:Cardiac Pressure Volume Loop.jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure : Idealized pressure-volume diagram featuring cardiac cycle components.]]Real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume loops shows the relationship between ventricular pressure and volume changes effectively. During the last 20 years, the ventricular pressure–volume relationship has been studied extensively, specially by Sagawa, and colleagues<ref>Sagawa, K., Maughan, L., Suga, H. et al., Cardiac Contraction and the Pressure–Volume Relationship.Oxford University Press, 1988</ref>.The isovolumic phases of the cardiac cycle can be the vertical segments of the loop, the lower limb is the ventricular filling, and the upper segment is the ejection phase. Changes in the filling pressure of the ventricle (preload) move the end-diastolic point along the unique end-diastolic pressure–volume relation (EDPVR), which means the passive filling curve for the ventricle and thus the passive properties of the myocardium. The locus of end-ejection points (AVC) forms the end-systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR), which describes the maximal pressure that can be developed by the ventricle at any given LV volume. It is linear in various condition and mostly independent of changes in preload, afterload, and heart rate. The difference between the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV) is the '''stroke volume''', which is the volume of blood ejected by the right/left ventricle in a single contraction. In mathematical terms, SV = EDV – ESV. The area of the ventricular pressure–volume loop is a measure of the ventricular '''stroke work''' performed by the myocardium on the ejecting blood.It is a product of the stroke volume and the mean aortic or pulmonary artery pressure (afterload), relying on whether one is considering the left or the right ventricle. {{Clear}} ===Cardiac Muscle Contraction=== [[Image:Sarcomere.svg|300px|thumb|left|300px|Sliding filament model of muscle contraction]] [[File:1020 Cardiac Muscle.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Intercalated discs are part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma and they contain gap junctions and desmosomes.]] [[File:Sarcomerelengthtension.png|left|300px|thumb|(a) Pig cardiac myocyte sarcomere length-tension relationships before and after PKA treatment.(b) An autoradiogram showing radiolabeled phosphate incorporation into pig cardiac myofibrillar proteins (MyBP-C and cTnI) upon PKA treatment.]] '''Cardiac muscle cells''' and skeletal muscle cells have similar, but not identical in contractile mechanisms. Both striated muscle cell (cardiac and skeletal) is composed of smaller units called myofibrils, which in turn are made up of sarcomeres. The '''sarcomere''' contains overlapping thin and thick filaments, which are responsible for the force development in the muscle cells.The ability of a muscle to produce tension depends on the overlap between thick and thin filaments. Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle needs '''extracellular calcium ions''' for contraction to occur. '''Table Basic mechanical variables in striated muscle contraction.''' {| class="wikitable" |- | '''Isometric tension (<math>T_{0}</math> )'''|| the tension is generated by a muscle contracting at a fixed length. The maximum isometric tension (for a maximally activated muscle) is about constant for skeletal muscle, but for cardiac muscle depends on length. |- | '''Tension''' (<math>T</math> ) || Actively developed tension. Usually a function of isometric tension and the rate of shortening: <math>T= T_{0}f(V)</math>,where V is the rate of shortening and f(V) is some force-velocity relation. |- | '''Fibre extension ratio ( λ )''' || Current sarcomere length divided by the slack length. |} '''Archibald Vivian Hill'''(1938)<ref>Hill, A.V. (October 1938). "The heat of shortening and dynamics constants of muscles". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (London: Royal Society) 126 (843): 136–195. doi:10.1098/rspb.1938.0050</ref> describes the relation between velocity and tension in a muscle that contracts against a constant load (isotonic contraction). <math>(T+a)V=b(T_{0}-T)</math> , where <math>T_{0}</math> is the isometric tension and V is the velocity. a and b are parameters fitted to experimental data.<math>T_{0}</math> is constant for skeletal muscle cells, but depends on length in cardiac cells. But, the Hill function only includes the current velocity. In fact, for the detailed mathematical model for the actively contracting muscle fiber should contain the following: *Half maximal tension in cardiac muscle is developed at intracellular calcium concentrations of 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁵, M<math>[C_{50}]</math> depending on factors such as species and temperature <ref>Bers, D.M., Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiac Contractile Force. Kluwer</ref>. *The concentration of calcium bound to Troponin C which depends on <math>[C_{50}]</math> and the tension T . *The proportion of actin sites available for cross-bridge binding which depends on the concentration of calcium bound to Troponin C<ref>Rüegg, J.C., Calcium in Muscle Activation: A Comparative Approach, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, 1988</ref>. *The length-tension relation and Force-velocity dependence. Therefore,relative isometric tension <math>T_{0}/T</math> max may be modeled using <ref>Tözeren, A., Continuum rheology of muscle contraction and its application to cardiac contractility,Biophys. J., 47, 303–309, 1985</ref><ref name="hunterPJ">Hunter, P.J., McCulloch, A.D., and ter Keurs, H.E., Modelling the mechanical properties of cardiac muscle, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 69, 289–331, 1998</ref>: <math>\frac{T_{0}}{T_{max}}=\frac{[Ca]^{n}}{[Ca]^{n}+C_{50}^{n}}</math> The '''Hunter-McCulloch-terKeurs (HMT)''' model<ref name="hunterPJ" /> used the following assumptions to fit the data of Kentish et al.<ref>Kentish, J.C., Ter Keurs, H.E.D.J., Ricciari, L. et al., Comparisons between the sarcomere length force relations of intact and skinned trabeculae from rat right ventricle, Circ. Res., 58, 755–768,1986</ref> from rat right ventricular trabeculae: <math>n=4.25[1+1.95(L/L_{ref}-1)]</math> <math>pC_{50}=-\log_{10}C_{50}=5.33[1+0.31(L/L_{ref}-1)]</math> where the reference sarcomere length <math>L_{ref}</math> was taken to be 2.0 μm.The HMT model uses a standard Hill function, but with velocity V replaced by a so-called fading memory model, which contains information on the history of length changes. Coupling of the HMT model to an lectrophysiology model is acceptable because of the dependence on intracellular calcium. For the reality of the coupled model the cell model should contain stretch-activated channels. This permits a two-way coupling between the electrophysiology and the mechanics of the muscle, excitation-contraction coupling and mechano-electric feedback. The HMT model only provides the information about a single muscle fibre. The deformation of the muscle is the result of active force developed in the cells, and passive forces developed by the elastic properties of the tissue. For modeling the deformation of the muscle tissue needs advanced continuum mechanics. {{Clear}} ===Resting Myocardial properties:Stress and Strain=== [[File:Starling RAP combined.svg|thumb|left|300px|Cardiac function curve In diagrams illustrating the Frank–Starling law of the heart, the Y axis often describes the stroke volume, stroke work, or cardiac output. The X axis often describes end-diastolic volume, right atrial pressure, or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The three curves illustrate that shifts along the same line indicate a change in preload, while shifts from one line to another indicate a change in afterload or contractility.]] The circulatory system is composed of two circulations (pulmonary and systemic) in series between the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV). Balance is achieved mainly by the Frank-Starling mechanism. {{Clear}} ==Heart Valve Dynamics== {{Multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|width=300|image1=Heartvalve.jpg|image2=Heart diagram-en.svg|caption1=Structure of Heart Valve|caption2=Position of Heart Valve}} The heart valves allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart, permitting forward flow and preventing back flow. Commonly, there are four valves in our human mammalian heart. A heart valve opens or closes depending on different blood pressure on each side.<ref name='AHAencyclopedia'>{{cite web | url = http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4598 | title = Heart Valves | accessdate = 2010-08-05 | work = [http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia] | publisher = American Heart Association, Inc}}</ref><ref name='Klabunde2009PG'>{{cite web | url = http://www.cvphysiology.com/Hemodynamics/H010.htm | title = Pressure Gradients | accessdate = 2010-08-06 | last = Klabunde | first = RE | date = 2009-07-02 | work = Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts | publisher = Richard E. Klabunde}}</ref><ref name='Klabunde2007CVD'>{{cite web | url = http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD003.htm | title = Cardiac Valve Disease | accessdate = 2010-08-06 | last = Klabunde | first = RE | date = 2007-04-05 | work = Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts | publisher = Richard E. Klabunde}}</ref> In the right heart,the tricuspid and pulmonic valves control the blood flow returned from the body to the lungs for oxygenation. The mitral and aortic valves regulate the flow of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body. The aortic and pulmonic valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk or artery of the left and right sides of the heart, respectively. The mitral and tricuspid valves are located in the atria and ventricles of the left and right sides of the heart, respectively. The aortic and pulmonic valves open during systole when the ventricles are contracting, and close during diastole when the ventricles are filling through the open mitral and tricuspid valves. During isovolumic contraction and relaxation, all four valves are closed. {{Clear}} {{Multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|width=450|image1=Wiggers Diagram.svg|image2=Variations of the velocity across the tricuspid valve.png|caption1=Wiggers diagram, showing various events during a cardiac cycle, with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves.|caption2=Physiological variations of the velocity across the tricuspid valve (A), mitral valve (B), pulmonary valve (C) and aortic valve (D) during quiet respiration in a normal heart.}} {{Clear}} ===Semilunar Valves=== ====Structure of Semilunar Valves==== [[File:Aortic valve.gif|thumb|right|70px|Aortic valve]] The two semilunar (SL) valves, the '''aortic valve''' and the '''pulmonary valve''', which are placed at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk or artery, and the aorta. These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves allow blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves have no chordae tendineae, and are similar to the valves in veins than the atrioventricular valves.The second heart sound is due to closure of the semilunar valves. {{Clear}} [[File:Hjdeviassarotic valve.jpeg|500px|left|thumb|Arotic valve structure]] The aortic valve is composed of three semilunar cusps, or leaflets , included within a connective tissue sleeve.The cusp is a complicated and multi-layer with 300~700µm thickness. In cross-section, the cusp has three distinct layers, the fibrosa(~45%), spongiosa(~35%) and ventricularis(~20%). Each of the cusps is lined with endothelial cells and has a dense collagenous core adjacent to the high pressure aortic side. The ventricularis covers the ventricular side of the valve and consists of collagen and elastin. The central part,called the spongiosa, includes variable loose connective tissue and proteins. The collagen fibers within the fibrosa and ventricularis are unorganized in the unstressed state. When a stress is applied, they become oriented mainly in the circumferential direction with a lower concentration of elastin and collagen in the radial direction<ref>Christie, G.W. 1990. Anatomy of aortic heart valve leaflets: the influence of glutaraldehyde fixation on function. Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg. 6[Supp 1]: S25–S33.</ref><ref>Thubrikar, M. 1990. The Aortic Valve. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.</ref>.The anatomy of the pulmonic valve is similar to that of the aortic valve, but the surrounding structure is a little bit different. There are various method for the studies.According to an pathological experiments, the aortic valve diameter was 23.2 ± 3.3 mm, whereas the diameter of the pulmonic valve was measured at 24.3 ± 3.0 mm <ref>Westaby, S., Karp, R.B., Blackstone, E.H., and Bishop, S.P. 1984. Adult human valve dimensions and their surgical significance. Am. J. Cardiol. 53: 552–556.</ref>. But, according to M-mode echocardiographic study, the aortic root diameter at end systole was 35 ± 4.2 mm and 33.7 ± 4.4 mm at the end of diastole<ref>Gramiak, R. and Shah, P.M. 1970. Echocardiography of the normal and diseased aortic valve. Radiology 96: 1.</ref>. {{Clear}} ====Dynamics and mechanics of Semilunar Valves==== Systolic contraction of the left ventricle forces the aortic valve leaflets to open, allowing oxygenated blood to enter the aorta. The reversed pressure gradient, created when the heart rests in diastole, causes the aortic valve leaflets to close. ===Atrioventricular Valves=== ====Structure of atrioventricular Valves==== [[File:Atrioventricularvalve.jpg|thumb|Atrioventricular valve]] These are the '''mitral''' and '''tricuspid''' valves located between the atria and the ventricles that prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole.The mitral and tricuspid valves are similar in structure as both valves consist of four primary elements (1) the valve annulus, (2) the valve leaflets, (3) the papillary muscles, and (4) the chordae tendineae. On the left side, is the two-piece mitral valve. The mitral annulus is an elliptical ring composed of dense collagenous tissue surrounded by muscle and attached to the mitral valve leaflets.The mitral annulus changes the size and the shape three-dimensionally and dynamically during the cardiac cycle.The normal diameter of the mitral annulus is 3.1 ± 0.4 cm, and the circumference is from 8 to 12 cm during diastole<ref>Komoda, T., Hetzer, R., Uyama, C., Siniawski, H., Maeta, H., Rosendahl, P., and Ozaki, K. 1994. Mitral annular function assessed by 3D imaging for mitral valve surgery. J. Heart Valve Dis. 3: 483–490.</ref><ref>Pai, R.G., Tanimoto, M., Jintapakorn, W., Azevedo, J., Pandian, N.G., and Shah, P.M. 1995. Volume-rendered three-dimensional dynamic anatomy of the mitral annulus using a transesophageal echocardiographic technique. J. Heart Valve Dis. 4: 623–627.</ref><ref>Glasson, J.R., Komeda, M., Daughters, G.T., Niczyporuk, M.A., Bolger, A.F., Ingels, N.B., and Miller, D.C.1996. Three-dimensional regional dynamics of the normal mitral annulus during left ventricular ejection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 111: 574–585</ref>. It is smaller at the end of atrial systole because of the contraction of the left atrium around it, like a sphincter. The mitral valve is a bileaflet valve composed of an anterior and posterior leaflet. The leaflet tissue consists of mainly collagen-reinforced endothelium and a little bit striated muscle cells, non-myelinated nerve fibers, blood vessels. The anterior and posterior leaflets of the valve are one continuous piece of tissue and separated by commisures.The location of the commisures can be identified by chordae tendinae. The total surface area of both leaflets is about twice of the mitral orifice;This extra surface area helps mitral annulus shape change during the cardiac cycle. The anterior leaflet protects about two-thirds of the valve and is divided into three scallop (1) the medial, (2) central, and (3) lateral scallop <ref>Silverman, M.E. and Hurst, J.W. 1968. The mitral complex: interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. Am.Heart J. 76: 399–418.</ref><ref>Raganathan, N., Lam, J.H.C., Wigle, E.D., and Silver, M.D. 1970. Morphology of the human mitral valve:the valve leaflets. Circulation 41: 459–467</ref><ref>Roberts, W.C. 1983. Morphologic features of the normal and abnormal mitral valve. Am. J. Cardiol. 51:1005–1028</ref><ref>Barlow, J.B. 1987. Perspectives on the Mitral Valve. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA.</ref><ref>Kunzelman, K.S., Cochran, R.P., Verner, E.D., and Eberhart, R.D. 1994. Anatomic basis for mitral valve modeling. J. Heart Valve Dis. 3: 491–496.</ref>. Although the anterior leaflet takes up a larger part of the ring, the posterior leaflet has a larger surface area. These valve leaflets are kept from prolapsing into the left atrium by the action of chordae tendineae, the tendon attached to posterior surface of the valve.Leaking valves can be corrected by mitral valve annuloplasty {{Clear}} [[File:Hgmitralvalve.jpeg|left|300px|thumb|Diagram of the mitral valve as a continuous piece of tissue]]The mitral leaflet tissue can be classified into both a rough and clear zone.Unlike the mitral valve, The right side atrioventricular ring, the tricuspid valve has three leaflets (1) an anterior leaflet, (2) a posterior leaflet with a variable number of scallops, and (3) a septal leaflet.The tricuspid valve is larger and tructurally more complicated than the mitral valve. The chordae tendineae (tendinous chords), or heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to both leaflets in the heart. Chordae tendineae are about 80% collagen and the remaining 20% composed of elastin and endothelial cells. The chordae tendineae is made up of an inner core of collagen surrounded by loosely meshed elastin and collagen fibers with an outer layer of endothelial cells. From each papillary muscle, several chordae originate and branch into the marginal and basal chordae. The thinner marginal chordae insert into the leaflet free edge at .But the thicker basal chordae insert into the leaflets at a higher level towards the annulus. The marginal chordae keep the leaflets stationary while the basal chordae act more as supports<ref>Kunzelman, K.S., Cochran, R.P., Murphee, S.S., Ring, W.S., Verrier, E.D., and Eberhart, R.C. 1993a. Differential collagen distribution in the mitral valve and its influence on biomechanical behaviour.J. Heart Valve Dis. 2: 236–244</ref>. There are five total papillary muscles in the heart, three in the right, tricuspid valve and two in the left,mitral valve. The papillary muscles of both ventricles start to contract shortly before ventricular systole and maintain tension throughout<ref name="Moore92">Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M. (2007). ''Essential Clinical Anatomy: Third Edition.'' Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 92. {{ISBN|978-0-7817-6274-8}}</ref><ref name="Moore94">Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M. (2007). ''Essential Clinical Anatomy: Third Edition.'' Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 94. {{ISBN|978-0-7817-6274-8}}</ref>. {{Clear}} ====Dynamics and mechanics of atrioventricular Valves==== ==Mechanics of Blood Vessels== [[File:Blood vessels-en.svg|thumb|500px|Blood vessels]] The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body<ref name="bloodvessel">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel Wikipedia, Blood Vessel].</ref>. There are three major types of blood vessels: the '''arteries''', which carry the blood away from the heart; the '''capillaries''', which exchange water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the '''veins,''' which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart<ref name="bloodvessel" />. ===The vascular wall anatomy=== ====Layered microstructure of the vascular wall==== Blood vessels consist of three layers:the intima, media, and adventitia. *'''Tunica intima(the thinnest single layer)''': It is composed of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina.They are involved in control of vessel diameter. *'''Tunica media(the thickest layer in arteries)''' :It is composed of elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle, largely determines the elastic properties of the vessel. *'''Tunica adventitia''':It consists mainly of connective tissue. It is mainly composed of collagen and, in arteries, is supported by external elastic lamina. It also includes nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels. {{Clear}} ====Structural elements of vascular wall==== {{Clear}} ===Mechanical Characteristics of the vascular wall=== Blood vessels, similar to the other soft biological tissues, do not obey Hooke’s law, becoming stiffer as pressure is increased. They also show viscoelastic properties like hysteresis and creep. ====Elasticity of the vascular wall==== ==Arterial Hemodynamics== ===Arterial Anatomy=== [[File:Artery.svg|thumb|left|150px|Diagram of an artery.]] [[File:Blausen 0055 ArteryWallStructure.png|250px|right|thumb|Microscopic anatomy of the artery.]] {{Clear}} ===Blood Flow=== [[File:Heart diagram blood flow en.svg|thumb|Heart diagram blood flow]] Blood consists of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. A nearly Newtonian fluid,plasma contains 91.5% water, 7% proteins and 1.5% glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide and so on<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html | title = Blood – The Human Heart | accessdate = 19 March 2009 | author = The Franklin Institute Inc. }} </ref>.The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells, including leukocytes and platelets. In very smaller vessel(about 100 μm) shows clear non-Newtonian effects. But flow in thicker vessels shows the Newtonian assumptions is acceptable<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 13th|authors=Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan Derrickson|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|ignore-isbn-error=true|isbn= 978-0470-56510-0|chapter=The Cardiovascular System: The Blood|pages = 729–732}}</ref><ref>Liepsch, D., Thurston, G., and Lee, M. 1991. Studies of fluids simulating blood-like rheological properties and applications in models of arterial branches. Biorheology 28: 39</ref>. Blood flow in the artery is mostly laminar with the exception of the proximal aorta and main pulmonary artery. The blood flow velocity is the fastest in the middle of the vessel and slowest at the vessel wall. Mostly, the mean velocity is used<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 13th |authors=Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan Derrickson |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |ignore-isbn-error=true |isbn=978-0470-56510-0 |chapter=The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics |page = 816 }}</ref>. {{Clear}} ===Wave Propagation=== [[File:Wavevelocity.png|300px|thumb|Principle of Pulse Wave Velocity]] The viscoelasticity of blood vessels affects the arterial flow. '''Pulse wave velocity''' (PWV) is a measure of arterial stiffness. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR, Webb DJ |title=Pulse wave analysis and arterial stiffness |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. |volume=32 |issue=Suppl 3|pages=S33–7 |year=1998 |pmid=9883745 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0160-2446&volume=32&issue=&spage=S33}}</ref> <ref name=Nichols2005>{{cite journal |author=Nichols WW |title=Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms |journal=Am. J. Hypertens. |volume=18 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=3S–10S |date=January 2005 |pmid=15683725 |doi=10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.10.009 }}</ref> It is easy to measure invasively and non-invasively in humans and is highly reproducible.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, ''et al.'' |title=Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis |journal=J. Hypertens. |volume=16 |issue=12 Pt 2 |pages=2079–84 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9886900 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0263-6352&volume=16&issue=12&spage=2079 |doi=10.1097/00004872-199816121-00033}}</ref> <math>PWV = \sqrt{\dfrac{E_\text{inc} \cdot h}{2r\rho}}</math> The '''Moens–Korteweg equation''' states that PWV is proportional to the square root of the incremental elastic modulus, (''E''_inc), of the vessel wall given constant ratio of wall thickness, ''h'', to vessel radius, ''r'', and blood density, ρ, assuming that the artery wall is isotropic and experiences isovolumetric change with pulse pressure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gosling| first1=R.G. |last2=Budge |first2=M.M. |title=Terminology for Describing the Elastic Behavior of Arteries |journal=Hypertension |year=2003 |volume=41 |pages=1180–1182 |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000072271.36866.2A |issue=6}}</ref> {{Clear}} ===Pathology=== [[File:Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis.png|300px|thumb|The progression of atherosclerosis ]] '''Atherosclerosis''' (also known as '''arteriosclerotic vascular disease''' or '''ASVD''') is a disease in which an artery wall thickens because of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs).The disease starts with a thickening of the intimal layer in locations related to the shear stress distribution on the endothelial surface<ref>Friedman, M.H., Brinkman, A.M., Qin, J.J. et al. 1993. Relation between coronary artery geometry and the distribution of early sudanophilic lesions. Atherosclerosis 98:193.</ref>. Plaque (plak) which builds up inside your arteries, is composed of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body.The disease is dangerous in heart, brain, arms, legs, pelvis, and kidneys. Atherosclerosis can cause to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, or even death. Including intimal thickening, the arterial wall properties also depends on age. {{Clear}} ==The Venous Return== [[File:Venous system&diagram.svg|350px|thumb|Venous system&diagram]] Venous return is the rate of blood flow back to the heart. Under steady-state conditions, venous return should be equal to cardiac output (Q), when averaged over time as the cardiovascular system is a closed loop. Otherwise, blood would accumulate in either the systemic or pulmonary circulations. The circulatory system is composed of two circulations (pulmonary and systemic) situated in series between the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV). Balance is achieved, in large part, by the Frank–Starling mechanism. Hemodynamically, venous return (VR) to the heart from the venous vascular beds is estimated by a pressure gradient (venous pressure - right atrial pressure) and venous resistance (RV)<ref>{{cite web|last=Klabunde|first=Richard E.|title=Venous Return - Hemodynamics|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Cardiac%20Function/CF016.htm|work=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref>. ===Cardiac Output=== '''Cardiac output''' (''Q'' or <math> \dot Q_{c} </math> or CO ) is the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the '''stroke volume.''' The stroke volume and the heart rate determine the cardiac output. An average resting cardiac output (Q) would be 5.6&nbsp;L/min for a human male and 4.9&nbsp;L/min for a female.<ref>{{cite book |author= Guyton, Arthur C.; John E. (John Edward) |title=Textbook Of Medical Physiology |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |location=Philadelphia |year=2006 |isbn=0-7216-0240-1 |edition=11th}}{{pn|date=October 2014}}</ref> '''Q = Stroke Volume × Heart rate''' Several direct and indirect methods of cardiac output measurement are available. Cardiac output measurement should be accurate, precise, operator independent, fast responding, non-invasive, continuous, easy to use, cheap and safe. This method does not exist today. ====Fick's cardiac output measurement==== =====Direct Fick for oxygen [Fick O₂]===== In 1870, Adolf Fick described a method to calculate cardiac output based on a mass balance for oxygen. In this method, the following variables are measured:<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080222224306/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section3/3ch5/s3ch5_3.htm, Gorgeia Physiology,Indirect Measurement of Cardiac Output]</ref> *VO₂, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured by a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a carbon dioxide absorber *Ca, the oxygen concentration of blood from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood)<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood, wikipedia,Arterial blood]</ref> *Cv, the oxygen concentration of blood from an intravenous cannula (representing deoxygenated blood) From this value, :<math>VO_2 = (CO \times\ C_a) - (CO \times\ C_v)</math> where CO = Cardiac Output, C_a and C_v are the oxygen content of arterial and venous blood, respectively. This allows us to say :<math>CO = \frac{VO_2}{C_a - C_v}</math> and hence calculate cardiac output. ''(C_a – C_v)'' is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.<ref name=avo2diff-jrank>{{cite web|title=Arteriovenous oxygen difference|url=http://sports.jrank.org/pages/5973/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference.html|work=Sports Medicine, Sports Science and Kinesiology |publisher=Net Industries and its Licensors|accessdate=30 April 2011|year=2011}}</ref> =====Partial carbon dioxide rebreathing [Fick CO₂]===== The Fick principle can be useful for all gasses that follow Henry's law and diffuse through the lungs, epecially carbon dioxide. The NICO (Novametrix Medical Systems Inc. Wallingford, CT, USA) is studied cardiac output monitor based on the Fick principle for CO₂ and uses intermittent partial rebreathing of CO₂. Fick's equation applied to carbon dioxide is <math>CO = \frac{VCO_2}{CaCO_2 - CvCO_2}</math> where VCO₂ is the CO₂ production, CaCO₂ and CvCO₂ the arterial and mixed venous CO2 content in blood. ====Dilution Method==== Today four kinds of the indicator dilution technique are commercially available, i.e. the pulmonary artery catheter thermodilution method with bolus injection of cold fluid, the PAC continuous thermodilution method, the transpulmonary bolus thermodilution method and the transpulmonary lithium bolus dilution method. All these methods is based on a mass balance: :<math>mi =\int q(t)c(t) \mathrm{d}t</math> where mi is the amount of indicator injected, q(t) is instantaneous blood flow and c(t) is concentration as function of time.The method measures the concentration of a dye at different points in the circulation, usually from an intravenous injection and then at a downstream sampling site, usually in a systemic artery. If we assume blood flow to be constant,we could find the well-known Stewart-Hamilton equation: :<math>Cardiac\ output = \frac{Quantity\ of\ Indicator}{\int_0^\infty Concentration\ of\ Indicator\cdot {dt}}</math> Errors are mainly related to violation of the assumption, inaccurate implementation of the method<ref>Jansen JR. The thermodilution method for the clinical assessment of cardiac output. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:691–7.</ref> and anatomic abnormalities<ref>Breukers RB, Jansen JR. Pulmonary artery thermodilution cardiac output vs. transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output in two patients with intrathoracic pathology. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:658–61.</ref>. =====Intermittent pulmonary thermodilution [PAC Td bolus]===== Since the introduction of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) with a thermistor by Swan & Ganz in 1970<ref>Swan HJ, Ganz W, Forrester J, Marcus H, Diamond G, Chonette D. Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med. 1970;283:447–51. </ref>, the thermodilution method has become the standard method to measure cardiac output in patients. The thermodilution method depends on the law of conservation of thermal energy. With temperature as indicator the Stewart-Hamilton equation can be rewritten as follows: :<math>COtd =cc \frac{Tb-Ti}{\int \Delta Tb(t) \mathrm{d}t}</math> where COtd is cardiac output by thermodilution, Tb is the temperature of blood in the pulmonary artery before injection of injectate, Ti the temperature of the injectate, and ∫ΔTb(t)dt the area under the dilution curve. =====PAC continuous cardiac output [PAC CCO]===== [[File:Cardiacoutput4.jpg|thumb|300px|Schematic diagram of the working principle of the continuous thermodilution method]]The Vigilance system (Edwards Lifescience, Irvine, CA, USA) use heat-dilution principles and stochastic system identification together to measure cardiac output<ref name="yeldermanM">Yelderman M. Continuous measurement of cardiac output with the use of stochastic system identification techniques. J Clin Monit. 1990;6:322–32.</ref>. In brief, these methods involve the release of small amounts of heat from a 10-cm thermal filament transported directly into the right ventricular portion of a PAC. Commercially available CCO PACs use different algorithms to analyze the thermal signal measured by the thermistor at the tip of the catheter to arrive at an average cardiac output value. Usually, the displayed value for cardiac output is updated every 30 seconds and represents the average cardiac output over the previous 3 to 6 minutes. Consequently, current thermal signal-based CCO methods should not really be considered continuous, real-time monitors, but rather techniques that provide continual, frequently updated cardiac output values. The PAC CCO monitoring technique is growing in clinical popularity. It is more precise and reproducible than bolus thermodilution cardiac output measurement, but time delaysin the CCO technique need the clinician to depend on other monitored variables to detect acute circulatory changes As an external system for cold fluid injection is not required, the CCO technique needs less nursing time. It may result in fewer measurement errors, less risk of fluid overload, and less risk of infection. This new method needs a significant warm-up time and may work poorly in an environment where there is a great deal of thermal noise, such as the cardiac operating room<ref name="yeldermanM" /><ref>Aranda M, Mihm FG, Garrett S, Mihm MN, Pearl RG. Continuous cardiac output catheters: delay in in vitro response time after controlled flow changes. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:1592–5.</ref>. {{Clear}} =====Intermittent transpulmonary thermodilution [TP Td bolus]===== This intermittent thermodilution technique nvolves a certain amount of cold fluid is incorporated into the blood stream near the entrance of the right atrium and the dilution curve is detected in the femoral artery<ref name="tibby">Tibby SM, Hatherill M, Marsh MJ, Morrison G, Anderson D, Murdoch IA. Clinical validation of cardiac output measurements using femoral artery thermodilution with direct Fick in ventilated children and infants. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:987–91.</ref><ref name="Sakka">Sakka SG, Bredle DL, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A. Comparison between intrathoracic blood volume and cardiac filling pressures in the early phase of hemodynamic instability of patients with sepsis or septic shock. J Crit Care. 1999;14:78–83. </ref><ref name="pauli">Pauli C, Fakler U, Genz T, Hennig M, Lorenz HP, Hess J. Cardiac output determination in children: equivalence of the transpulmonary thermodilution method to the direct Fick principle. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:947–52.</ref>.CO is computed with the Stewart-Hamilton equation like the intermittent pulmonary thermodilution technique. In theory, the transpulmonary thermodilution technique should be less accurate because of unpredictable loss of indicator over the lungs, but more precise than pulmonary thermodilution<ref name="Jansen">Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Settels JJ, Kornet L, Penn OC, Mulder PG, Versprille A, Wesseling KH. Single injection thermodilution. A flow-corrected method. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:481–90. </ref><ref name="Jansen2">Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Punt KD, van den Berg PC, Alfieri O. Mean cardiac output by thermodilution with a single controlled injection. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1868–73.</ref> as the respiration cycle does not bother the dilution curve. However,the signal-to-noise ratio of the dilution curve decreased. =====Transpulmonary lithium dilution [TP Li bolus]===== The lithium dilution method depends on the venous bolus injection of 1–2 ml of an isotonic lithium chloride solution (150–300 mmol). The resulting arterial lithium concentration–time curve is measured by a lithium sensor in a pre-existing peripheral arterial line. Cardiac output is calculated by the Stewart-Hamilton equation. :<math>COli = \frac{Li, dose \times 60}{(1-PCV) \times \int \Delta c, li(t) \mathrm{d}t}</math> where Li, dose is amount of lithium injected, ∫Δc,li(t)dt the area under the lithium dilution curve and PCV the packed cell volume (calculated as the haemoglobin concentration (g dl⁻¹) divided by 34). This correction is necessary as lithium is only diluted in the plasma and not in the red and white cells of blood<ref name="BandD">Band DM, Linton RA, O'Brien TK, Jonas MM, Linton NW. The shape of indicator dilution curves used for cardiac output measurement in man. J Physiol. 1997;498:225–9</ref><ref name="JonasMM">Jonas MM, Lint RAF, O'Brein TK, Band DM, Linton NW, Kelly F, Burden TJ, Chevalier SFA, Thompson RPH, Birch NJ, Powell JJ. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous lithium chloride in patients and normal volunteers. J Trace Microprobe Techn. 2001;19:313–20.</ref>. No side effects have been reported. To be accurate with this technique, the results of three measurements should be done<ref name="CecconiM">Cecconi M, Fawcett J, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. A prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of pulse power analysis to monitor cardiac output in critically ill patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 2008;8:3</ref>. The lithium dilution method is merged in the LiDCO system (LiDCO, London, UK). The technique is not licensed for the patients weighing less than 40 kg. In addition, the lithium dilution technique should be considered in patients receiving high doses of neuromuscular blocking agents, because of interference with the sensing electrode. ====Pulse contour cardiac output==== [[File:Pulse contour analysis..jpg|thumb|General working principle to estimate cardiac output by pulse contour analysis.]] Pulse Pressure (PP) methods measure the pressure in an artery over time to derive a waveform and use this to calculate cardiac output. However any measure from the artery contains the changes in pressure related to changes in arterial function (compliance, impedance and so on). But, it is easy to use. The pulse contour method for estimation of beat-to-beat stroke volume is based on the classical Windkessel model described by Otto Frank in 1899 <ref>Frank O. Die Gründform des arterielen Pulses erste Abhandlung: mathematische Analyse. Z Biol. 1899:483–526</ref>. At present, four commercial pulse contour cardiac output computers are available: PiCCO, PRAM, LidCO, Vigileo and Modelflow. =====Calibrated PP-The PiCCO system [PiCCO] and the LiDCO's pulsco system [LiDCO]===== PiCCO (PULSION Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany) and PulseCO (LiDCO Ltd, London, England) make continuous Q by analysis of the arterial PP waveform. In both cases, an independent technique is necessary to calibrate the continuous Q analysis, because arterial PP analysis cannot account for unmeasured variables such as the changing compliance of the vascular bed. Recalibration is needed after changes in patient position, therapy or condition. The PiCCO algorithm is summarized in the following equation. <math>COpi=K \times HR \times \int (P(t)/SVR +C_P \times dP/dt) \mathrm{d}t </math> where COpi cardiac output, K calibration factor, HR heart rate, P arterial blood pressure, ∫P(t)dt area under the systolic part of the pressure curve, SVR systemic vascular resistance, C_p pressure dependent arterial compliance and dP/dt expresses the shape of the pressure wave.The calibration factor (K) is measured with transpulmonary thermodilution. Recalibration is necessary after profound changes in SVR and at regular (≥1 h) intervals<ref name="Halvorsen1">Halvorsen PS, Sokolov A, Cvancarova M, Hol PK, Lundblad R, Tonnessen TI. Continuous cardiac output during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: pulse-contour analyses vs pulmonary artery thermodilution. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:484–92.</ref><ref name="JohanssonA">Johansson A, Chew M. Reliability of continuous pulse contour cardiac output measurement during hemodynamic instability. J Clin Monit Comput. 2007;21:237–42.</ref><ref name="HamzaouiO">Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Richard C, Osman D, Chemla D, Teboul JL. Effects of changes in vascular tone on the agreement between pulse contour and transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output measurements within an up to 6-hour calibration-free period. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:434–40.</ref>. Invasive catheterization is needed. For the PiCCO device,the radial and the femoral artery approach can be used<ref name="deWildeBB">de Wilde RB, Breukers RB, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. Monitoring cardiac output using the femoral and radial arterial pressure waveform. Anaesthesia. 2006;61:743–6. </ref>. In the case of LiDCO, the independent calibration technique is lithium chloride dilution using the Stewart-Hamilton principle. Lithium chloride dilution uses a peripheral vein to a peripheral arterial line. Like PiCCO, frequent calibration is necessary after a change in Q.Recent data suggest recalibration every 8 h or whenever major haemodynamic changes occur<ref name="CecconiM">Cecconi M, Dawson D, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement in the critically ill patient: determination of precision of the technique. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:498–504</ref>. =====The pressure recording analytical method [PRAM]===== PRAM (Vytech Health, Padova, Italy) is a modification of Wesselings cZ algorithm<ref name="JansenJ">Jansen JR, Wesseling KH, Settels JJ, Schreuder JJ. Continuous cardiac output monitoring by pulse contour during cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 1990;11(Suppl. I):26–32.</ref>. PRAM estimates CO from the analysis of the pressure wave profile obtained from an arterial catheter (radial or femoral access). Stroke volume (SV) is proportional to the area under the diastolic part of the arterial pressure wave divided by characteristic impedance (Z). The proportionally factor is obtained by calibration with an independent SV measurement (for instance by intermittent thermodilution). Compared to the other methods, PRAM does not depend on calibration or demographic data. With PRAM, Z is obtained from morphological data of the pressure curve of a whole heart beat<ref name="RomanoSM">Romano SM, Pistolesi M. Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1834–41.</ref> and is calculated as Z = (P/t) × K(t). Stroke volume (SV) is therefore followed as: <math>SV=A/[(P/t) \times K(t)</math> where A is the area under the systolic part of the pressure curve, P/t is the analytical description of the pressure wave form of pressure (P) with time (t) for each heart beat and K(t) is a factor inversely related to the instantaneous acceleration of the cross sectional area of the aorta. With PRAM, stroke volume is calculated for each beat and CO per beat is then derived by multiplying SV with heart rate of the same beat. CO is described as the mean value of 12 beats. As the internal calibration of PRAM is derived from the morphology of the pressure curve, PRAM did not approach the considered standard methods in stable condition<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romano |first1=Salvatore M. |last2=Pistolesi |first2=Massimo |year=2002 |title=Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1834–41 |pmid=12163802 |doi=10.1097/00003246-200208000-00027}}</ref> and in various hemodynamic conditions;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scolletta |first1=S. |last2=Romano |first2=S. M. |last3=Biagioli |first3=B |last4=Capannini |first4=G |last5=Giomarelli |first5=P |year=2005 |title=Pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) for measurement of cardiac output during various haemodynamic states |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=159–65 |pmid=15894561 |doi=10.1093/bja/aei154}}</ref> it can be used to monitor pediatric<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calamandrei |first1=Marco |last2=Mirabile |first2=Lorenzo |last3=Muschetta |first3=Stefania |last4=Gensini |first4=Gian Franco |last5=De Simone |first5=Luciano |last6=Romano |first6=Salvatore M. |year=2008 |title=Assessment of cardiac output in children: A comparison between the pressure recording analytical method and Doppler echocardiography |journal= [[Pediatric Critical Care Medicine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=310–2 |pmid=18446106 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0b013e31816c7151}}</ref> and mechanically supported<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scolletta |first1=S. |last2=Gregoric |first2=I. D |last3=Muzzi |first3=L. |last4=Radovancevic |first4=B. |last5=Frazier |first5=O H. |year=2007 |title=Pulse wave analysis to assess systemic blood flow during mechanical biventricular support |journal=Perfusion |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=63–6 |pmid=17633137 |doi=10.1177/0267659106074784}}</ref> patients. =====Vigileo/FloTrac system [Vigileo]===== FloTrac/Vigileo (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, U.S.A.) is an uncalibrated pulse contour analysis using a dedicated pressure sensor (FloTrac) and a monitor to compute stroke volume and cardiac output (Vigileo). It does not need an independent calibration. The cardiac output algorithm is based on the principle that is based on Frank–Starling law of the heart, that aortic pulse pressure (PP) is proportional to stroke volume (SV) and inversely related to aortic compliance. The system obtains the pressure signal from any standard peripheral arterial line. From the arterial pressure the standard deviation (σAP) around mean arterial pressure (MAP) is computed over a 20 s interval. This σAP is multiplied by a vascular tone factor (Khi) to generate stroke volume.Khi incorporates to reflect arterial resistance, and compliance is a multivariate polynomial equation that continuously quantifies arterial compliance and vascular resistance. It is calculated by analyzing the patient's heart rate, standard deviation σAP, mean arterial pressure, pressure dependent arterial compliance by the demographics of the patients with the Langewouters equation<ref>Langewouters GJ, Wesseling KH, Goedhard WJ. The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model. J Biomech. 1984;17:425–35. </ref>. The simplified equation is as follows: <math>Stroke Volume(ml/beat)= \sigma AP(mmHg) \times Khi(ml/mmHg) </math> Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume with heart rate. The wide use of arterial pressure signal processing lets the FloTrac algorithm highly dependent upon a high-fidelity pressure signal.Therefore, the quality of the pressure monitoring signal through testing for optimal dampening and flushing of the arterial line is important. =====Modelflow method [Modelflow]===== Modelflow (FMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) is a three-element Windkessel model of the arterial circulation: characteristic impedance which represents the opposition of the aorta to pulsatile inflow, Windkessel compliance which represents the opposition of the aorta to volume increases, and peripheral resistance which represents the opposition of the vascular beds to the drainage of blood. A more details can be found elsewhere<ref>Wesseling KH, Jansen JR, Settels JJ, Schreuder JJ. Computation of aortic flow from pressure in humans using a nonlinear, three-element model. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:2566–73.</ref><ref> Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Mulier JP, Smith NT, Settels JJ, Wesseling KH. A comparison of cardiac output derived from the arterial pressure wave against thermodilution in cardiac surgery patients. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:212–22. </ref>. {{Clear}} ====Echo-Doppler ultrasound methods==== =====Transoesophageal Doppler [TOD]===== [[File:Cardiacoutput7.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Transoesophageal probe geometry. Blood flow velocity is measured by the Doppler beam using the well known Doppler principle. Aortic diameter is determined by the echographic beam by measuring the distance between the backward scatter of the proximal and distal aortic wall. From this distance the cross sectional area of the aorta is calculated.]] Nowadays, the Transoesophageal Doppler (TOD) is widely used ultrasound method for fluid management during surgery with evidence for improved patient outcome,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mythen |first1=Michael Gerard |last2=Webb |first2=A. R. |year=1995 |title=Perioperative Plasma Volume Expansion Reduces the Incidence of Gut Mucosal Hypoperfusion During Cardiac Surgery |journal=Archives of Surgery |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=423–9 |pmid=7535996 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430040085019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair |first1=Susan |last2=James |first2=Sally|last3=Singer |first3=Mervyn |year=1997 |title=Intraoperative intravascular volume optimisation and length of hospital stay after repair of proximal femoral fracture: Randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=315 |issue=7113 |pages=909–12 |pmid=9361539 |doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7113.909}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=D. H. |last2=Mayall |first2=R. |last3=Abdul-Latif |first3=M. S. |last4=Gilligan |first4=S. |last5=Tackaberry |first5=C. |year=2002 |title=Randomised controlled trial investigating the influence of intravenous fluid titration using oesophageal Doppler monitoring during bowel surgery|journal=Anaesthesia|volume=57|issue=9|pages=845–9 |pmid=12190747 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02708.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Tong J. |last2=Soppitt |first2=Andrew |last3=Maroof |first3=Mohamed |last4=El-Moalem |first4=Habib |last5=Robertson |first5=Kerri M. |last6=Moretti |first6=Eugene |last7=Dwane |first7=Peter |last8=Glass |first8=Peter S. A. |date=October 2002 |title=Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=820–6 |pmid=12357146 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0003-3022&volume=97&issue=4&spage=820}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venn |first1=R. |last2=Steele |first2=A |last3=Richardson |first3=P |last4=Poloniecki |first4=J |last5=Grounds |first5=M |last6=Newman |first6=P |year=2002 |title=Randomized controlled trial to investigate influence of the fluid challenge on duration of hospital stay and perioperative morbidity in patients with hip fracturesdagger |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |pmid=11881887 |doi=10.1093/bja/88.1.65}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wakeling |first1=H. G. |last2=McFall |first2=M. R. |last3=Jenkins |first3=C. S. |last4=Woods |first4=W. G. |last5=Miles |first5=W. F. |last6=Barclay |first6=G. R. |last7=Fleming |first7=S. C. |year=2005 |title=Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=634–42 |pmid=16155038 |doi=10.1093/bja/aei223}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noblett |first1=S. E. |last2=Snowden |first2=C. P. |last3=Shenton |first3=B. K. |last4=Horgan |first4=A. F. |year=2006 |title=Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=93 |issue=9 |pages=1069–76 |pmid=16888706 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5454}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=Praveen |last2=McEleavy |first2=Irene |last3=Gaughan |first3=Matthew |last4=Snowden |first4=Christopher |last5=Nesbitt |first5=Ian |last6=Durkan |first6=Garrett |last7=Johnson |first7=Mark |last8=Cosgrove |first8=Joseph |last9=Thorpe |first9=Andrew |year=2011 |title=A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Effect of Doppler Optimized Intraoperative Fluid Management on Outcome Following Radical Cystectomy |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=2201–6 |pmid=22014804 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.093 }}</ref> and has been recommended by the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). <ref>http://www.nice.org.uk/mtg3{{full|date=October 2014}}</ref> An oesophageal Doppler probe is inserted into the patient’s oesophagus, and measures velocity of blood flow in the descending aorta. The monitor then displays a velocity/time waveform, providing information for the Clinician to safely manage the patient’s fluid status during surgery. A small ultra-sound transducer, mounted at the tip of a flexible probe, is orally or nasally positioned in the oesophagus along the descending aorta. Insertion depth is generally 35 to 45 cm for adults, according to the route of insertion (oral vs. nasal). The transducer is pointed towards the aorta by rotation to obtain the optimal aortic velocity signal. The blood flow velocity is calculated with the Doppler equation. <math>V = \frac{Fd \times c}{2 \times Fo \times cos \theta}</math> where V is the velocity of blood, Fo is the transmitted frequency, Fd is the change in frequency (Doppler shift), cosθ is the angle between the direction of the ultra-sound beam and blood flow and c is the velocity of ultra-sound in blood. One limitation is that ODM measures the velocity of blood instead of ''Q'' and relies on a nomogram<ref>{{cite web |first1=Graham D. |last1=Lowe |first2=Barry M. |last2=Chamberlain |first3=Eleanor J. |last3=Philpot |first4=Richard J. |last4=Willshire |year=2010 |title=Oesophageal Doppler Monitor (ODM) guided individualised goal directed fluid management (iGDFM) in surgery – a technical review |work=Deltex Medical Technical Review |url=http://www.deltexmedical.com/downloads/TechnicalReview.pdf}}</ref> according to patient age, height, and weight to convert the measured velocity into Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output. {{Clear}} =====Transthoracic Doppler [TTE]===== Transthoracic Doppler (TTD) is an completely non-invasive method which uses an ultrasound probe positioned in the jugular notch to obtain blood velocity in the outflow of the left ventricle. The method is fundamentally equal to oesophageal Doppler technique. Cardiac output is calculated by measuring the cross sectional area of the aortic valve together with the velocity profile in the outflow track. However, it may be very difficult to identify the aortic root in some subjects. In these cases the outflow over the pulmonary valve may be used. The alignment is affected by operator skill, anatomy and subject movements (for example, during breathing). ====Thoracic electrical bioimpedance [Bioimpedance]==== Electrical bioimpedance was introduced as an inexpensive and non-invasiveness cardiac output method about 50 years ago. A high-frequency alternating electrical current with low amplitude is applied to the thorax via two electrodes. The resulting voltage is measured with two other electrodes, placed in between the current electrodes. The measured changes in bio-impedance are thought to be related to changes in cardiac related blood volume. The change in bioimpedance can be translated into cardiac output. {{Clear}} ====Overview of different methods to measure cardiac output==== '''Table.Overview of characteristics for different methods to measure cardiac output''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! CO method !! Invasiveness!! Response !! Accuracy !! Precision !! Limitations |- | Fick O₂|| +++ || Intermittent || High || Moderate || Requires a PAC for venous O2 and spirometer or mechanical ventilator. Labour-intensive technique |- | Fick CO₂|| + || Slow || low || low || Subject must be on ventilator Errors due to shunts |- | PAC Td bolus || +++ || Intermittent || High || High || Special precaution during mechanical ventilation Requires a PAC and triplicate measurements |- | PAC CCO || +++ || Continuous || Moderate || Moderate || Requires a PAC and triplicate measurements |- | TP Td bolus || ++ || Intermittent || High || High || Requires a PAC and triplicate measurements |- | TP Li bolus || ++ || Intermittent || Moderate || Moderate|| Requires only arterial catheter but needs triplicate measurement for sufficient agreement with reference methods |- | PiCCO || ++ || Beat-to-beat || Moderate || Moderate || Requires frequent calibration with independent (other) method |- | LiDCO || ++|| Beat-to-beat || Moderate || Moderate || Requires frequent calibration with independent (other) method or lithium indicator method |- | Vigileo || ++ || Beat-to-beat || Moderate || High || Needs specific sensor |- | Modelflow || ++ || Beat-to-beat || High || High || Needs femoral or radial arterial catheter |- | TOD || + || Beat-to-beat|| High || low || Requires access to oesophagus through mouth or nose |- | TTE || - || Intermittent || Moderate || low || Large inter-operator variability |- | Bioimpedance || -|| Intermittent || low || low || Artifacts due to anatomic variations, shunt, movement, electrical noise |} Source:Bart F Geerts,Leon P Aarts,and Jos R Jansen. Methods in pharmacology: measurement of cardiac output,Br J Clin Pharmacol. Mar 2011; 71(3): 316–330. ===Concepts=== ====Capacitance==== '''The vascular capacitance''' describes how volume changes in response to a change in the transmural pressure within the blood vessel at hand. Sympathetic activation of veins decreases venous compliance, increases venomotor tone, central venous pressure and promotes venous return indirectly by raising cardiac output through the Frank-Starling mechanism, which increases the total blood flow through the circulatory system. At very high transmural pressures vessels become stiffer, and the incremental volume change to transmural pressure change is small. As all blood vessels shows these nonlinearities, no single parameter can describe capacitance. Therefore, the pressure-volume relationship should be considered. ====Venous Compliance==== [[File:End Diastolic Pressure Volume Relationship.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=|End-diastolic pressure volume relationship.]] Vascular compliance (C) is described as the slope of the pressure-volume relationship. This ability of a vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure (inside minus outside pressure) is quantified as blood vessel compliance (C), which is the change in volume (ΔV) divided by the change in pressure (ΔP). <math>C=\frac{\Delta V}{\Delta P}</math> In the figure, the slope is not linear because the blood vessel wall is a heterogeneous tissue. It means compliance decreases at higher pressures and volumes. At lower pressures, the compliance of a vein is about 10 to 20-times greater than an artery. {{Clear}} ====Venous Capacity==== Capacity is defined as the amount of blood volume in the blood vessels at a specific distending pressure. It is the sum of the unstressed volume and the stressed volume,<math>V=V_{0}+V_{s}</math> . ====Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure==== When the inflow and outflow of an organ are suddenly stopped, and blood volume is redistributed, all pressures within the vasculature are the same. This pressure is '''Mean circulatory filling pressure (P_mcf)'''. It is influenced by the volume of circulating blood and the smooth muscle tone in the walls of the venous system (which determines the capacity of the system).<ref name="rothe">{{cite journal |last=Rothe |first=CF |author= |authorlink= |date= Feb 1993|title=Mean curculatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement. |journal=J Appl Physiol. |volume=74 |series= |issue=2 |page= |pages=499–509 |publisher= |location= |issn= |pmid=8458763 |pmc= |doi= |bibcode= |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}</ref> Sometimes, the arterial pressure is not the same to the venous pressure as flow decrease until zero, as blood must move from the distended arterial vessels to the venous beds during the measurement maneuver, and flow may stop before equilibrium. The P_mcf can be measured experimentally by inducing cardiac arrest briefly in animals. The experimentally measured mean circulatory filling pressure gives a good estimate of P_v (the pressure in the minute venules), for estimating venous stressed volume. ====Venous Resistance==== Vascular resistance is the hindrance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR). The resistance by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). By definition it is the ratio of the pressure gradient between the entrance of the venous circulation, the capillaries, and the venous outflow divided by the venous flow rate. :<math> R = \frac{(P_{c} = P_{ra})}{Q} </math> where R is the venous resistance, P_c is the capillary pressure, P_ra is the right atrial pressure, and Q is the venous flow. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" !rowspan=2| Measurement !colspan=3| Reference Range |- ! dyn·s/cm⁵ !! MPa·s/m³ !! mmHg·min/l or <br> HRU/Wood units |- | Systemic vascular resistance | 700&ndash;1600<ref name=WashingtonSurgery2008>Table 30-1 in: {{cite book |author=Trudie A Goers; Washington University School of Medicine Department of Surgery; Klingensmith, Mary E; Li Ern Chen; Sean C Glasgow |title=The Washington manual of surgery |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7447-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> || 70&ndash;160<ref name=dyn>Derived from values in dyn·s/cm⁵</ref> || 9&ndash;20<ref name=dyn/> |- | Pulmonary vascular resistance | 20&ndash;130<ref name=WashingtonSurgery2008/> || 2&ndash;13<ref name=dyn/> || 0.25&ndash;1.6<ref name=dyn/> |} ====Venous Inertance==== Venous inertance (I__v ) is the opposition to a change in flow rate related to the mass of the bolus of blood that is accelerated or decelerated. The inertance I_v for a cylindrical tube with constant cross-sectional area is I__v= Lρ/A, where L is the length of the vessel, ρ is the density of the blood, and A is the cross-sectional area <ref>Rose, W. and Shoukas, A.A. 1993. Two-port analysis of systemic venous and arterial impedances.Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 34): H1577</ref>. {{Clear}} ===Techniques to measure venous characteristics=== ====Resistance==== The systemic vascular resistance can therefore be calculated in units of dyn·s·cm⁻⁵ as :<math>\frac {80 \cdot (mean\ arterial\ pressure - mean \ right \ atrial \ pressure)} {cardiac\ output}</math> where mean arterial pressure is 2/3 of diastolic blood pressure plus 1/3 of systolic blood pressure (or Diastolic + 1/3(Systolic-Diastolic). The pulmonary vascular resistance can therefore be calculated in units of dyn·s·cm⁻⁵ as :<math>\frac {80 \cdot (mean\ pulmonary\ arterial\ pressure - mean \ pulmonary \ artery \ wedge \ pressure)} {cardiac\ output}</math> where the pressures are measured in units of millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and the cardiac output is measured in units of litres per minute (L/min)<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance Wikipedia,Vascular resistance]</ref> ====Capacitance==== ====Compliance==== [[File:Plethysmography.jpg|thumb|Plethysmography]] For compliance, changes in volume are necessary. This is easier than measuring the total blood volume. Plethysmography can be used to measure changes in volume in different parts of the body. It involves blood pressure cuffs or other sensors that are attached to a machine called a plethysmograph. {{Clear}} ====Gravimetric method==== Gravimetric method is very simple and useful for the measurement of changes in blood volume. It is assumed that 1 g of blood equals to 1 ml of blood. If the organ can be isolated and weighed with the blood vessels intact, changes in volume can be measured. ==Further Reading== *{{cite book|title= The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition |author= Bronzino, Joseph D. |date=April 2006 |publisher=[CRC Press] |isbn=978-0-8493-2124-5 |url=http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849321245}} *{{cite book|title= Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition |author= Villafane, Carlos, CBET. |date=June 2009 |publisher=[Techniciansfriend.com] |isbn=978-1-61539-663-4 |url=http://www.biomedtechnicians.com}} *Information related to [http://abiomedicalengineer.com biomedical engineering]. ==Practise== ==Reference== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} hqcerf6cl8o8s59dodlz9fiv8mtiqgx 0 362293 4095874 3246178 2022-08-24T22:00:42Z Darrelljon 45960 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ == Process Mapping == [[File:Diagram showing the different forms of MCI.jpg|thumb|[[w:SmartArt]] flowchart in PowerPoint]] This script is used to plan and develop a shared understanding of the overall group model building process, identify the number of sessions, and select which and how many people will be involved in each session. This script is used at the start of GMB planning with the modeling team and also establishes the inputs and outputs for sessions. === Status === Best practices === Primary nature of group task === Offline === Time === Preparation time: 10 minutes Time required during session: 45 minutes Follow-up time: 10 minutes === Materials === # Drawing program (e.g., Visio, PowerPoint, iDraw) # Blank or draft process map with basic phases of project # Data projector === Inputs === None [[File:Example of a process map.png|thumb|291x291px|Example of a GMB process map ]] === Outputs === * GMB process map * Descriptions of modeling team and participants for each session === Roles === * [[Scriptapedia/Roles in Group Model Building|Facilitator]] familiar with group model building who can introduce scripts, share sample agendas, and fulfill different roles in GMB * [[Scriptapedia/Roles in Group Model Building|Recorder]] who is tracking categories of participants and facilitators during the discussion, and then confirming this list with participants at the end * Recorder who is taking process notes on the planning session === Steps === # The facilitator introduces a blank process map. # The facilitator explains the criteria for selecting stakeholder tracks. #* The criteria for identifying a stakeholder group or track for a group model building session are primarily based on who should be in the room developing a particular model. To choose this, consider what kind of conversation or dialogue participants should be having, or to whom the model should be attributed. For example, is it important to elicit divergent views on a subject where people might have different experiences? Is it important to be able to say that the model was developed by consumers or some other stakeholder group? # Introduce the core modeling team as the first stakeholder track and then introduce the different phases of modeling. # Next, identify one stakeholder track and then begin to identify some sessions. As the sessions are discussed, identify who is in the session in terms of facilitators and participants. # Continue to add and change sessions during the discussion with periodic checks to confirm the state of the process map. #* Each session with the same agenda should have the same numerical prefix and be distinguished with a letter suffix (e.g., 6A, 6B, etc. would all indicate multiple sessions using the same agenda; 7, 8, 9, etc. would indicate multiple sessions with different agendas). # Identify inputs or outputs that might be needed in the session. # Near the end of the session, the recorder keeping track of descriptions of facilitators and participants starts a review by going through each numbered session. As the recorder lists the participants and facilitation team for the session, the facilitator with expertise in GMB gestures to that particular session. === Evaluation Criteria: === * There is general agreement and buy-in on the overall plan for group model building among the core modeling team * The core modeling team has a clear idea of how many sessions are involved, when they will happen, and who will be involved * There is an initial sense of who will facilitate the group model building sessions and who needs to be involved in the training * The core modeling team has sufficient information to develop an IRB application === Authors === Peter Hovmand and Timothy Hower, 2010 === History === This approach is based on David Straus’s (2002) approach to designing collaborations and group process. The motivation for both using process maps and making the process explicit comes from the tendency to underestimate the amount of planning required to design even relatively short group model building workshops. === Revisions === None === References === David Straus (2002). ''How to make collaborations work: Powerful ways to build consensus, solve problems, and make decisions.'' San Francisco, CA: Berrtt-Koehler Publishers, Inc. === Notes === A common issue in identifying stakeholders is that groups will tend to generate long lists of people involved in the system or focus on recruitment strategies for getting them involved. These tend to be counter-productive starting places because it is often not clear what is being asked of the individuals who are being recruited. {{BookCat}} dzo7fy5y5tkrui4qjqikon3d7ebxo2c 0 363730 4096006 3799287 2022-08-25T09:37:58Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Female Leader’s History in the Media: Mariah */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Female Leader’s History in the Media: Mariah= [[File:Henry Mayer, The Awakening, 1915 Cornell CUL PJM 1176 01 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|The struggle for Women's rights in the United States has a long, unequal history, and the fight for equality is still ongoing.]] Within women’s history there have been plenty of milestones to overcome in society and particularly in the media. One of those milestones was the right to vote. Due to the 19th amendment all women in America had the right to vote starting August 18th -26th, 1920. It took nearly one hundred years and a lot of fighting for women to achieve this right. Having the right to vote would be the first step for woman to gain more rights. Before the right to vote woman were only encouraged to stay in the home and were considered second class citizens. Women were locked up for their equal rights movements because the media and society considered those not feminine and considered it insulting for a woman to stand up for herself. It took lot of effort to change the constitution, women had lobbied, marched, wrote, lectured, practiced civil disobedience and even went on hunger strikes in jail leading to force feedings. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Stanton, and Susan B Anthony founded the woman’s national loyal league in 1863 to support the 13th amendment and full citizenship for blacks and women. Men did not take women seriously and didn’t acknowledge women at conventions or the rights they wanted. Conventions were held and soon set a revaluation and change for woman was starting to take place from 1840-1920 the image and motivation for a woman was changing. These movements would be the start of other accomplishments woman will have. These movements would be more motivation to woman all over the world and woman like Mary Barra, the CEO of GM and the first female CEO of a major automaker, and to other woman in major corporations. Only 4% of women are chief executives in major corporations. There have been many of milestones for woman to have positions in workplace environments that are dominated by men. The more women come into power the more motivation it is for all women to step up and take more leadership roles. Woman like Mary Barra are always focused on in the media. When a woman in power makes a mistake the whole world will know about it. And this follows with negative comments and enhances stereotypes places on the woman in power. A woman has to work harder to prove herself in higher leadership roles. A woman in power like Hillary Clinton and Mary are always known for their mistakes more than their accomplishments. Even if a mistake was made years ago the media will keep recycling it over and over to the public to ensure a woman in power gets a negative image. And this takes away the motivation for future women leaders, when you see a woman on TV trying to gain leadership the negative stereotypes and language are placed on that woman before she can even prove herself to our society. Woman leadership in history and the future will always face milestones and the media. It took hundreds of years for woman to be in the position they are today. Gender expectations are still a factor in why a lot of woman are not seen as leaders and are put in the media negatively. Gender expectations are another milestone that our society has to be overcome. {{BookCat}} sdbzkrqgnhvzh0tokhyyvifkgldbgp0 0 363731 4096004 3799288 2022-08-25T09:31:50Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Gender Stereotypes in the Media */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Gender Stereotypes in the Media= [[File:Mary Pickford with camera2.jpg|thumb|Women have played a role in media creation for a long time, yet their representation in media is not proportional.]] There is no bigger entity that shapes our ideals and beliefs than the media. The media is all around us at all times. People are constantly watching television, surfing the Internet, and reading magazines and newspapers. One major set of ideals that the media has been shaping for decades are on gender and its meaning. Women have been vastly underrepresented in the media. According to an article in the Huffington Post, the percentage of speaking female characters breaks down as follows, “28.3 percent of characters in family films, 30.8 percent of characters in children's shows, and 38.9 percent of characters on prime time television were women” (Bahadur, 2012). With so few female characters being portrayed in the television and movies, the way that they are depicted becomes immensely important. Unfortunately, the media generally falls short in presenting strong and independent female characters. All too often, the women found on television and in movies are sexualized and portrayed as unintelligent. One example of this are the “Real Housewives” series on the network channel Bravo. The women featured on this show depict an abnormal type of woman. These women are continuously shown dressed to the 9’s. They undergo plastic surgery regularly. Any success they have achieved is accredited to the money they have attained through marriage. While these are qualities not found in most women, it is the ones seen on in the media all the time. On the occasion that a woman is strong, opinionated, or educated, she is painted as unattractive or made to be a villain. The poster woman for this type of representation of strong females is Hillary Clinton. A quote from the book, Woman President: Confronting Postfeminist Political Culture by Kristina Horn Scheeler and Karrin Vasby Anderson perfectly sums up how the media represents Clinton. This quote is regarding the leadership role she took with healthcare reform when her husband was president. “Media commentary echoed…’If the wife comes through as being too strong and too intelligent it makes the husband look like a wimp’” (p. 11, Scheeler and Anderson). The media’s coverage and effect on women leaders will be covered further in depth later in the chapter. Most adults’ idea of what a man should be and what a woman should be are developed. The people America should be most concerned about are children and teenagers. An in depth analysis of two popular children’s television shows, “Barney & Friends” and “Teletubbies” by Kimberly Powell and Lori Abels, dives into the depiction of gender roles and stereotypes being ingrained in preschool minds. In the “Teletubbies” there are real-life videos shown throughout the episode. The videos played show young boys and their fathers doing stereotypical male activities like playing basketball and building things, while mothers and daughters are shown doing their hair and washing dishes. These types of stereotypes are also displayed in “Barney & Friends.” In an episode titled, “Good Clean Fun,” the children featured in the show share their plans for the end of the day. One of the little girls is elated that her mother said she could help with dinner. The young boy on the other hand, will be working on a science project with his dad and asks the other boy on the show if he would help. These displays of stereotypes are dangerous. It instills in young girls that their interests should by in cooking and putting in effort to look attractive. It shows them that science is for boys. As a country, we need to take a long, hard look at how we describe and portray women in the media. We need to hold those in charge of the media responsible for what they are printing in magazines and putting on television. Celebrating educated women, who are leaders instead of shaming them, is important in so many way. Namely, it will serve as a motivator not only to the women who are already strong and motivated, but to young girls as well. In order to make this country a better place for all, we need both young men and women studying sciences and entering politics. Changing the way the media depicts gender roles, will be a step in the right direction. {{BookCat}} sg3kb0f45idtyzqwchfm8462jneuh6i 0 363733 4096000 3799286 2022-08-25T09:25:35Z Mbrickn 3181019 Copyedit wikitext text/x-wiki =Effect of the Media on Female Leadership= An area of riddled progress for feminism is in the media. The media has tremendous influence on modern society and consequently that influence can be a mixture of positives and negatives which can have the effect of advancing women in leadership roles or holding them back. Media sexism leaves women with the unfortunate situation of not just having to choose how to respond but to also have to deal with the personal blow which could range from damaging their self-esteem to damaging their entire livelihood. ==Mariam Al Mansouri== In September 2014, in televised FOX news program called “The Five” which airs at 5pm weeknights, co-hosts Greg Gutfeld and Eric Bolling responded to a news story about Maj. Mariam Al Mansouri who was the first female fighter pilot for the United Arab Emirates to fly bombing missions over ISIS operations in Syria. “Problem is, after she bombed it, she couldn’t park it” remarked Greg, “Would that be considered boob’s on the ground?” replied Eric. Eric, realizing he had made a mistake, issued an apology on The Five the next day: “I made a joke and when I got home, I got the look,” continuing to explain, “I said sorry to my wife and I apologize to you all and want to make that very clear.” So how does Maj. Mariam Al Mansouri take on the sexism? In an interview with Deraa Al Watan magazine in response to questions about competition with men she said “Everybody is required to have the same high level of combat competence,” and "[I] focused on competing with myself to improve skills”. She also added that "Competing with oneself is conducive to continued learning.” Her remarks reflected how she responds to sexism by disregarding it so that it would not impact her performance and image as an inspirational leader for women. ==Monica Lewinsky== In October 2014 at the Forbes’ “30 under 30 Summit” in Philadelphia Monica Lewinsky broke over a decade of personal silence in a speech to young and aspiring entrepreneurs. Hers is perhaps one of the most famous examples of how the modern media can completely destroy a person’s reputation and livelihood. The 1998 breaking story of 22 year old White House intern Monica Lewinsky, who started an affair with married US President Bill Clinton in 1995 devastated her personally and publicly. She started off with a not so sincere thank you to several musicians namely “Beyonce and Eminem. And Nicki Minaj and Kid Cudi, Lil B and Lil Wayne, and of course G-eazy. But let’s not forget Jeezy, and all the rest.” for all of their rap lyrics which included her. She made remarks on how the media impacted her personally saying “It felt like a punch in the gut,” continuing to say, “For me, that was every day in 1998. There was a rotation of worsening name calling and descriptions of me. I would go online, read in a paper or see on TV people referring to me as: tramp, slut, whore, tart, bimbo, floozy, even spy.” Society’s modern 24 hour cable news network destroyed her life as she knew it, she said “The experience of shame and humiliation online is different than offline. There is no way to wrap your mind around where the humiliation ends — there are no borders.” and that a day “spent shouting: “Oh my god!” and “I can’t believe they put that in” or “That’s so out of context.” summed up “the only thoughts that interrupted a relentless mantra in my head: I want to die.” Her call to action was “I don’t know which came first: the coarsening of the culture or the worsening of behavior. Either way, what we need is a radical change in attitudes — on the internet, mobile platforms and in the society of which they are a part.” Monica is right and her strong speech provides a leadership message on why society needs to radically change its attitudes, and applies not only to individual members of society but also the media conglomerates that push all of their headlines out there 24 hours a day. ==Ariana Grande== Not every women is completely destroyed by the media’s coverage and gossip, take pop music star Ariana Grande as an example. Ariana is regularly subjected to the media prodding over her relationship status and events that is typical of celebrity men and women, but when the media gossip crossed the line for her surrounding a recent break-up she posted a personal letter to her Twitter feed to elaborate how it really feels to be a single female celebrity. “I’m saying that after literally 8 years of feeling like I constantly had to have a boy by my side. After being on my own now for a few months I am realizing that’s just not the case….. I have never felt more present, grounded, and satisfied. I’ve never laughed harder or had more fun or enjoyed my life more.” she explained in her letter. She added “I want the people reading this to know that they are MORE THAN enough on their own. I want the media to please help me with this!!!!!!!! Please support each other.” She also talked about the double standard for men and women portrayed by the media, in which men are applauded for their romantic activities, while women are shamed. Ariana Grande is a great leadership example for other women to follow as she has turned to taking the media’s negativity and turning it into an opportunity to empower other women while exposing the false messages broadcast by the media. {{BookCat}} ell89eupd0c49zzg0z0akb2t2qdp5u8 4096001 4096000 2022-08-25T09:28:05Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Effect of the Media on Female Leadership */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Effect of the Media on Female Leadership= An area of riddled progress for feminism is in the media. The media has tremendous influence on modern society and consequently that influence can be a mixture of positives and negatives which can have the effect of advancing women in leadership roles or holding them back. Media sexism leaves women with the unfortunate situation of not just having to choose how to respond but to also have to deal with the personal blow which could range from damaging their self-esteem to damaging their entire livelihood. ==Mariam Al Mansouri== In September 2014, in televised FOX news program called “The Five” which airs at 5pm weeknights, co-hosts Greg Gutfeld and Eric Bolling responded to a news story about Maj. Mariam Al Mansouri who was the first female fighter pilot for the United Arab Emirates to fly bombing missions over ISIS operations in Syria. “Problem is, after she bombed it, she couldn’t park it” remarked Greg, “Would that be considered boob’s on the ground?” replied Eric. Eric, realizing he had made a mistake, issued an apology on The Five the next day: “I made a joke and when I got home, I got the look,” continuing to explain, “I said sorry to my wife and I apologize to you all and want to make that very clear.” So how does Maj. Mariam Al Mansouri take on the sexism? In an interview with Deraa Al Watan magazine in response to questions about competition with men she said “Everybody is required to have the same high level of combat competence,” and "[I] focused on competing with myself to improve skills”. She also added that "Competing with oneself is conducive to continued learning.” Her remarks reflected how she responds to sexism by disregarding it so that it would not impact her performance and image as an inspirational leader for women. ==Monica Lewinsky== [[File:Monica Lewinsky.jpg|thumb|Monica Lewinsky]] In October 2014 at the Forbes’ “30 under 30 Summit” in Philadelphia Monica Lewinsky broke over a decade of personal silence in a speech to young and aspiring entrepreneurs. Hers is perhaps one of the most famous examples of how the modern media can completely destroy a person’s reputation and livelihood. The 1998 breaking story of 22 year old White House intern Monica Lewinsky, who started an affair with married US President Bill Clinton in 1995 devastated her personally and publicly. She started off with a not so sincere thank you to several musicians namely “Beyonce and Eminem. And Nicki Minaj and Kid Cudi, Lil B and Lil Wayne, and of course G-eazy. But let’s not forget Jeezy, and all the rest.” for all of their rap lyrics which included her. She made remarks on how the media impacted her personally saying “It felt like a punch in the gut,” continuing to say, “For me, that was every day in 1998. There was a rotation of worsening name calling and descriptions of me. I would go online, read in a paper or see on TV people referring to me as: tramp, slut, whore, tart, bimbo, floozy, even spy.” Society’s modern 24 hour cable news network destroyed her life as she knew it, she said “The experience of shame and humiliation online is different than offline. There is no way to wrap your mind around where the humiliation ends — there are no borders.” and that a day “spent shouting: “Oh my god!” and “I can’t believe they put that in” or “That’s so out of context.” summed up “the only thoughts that interrupted a relentless mantra in my head: I want to die.” Her call to action was “I don’t know which came first: the coarsening of the culture or the worsening of behavior. Either way, what we need is a radical change in attitudes — on the internet, mobile platforms and in the society of which they are a part.” Monica is right and her strong speech provides a leadership message on why society needs to radically change its attitudes, and applies not only to individual members of society but also the media conglomerates that push all of their headlines out there 24 hours a day. ==Ariana Grande== [[File:Ariana Grande Grammys Red Carpet 2020.png|thumb|Ariana Grande]] Not every women is completely destroyed by the media’s coverage and gossip, take pop music star Ariana Grande as an example. Ariana is regularly subjected to the media prodding over her relationship status and events that is typical of celebrity men and women, but when the media gossip crossed the line for her surrounding a recent break-up she posted a personal letter to her Twitter feed to elaborate how it really feels to be a single female celebrity. “I’m saying that after literally 8 years of feeling like I constantly had to have a boy by my side. After being on my own now for a few months I am realizing that’s just not the case….. I have never felt more present, grounded, and satisfied. I’ve never laughed harder or had more fun or enjoyed my life more.” she explained in her letter. She added “I want the people reading this to know that they are MORE THAN enough on their own. I want the media to please help me with this!!!!!!!! Please support each other.” She also talked about the double standard for men and women portrayed by the media, in which men are applauded for their romantic activities, while women are shamed. Ariana Grande is a great leadership example for other women to follow as she has turned to taking the media’s negativity and turning it into an opportunity to empower other women while exposing the false messages broadcast by the media. {{BookCat}} k11y7bet5cvctn87dwjivog91ki3cd8 0 364595 4095774 3295680 2022-08-24T15:58:34Z Wikivuyo 3384720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WIKIVUYO'S CREAMED SPINACH AND MASHED POTATOES''' {{BookCat}}INGREDIENTS • 4 large potatoes (880g) peeled and cut into quarters. •¾ cu • • • • • • • • [[Category:Pinyin/Grain]] [[Category:Pinyin/Vitamin B]] p6aytphyywyxx1363bhhhpxc6e2w0q0 4095901 4095774 2022-08-25T01:01:46Z Xania 40302 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Wikivuyo|Wikivuyo]] ([[User talk:Wikivuyo|talk]]) to last version by Efex3 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brown rice''' is a [[Pinyin/Rice|rice]] with its [[Pinyin/Shell|shell]] removed. It keeps its rough outer layer. The color of brown rice is darker than polished white rice. Brown rice with its outer layer polished can be made into white rice. Because brown rice keeps its complete nutrition, that is rich in protein, fat, fiber, vitamin B1, and etc; therefore is healthier than white rice. However, because brown rice is harder than white rice, therefore its cooking time is longer. '''Cāomǐ''' shì tuōké hòu de mǐ. Tā bǎoliúle cūcāo de wàicéng. Cāomǐ yánsè bǐ jīngliàn báimǐ gēng shēnsè. Cāomǐ móqù wàicéng kě zhìchéng báimǐ. Yīnwèi cāomǐ bǎocún wánzhěng de yíngyǎng, fùhán dànbáizhì, zhīfáng, xiānwéi, vitamin B1 děng; suǒyǐ bǐ báimǐ gèng jiànkāng. Dànshì, yóuyú cāomǐ bǐ báimǐ jiào-yìng, yīn'ér pēngtiáo shíjiān jiào-cháng. {{BookCat}} [[Category:Pinyin/Grain]] [[Category:Pinyin/Vitamin B]] 25831pp3gdbjf5r93c78ew0rzloeaa1 0 365396 4096008 4041795 2022-08-25T09:58:35Z 2401:4900:2732:D4C2:0:57:FFC1:1901 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! English !! Numerals !! Hindi !! Sanskrit |- | One || 01 || एक || एकः |- | Two || 02 || दो || द्वौ |-hher rhdr y6cgdtehgfhhfj hi fed rrbhth | Three || 03 || तीन || त्रयः |- | Foux Hcnb Jfmhccfcdeereeee3 | Seven || 07 || सात || सप्त |- | Eight || 08 || आठ || अष्ट |- | Nine || 09 || नौ || नव Fven|- | Ten || 10 || दस || दश |-y | |- | Eleven || 11 || ग्यारह || एकादश |- | Twelve || 12 || बारह || द्वादश |- | Thirteen || 13 || तेरह || त्रयोदश |- | Fourteen || 14 || चौदह || चतुर्दश |- | Fifteen || 15 a jxvx|| पन्द्रह || पञ्चदश |- | Sixteen || 16 || सोलह || षोडश |- | Seventeen || 17 || सत्रह || सप्तदश |- | Eighteen || 18 || अठारह || अष्टादश |- | Nineteen || 19 || उन्नीस || नवदश, एकोनविंशति, ऊनविंशति, एकान्नविंशति |- | Twenty || 20 || बीस || विंशति |- | |- | Twenty-one || 21 || इक्कीस || एकविंशति |- | Twenty-two || 22 || बाईस || द्वाविंशति |- | Twenty-three || 23 || तेईस || त्रयोविंशति |- | Twenty-four || 24 || चौबीस || चतुर्विंशति |- | Twenty-five || 25 || पच्चीस || पञ्चविंशति |- | Twenty-six || 26 || छब्बीस || षड्विंशति |- | Twenty-seven || 27 || सत्ताइस || सप्तविंशति |- | Twenty-eight || 28 || अठ्ठाइस || अष्टाविंशति |- | Twenty-nine || 29 || उन्तीस || नवविंशति, एकोनात्रिंशत्, ऊनत्रिंशत्, एकान्नत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty || 30 || तीस || त्रिंशत् |- | |- | Thirty-one || 31 || इकतीस || एकत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-two || 32 || बत्तीस || द्वात्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-three || 33 || तैतीस || त्रयस्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-four || 34 || चौतीस || चतुस्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-five || 35 || पैंतीस || पञ्चत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-six || 36 || छत्तीस || षट्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-seven || 37 || सैंतीस || सप्तत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-eight || 38 || अड़तीस || अष्टात्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-nine || 39 || उन्तालीस || एकोनचत्वारिंशत्, नवत्रिंशत् |- | Forty || 40 || चालीस || चत्वारिंशत् |- | |- | Forty-one || 41 || इकतालीस || एकचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-two || 42 || बयालीस || द्विचत्वारिंशत्, द्वाचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-three || 43 || तैतालीस || त्रिचत्वारिंशत्, त्रयश्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-four || 44 || चौवालीस || चतुश्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-five || 45 || पैंतालीस || पञ्चचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-six || 46 || छियालीस || षट्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-seven || 47 || सैंतालीस || सप्तचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-eight || 48 || अड़तालीस || अष्टचत्वारिंशत्, अष्टाचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-nine || 49 || उनचास || एकोनपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty || 50 || पचास || पञ्चाशत् |- | |- | Fifty-one || 51 || इक्यावन || एकपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-two || 52 || बावन || द्विपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-three || 53 || तिरपन || त्रिपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-four || 54 || चौवन || चतुःपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-five || 55 || पचपन || पञ्चपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-six || 56 || छप्पन || षट्पञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-seven || 57 || सत्तावन || सप्तपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-eight || 58 || अठ्ठावन || अष्टपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-nine || 59 || उनसठ || एकोनषष्ठिः, नवपञ्चाशत |- | Sixty || 60 || साठ || षष्ठिः |- | |- | Sixty-one || 61 || इकसठ || एकषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-two || 62 || बासठ || द्विषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-three || 63 || तिरसठ || त्रिषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-four || 64 || चौंसठ || चतुष्षष्टिः |- | Sixty-five || 65 || पैंसठ || पञ्चषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-six || 66 || छियासठ || षट्षष्ठिः |- | Sixty-seven || 67 || सरसठ || सप्तषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-eight || 68 || अरसठ || अष्टषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-nine || 69 || उनहत्तर || एकोनसप्ततिः |- | Seventy || 70 || सत्तर || सप्ततिः |- | |- | Seventy-one || 71 || इकहत्तर || एकसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-two || 72 || बहत्तर || द्विसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-three || 73 || तिहत्तर || त्रिसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-four || 74 || चौहत्तर || चतुःसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-five || 75 || पचत्तर || पञ्चसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-six || 76 || छिहत्तर || षट्सप्ततिः |- | Seventy-seven || 77 || सतहत्तर || सप्तसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-eight || 78 || अठहत्तर || अष्टसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-nine || 79 || उन्यासी || एकोनाशीतिः |- | Eighty || 80 || अस्सी || अशीतिः |- | |- | Eighty-one || 81 || इक्यासी || एकाशीतिः |- | Eighty-two || 82 || बयासी || द्वयशीतिः |- | Eighty-three || 83 || तिरासी || त्र्यशीतिः |- | Eighty-four || 84 || चौरासी || चतुरशीतिः |- | Eighty-five || 85 || पचासी || पञ्चाशीतिः |- | Eighty-six || 86 || छियासी || षडशीतिः |- | Eighty-seven || 87 || सतासी || सप्ताशीतिः |- | Eighty-eight || 88 || अठासी || अष्टाशीतिः |- | Eighty-nine || 89 || नवासी || एकोननवतिः |- | Ninety || 90 || नब्बे || नवतिः |- | |- | Ninety-one || 91 || इक्यानवे || एकनवतिः |- | Ninety-two || 92 || बानवे || द्विनवतिः |- | Ninety-three || 93 ||तिरानवे || त्रिनवतिः |- | Ninety-four || 94 || चौरानवे || चतुर्नवतिः |- | Ninety-five || 95 || पञ्चानवे || पञ्चनवतिः |- | Ninety-six || 96 || छियानवे || षण्णवतिः |- | Ninety-seven || 97 || सत्तानवे || सप्तनवतिः |- | Ninety-eight || 98 || अठ्ठानवे || अष्टनवतिः |- | Ninety-Nine || 99 || निन्यानवे || नवनवतितमः |- | Hundred || 100 || सौ || शतम् |- |} {{BookCat}} 6njtetw7hfy8kbv114uvlri31wcl8mx 4096009 4096008 2022-08-25T09:59:17Z Syunsyunminmin 3382164 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2401:4900:2732:D4C2:0:57:FFC1:1901|2401:4900:2732:D4C2:0:57:FFC1:1901]] ([[User talk:2401:4900:2732:D4C2:0:57:FFC1:1901|talk]]) to last version by 117.211.3.44 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! English !! Numerals !! Hindi !! Sanskrit |- | One || 01 || एक || एकः |- | Two || 02 || दो || द्वौ |- | Three || 03 || तीन || त्रयः |- | Four || 04 || चार || चत्वारः |- | Five || 05 || पाँच || पञ्च |- | Six || 06 ||छः || षट् |- | Seven || 07 || सात || सप्त |- | Eight || 08 || आठ || अष्ट |- | Nine || 09 || नौ || नव |- | Ten || 10 || दस || दश |- | |- | Eleven || 11 || ग्यारह || एकादश |- | Twelve || 12 || बारह || द्वादश |- | Thirteen || 13 || तेरह || त्रयोदश |- | Fourteen || 14 || चौदह || चतुर्दश |- | Fifteen || 15 || पन्द्रह || पञ्चदश |- | Sixteen || 16 || सोलह || षोडश |- | Seventeen || 17 || सत्रह || सप्तदश |- | Eighteen || 18 || अठारह || अष्टादश |- | Nineteen || 19 || उन्नीस || नवदश, एकोनविंशति, ऊनविंशति, एकान्नविंशति |- | Twenty || 20 || बीस || विंशति |- | |- | Twenty-one || 21 || इक्कीस || एकविंशति |- | Twenty-two || 22 || बाईस || द्वाविंशति |- | Twenty-three || 23 || तेईस || त्रयोविंशति |- | Twenty-four || 24 || चौबीस || चतुर्विंशति |- | Twenty-five || 25 || पच्चीस || पञ्चविंशति |- | Twenty-six || 26 || छब्बीस || षड्विंशति |- | Twenty-seven || 27 || सत्ताइस || सप्तविंशति |- | Twenty-eight || 28 || अठ्ठाइस || अष्टाविंशति |- | Twenty-nine || 29 || उन्तीस || नवविंशति, एकोनात्रिंशत्, ऊनत्रिंशत्, एकान्नत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty || 30 || तीस || त्रिंशत् |- | |- | Thirty-one || 31 || इकतीस || एकत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-two || 32 || बत्तीस || द्वात्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-three || 33 || तैतीस || त्रयस्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-four || 34 || चौतीस || चतुस्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-five || 35 || पैंतीस || पञ्चत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-six || 36 || छत्तीस || षट्त्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-seven || 37 || सैंतीस || सप्तत्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-eight || 38 || अड़तीस || अष्टात्रिंशत् |- | Thirty-nine || 39 || उन्तालीस || एकोनचत्वारिंशत्, नवत्रिंशत् |- | Forty || 40 || चालीस || चत्वारिंशत् |- | |- | Forty-one || 41 || इकतालीस || एकचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-two || 42 || बयालीस || द्विचत्वारिंशत्, द्वाचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-three || 43 || तैतालीस || त्रिचत्वारिंशत्, त्रयश्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-four || 44 || चौवालीस || चतुश्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-five || 45 || पैंतालीस || पञ्चचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-six || 46 || छियालीस || षट्चत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-seven || 47 || सैंतालीस || सप्तचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-eight || 48 || अड़तालीस || अष्टचत्वारिंशत्, अष्टाचत्वारिंशत् |- | Forty-nine || 49 || उनचास || एकोनपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty || 50 || पचास || पञ्चाशत् |- | |- | Fifty-one || 51 || इक्यावन || एकपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-two || 52 || बावन || द्विपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-three || 53 || तिरपन || त्रिपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-four || 54 || चौवन || चतुःपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-five || 55 || पचपन || पञ्चपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-six || 56 || छप्पन || षट्पञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-seven || 57 || सत्तावन || सप्तपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-eight || 58 || अठ्ठावन || अष्टपञ्चाशत् |- | Fifty-nine || 59 || उनसठ || एकोनषष्ठिः, नवपञ्चाशत |- | Sixty || 60 || साठ || षष्ठिः |- | |- | Sixty-one || 61 || इकसठ || एकषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-two || 62 || बासठ || द्विषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-three || 63 || तिरसठ || त्रिषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-four || 64 || चौंसठ || चतुष्षष्टिः |- | Sixty-five || 65 || पैंसठ || पञ्चषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-six || 66 || छियासठ || षट्षष्ठिः |- | Sixty-seven || 67 || सरसठ || सप्तषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-eight || 68 || अरसठ || अष्टषष्ठिः |- | Sixty-nine || 69 || उनहत्तर || एकोनसप्ततिः |- | Seventy || 70 || सत्तर || सप्ततिः |- | |- | Seventy-one || 71 || इकहत्तर || एकसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-two || 72 || बहत्तर || द्विसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-three || 73 || तिहत्तर || त्रिसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-four || 74 || चौहत्तर || चतुःसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-five || 75 || पचत्तर || पञ्चसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-six || 76 || छिहत्तर || षट्सप्ततिः |- | Seventy-seven || 77 || सतहत्तर || सप्तसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-eight || 78 || अठहत्तर || अष्टसप्ततिः |- | Seventy-nine || 79 || उन्यासी || एकोनाशीतिः |- | Eighty || 80 || अस्सी || अशीतिः |- | |- | Eighty-one || 81 || इक्यासी || एकाशीतिः |- | Eighty-two || 82 || बयासी || द्वयशीतिः |- | Eighty-three || 83 || तिरासी || त्र्यशीतिः |- | Eighty-four || 84 || चौरासी || चतुरशीतिः |- | Eighty-five || 85 || पचासी || पञ्चाशीतिः |- | Eighty-six || 86 || छियासी || षडशीतिः |- | Eighty-seven || 87 || सतासी || सप्ताशीतिः |- | Eighty-eight || 88 || अठासी || अष्टाशीतिः |- | Eighty-nine || 89 || नवासी || एकोननवतिः |- | Ninety || 90 || नब्बे || नवतिः |- | |- | Ninety-one || 91 || इक्यानवे || एकनवतिः |- | Ninety-two || 92 || बानवे || द्विनवतिः |- | Ninety-three || 93 ||तिरानवे || त्रिनवतिः |- | Ninety-four || 94 || चौरानवे || चतुर्नवतिः |- | Ninety-five || 95 || पञ्चानवे || पञ्चनवतिः |- | Ninety-six || 96 || छियानवे || षण्णवतिः |- | Ninety-seven || 97 || सत्तानवे || सप्तनवतिः |- | Ninety-eight || 98 || अठ्ठानवे || अष्टनवतिः |- | Ninety-Nine || 99 || निन्यानवे || नवनवतितमः |- | Hundred || 100 || सौ || शतम् |- |} {{BookCat}} hwh68s0guidvett1css6w855g39dk7k 10 370703 4095785 3073952 2022-08-24T17:11:53Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Consequences */ wow. Fixed links I think wikitext text/x-wiki {{lua|Module:No ping}} This template links to a [[Wikipedia:User pages|user page]], or to multiple user pages, without triggering the [[Wikipedia:Notifications|Echo notification system]]. 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An external link icon is avoided with <code><nowiki>plainlinks</nowiki></code> but there are other consequences of not using a wikilink. The link will not be [[w:WP:RED|red]] for non-existing user pages, the blue link will have a lighter [[w:Help:Link color|color]] than usual for most readers, and the page the template is used on will not appear at [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] for the user page. == See also == *{{tl|Reply to}}/{{tl|ping}} ie1d3ft5mrghwuy5bfxmf7rgth8id2m 0 374646 4095896 4082334 2022-08-25T00:30:29Z 2001:56A:7243:DD00:2C29:F24E:78BE:B1E1 /* Create ISO Installation Media */ fixing grammar and making it less confusing wikitext text/x-wiki ==License violations== According to the macOS and OS X software license agreement<ref>http://www.apple.com/legal/sla/</ref>, macOS should only be installed on Apple Mac devices. Neither the editors of this book nor Wikibooks have any liability over the installation of macOS or OS X guests on VirtualBox or any other violations of the software license. This is against the EULA of Apple, and therefore following this article IS considered a violation of Apple's terms of service. ==Installation script== The following installation script: * ...is free and open-source * ...requires only VirtualBox with its Extension Pack and dependencies that can be easily installed in a single command with most open-source package managers * ...downloads macOS Catalina, Mojave and High Sierra directly from Apple's servers * ...installs macOS without modifying the original Apple binaries and without third-party bootloaders * ...creates a VM that is compatible with OpenCore and can be exported (with manual modifications) to KVM/QEMU for near-native performance * ...runs on Linux, Windows (WSL 1, Cygwin), and macOS [https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox '''https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox''' - Push-button installer of macOS on VirtualBox] ==Manual installation== The manual installation requires access to the Mac App Store through an existing installation of macOS. ===Create ISO Installation Media=== # Download the macOS Installer file from the App Store<ref name=":0">https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201475</ref> (OS X El Capitan and Sierra is downloadable from Apple's website). # When download finishes, find the app, right-click and select "Show Package Contents". # Inside the sub-folder Contents/SharedSupport you will find a InstallESD.dmg file, Right click and copy it to the desktop or your file of choice # Open "Disk Utility" # Choose Images > Convert # In the window, choose the InstallESD.dmg and the disk type to be "DVD/CD-R master for export". Also choose the name for installer disk and the final destination (if it lets you). Then click "Convert". # After the conversion completes, you will see a .cdr file in your destination folder. # Open "Terminal" # Enter <code>hdiutil convert /Your/Path/To/YourCdrFile.cdr -format UDTO -o /Your/Path/To/macOSInstaller.iso</code> (for file paths, You can also just click and drag an item into the terminal to automatically type the file path, use left and right arrow keys to navigate) # Press enter and wait for the process to complete. # Check your output folder for the file # The file outputted will have the extra extension of dmg once this process is completed. Simply rename the File to .iso , it will ask you if you want to keep this title just say yes. (if your file isn't like this ignore this step) ===Installation in VirtualBox=== # Open VirtualBox. Click "new" # Type the name for virtual machine and Mac OS X for type. Choose your version (if you have Mojave or Catalina, choose Mac OS X (64 bit)). # Select memory size. # Select "Create Virtual Disk Now" # Choose VDI for format. # Select storage name and size. The size should be at least 32 GB. # Go to "Settings" # Go to "Storage" Tab # In the SATA controller, click "Add Optical Disk". # Insert the .iso file. # Go to "Display" tab. # Set video memory to maximum value. # Quit "Settings" # Boot by clicking "Start". # When it boots, you will see some data being displayed. # #This part needs clarification - UEFI Interactive Shell loads, but nothing happens. If you use the command "exit" you can shift to the EFI menu, but changing the settings doesn't seem to affect the progress of the UEFI Interactive Shell, which stops at the Shell> prompt. # # After a while, you will need to choose the language for installation. Choose your own language. # Then you will be asked where to install macOS. # On the upper-left corner, you will see a "Utilities" button. Click it and select "Disk Utility". # You will see a window with different storages on the left. Choose "VBOX HARDDISK Media". Note: You may have to select View/View All Devices # Erase the Storage by clicking the "Erase" button on the top. # You will be prompted to enter the name for the storage. Enter your desired name and continue. # Wait for the process to complete. Then quit Disk Utility. # You will find a new storage media, which is like a hard disk. Choose that storage for the installation of OS X to install. # After installation completes, the virtual machine will automatically shut down. Go to "Settings". # Go to the "Storage" section to eject the .iso file. # Boot virtual machine again. # Choose system language. # Choose allow location or not. # You will be asked to enter your Apple ID. Even if you have an Apple ID, <b>do not enter now</b>. # Accept EULA of macOS. # Restore Time Machine Backups (if you have) # You will see the main page of OS X, open App Store. # Enter your Apple ID and sign in... <br>There should be 2 scenarios... * Scenario 1: You will sign in within a short time. Congratulations! You have done it! * Scenario 2: It took ages. Stop signing in and check the references below. <ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 440nw6dznaxii69zr7i811b8c14mo48 0 382213 4096002 4070802 2022-08-25T09:28:39Z Scunnane 3395153 Add description of Excel addin creation libraries wikitext text/x-wiki Python has multiple 3rd party libraries for reading and writing Microsoft Excel. For working with .xls files, there is ''xlrd'' for reading and ''xlwt'' for writing. For working with .xlsx files, there is ''xlrd'' for reading, ''openpyxl'' for reading and writing, and ''XlsxWriter'' and ''PyExcelerate'' for writing. To interact with the Excel application and create python-based add-ins: ''xlwings'', ''xlOil'', ''PyXLL (commercial)'' ==xlrd== Supports reading .xls and .xlsx Excel files. License: BSD. Example: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> import xlrd workbook = xlrd.open_workbook("MySpreadsheet.xls") #for sheet in workbook.sheets(): # Loads all the sheets, unlike workbook.sheet_names() for sheetName in workbook.sheet_names(): # Sheet iteration by name print("Sheet name:", sheetName) sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name(sheetName) for rowno in range(sheet.nrows): for colno in range(sheet.ncols): cell = sheet.cell(rowno, colno) print(str(cell.value)) # Output as a string if cell.ctype == xlrd.XL_CELL_DATE: dateTuple = xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(cell.value, workbook.datemode) print(dateTuple) # E.g. (2017, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0) mydate = xlrd.xldate.xldate_as_datetime(cell.value, workbook.datemode) print(mydate) # In xlrd 0.9.3 print() for sheetno in range(workbook.nsheets): # Sheet iteration by index sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(sheetno) print("Sheet name:", sheet.name) for notekey in sheet.cell_note_map: # In xlrd 0.7.2 print("Note AKA comment text:", sheet.cell_note_map[notekey].text) print(xlrd.formula.colname(1)) # Column name such as A or AD, here 'B' </syntaxhighlight> Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/xlrd xlrd], pypi.python.org * [http://xlrd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ xlrd documentation], readthedocs.io * [http://xlrd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html xlrd API documentation], readthedocs.io * [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17827471/python-xlrd-discerning-dates-from-floats Python: xlrd discerning dates from floats], stackoverflow.com ==xlwt== Supports writing .xls files. License: BSD. Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/xlwt xlwt], pypi.python.org * [http://xlwt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ xlwt documentation], readthedocs.io ==openpyxl== Supports reading and writing .xlsx Excel files. Does not support .xls files. License: MIT. Reading a workbook: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> from openpyxl import load_workbook workbook = load_workbook("MyNewWorkbook.xlsx") for worksheet in workbook.worksheets: print("==%s==" % worksheet.title) for row in worksheet: # For each cell in each row for cell in row: print(cell.row, cell.column, cell.value) # E.g. 1 A Value for cell in worksheet["A"]: # For each cell in column A print(cell.value) print(worksheet["A1"].value) # A single cell print(worksheet.cell(column=1, row=1).value) # A1 value as well </syntaxhighlight> Creating a new workbook: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> from openpyxl import Workbook workbook = Workbook() worksheet = workbook.worksheets[0] worksheet['A1'] = 'String value' worksheet['A2'] = 42 # Numerical value worksheet.cell(row=3, column=1).value = "New A3 Value" workbook.save("MyNewWorkbook.xlsx") # Overrides if it exists </syntaxhighlight> Changing an existing workbook: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> from openpyxl import load_workbook workbook_name = 'MyWorkbook.xlsx' workbook = load_workbook(workbook_name) worksheet = workbook.worksheets[0] worksheet['A1'] = "String value" workbook.save(workbook_name) </syntaxhighlight> Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/openpyxl openpyxl], pypi.org * [https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/default/ openpyxl - A Python library to read/write Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm files], readthedocs.io ==XlsxWriter== Supports writing of .xlsx files. License: BSD. Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/XlsxWriter XlsxWriter], pypi.org * [https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/ Creating Excel files with Python and XlsxWriter], readthedocs.io ==PyExcelerate== Supports writing .xlsx files. License: BSD. Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/PyExcelerate PyExcelerate], pypi.org ==xlutils== Supports various operations and queries on .xls files; depends on xlrd and xlwt. License: MIT. Links: * [https://pypi.org/project/xlutils xlutils], pypi.org == xlOil == Supports creation of python-based Excel add-ins. Supports: global and local scope worksheet functions, ribbon customisation, custom task panes, RTD/async functions, _numpy_, _matplotlib_, _pandas_, _jupyter_. Low overhead function calls due to use of the Excel's C-API and embedded in-process Python Links: * Documentation: xloil.readthedocs.io * PyPI: pypi.org/project/xlOil ==pywin32== Supports access to Windows applications via Windows Component Object Model (COM). Thus, on Windows, if Excel is installed, PyWin32 lets you call it from Python and let it do various things. You can install PyWin32 by downloading a .exe installer from SourceForge, where it is currently hosted. Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/using/windows.html#pywin32 3.4.1. PyWin32], docs.python.org * [https://pypi.org/project/pywin32 pywin32], pypi.org * [https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/files/pywin32/ Python for Windows Extensions files], sourceforge.net * [http://pythonexcels.com/python-excel-mini-cookbook/ Python Excel Mini Cookbook], pythonexcels.com ==External links== * [http://www.python-excel.org/ Working with Excel Files in Python], python-excel.org {{bookcat}} g4suxg6n71lvhln8yps023advt85q5c 0 383762 4095897 4095470 2022-08-25T00:34:36Z Xania 40302 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7C:BE51:5200:BCDC:B36E:A20C:EB11|2A02:C7C:BE51:5200:BCDC:B36E:A20C:EB11]] ([[User talk:2A02:C7C:BE51:5200:BCDC:B36E:A20C:EB11|talk]]) to last version by 82.132.213.119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Outdated}} hi Andy I hope this is now suitable '''1.4 State why and when health and safety control equipment, identified by the principles of protection, should be used relating to types, purpose and limitations of each type, the work situation, occupational use and the general work environment, in relation to:''' '''– collective protective measures''' '''– personal protective equipment (PPE)''' '''– respiratory protective equipment (RPE)''' '''– local exhaust ventilation (LEV).''' ''1.4 Collective protective measures: include Risk assessments, COSHH assessments, Toolbox talks, method statements, hazard warning signs and Site induction. There are also safety measures on site such as handrails for protection where necessary. Signage and areas you are not allowed in will be clearly visible. All staff should be aware of safety measures and if not, new men to site should be informed at tool box talks.&nbsp;'' ''Purpose and limitations –are to ensure everyone is aware of the health and safety requirements on site, risks or potential hazards are limited where possible. Any hazards should be identified to all on site. New staff should be shown the risk assessments prior to joining site work. Increased knowledge will also increase chances of reducing injuries. &nbsp;Limitations: People not reading information available or following instructions.'' ''Personal protective equipment (PPE) consists of - Steel toe boots - Protect feet from stubbing toes falling objects, Hi visibility jacket to be seen, Ear defenders to protect hearing. &nbsp;Hardhat is worn to protect head from falling objects, banging head. Goggles essential to protect eyes, Gloves for hand or any finger injury reduction. Gloves should be particularly used for Joinery and cutting materials with power tools or sharp blades/ saws. &nbsp;PPE will not protect form all hazards, for example hard hats will only protect from some falling objects not very heavy objects, but they would hopefully take some of the impact.&nbsp;'' ''Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) Dust masks self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Need to know limitations and use of each piece of apparatus. The right equipment will stop lungs breathing in harmful dust, toxic fumes and gases. Training is essential to use correctly and maintenance of all PPE must be maintained.'' ''Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) LEV is an engineering control system to reduce dust, mist, fume, vapour or gas in the workplace. It assists by extracting harmful toxic gases from the environment. LEV relies on power and will not work if there is a power cut.'' '''1.5 State how the health and safety control equipment relevant to the work should be used in accordance with the given instructions.'''&nbsp; ''1.5 All relevant health and safety equipment should be used in relevant work situations as stated in the health and safety regulations. Workers must be trained in using all equipment and maintaining their own PPE. New workers to site should be inducted and have tool box talks, if unsure how to use anything site foreman should be asked. What I would do if there was a changed circumstance or incident in work place: I would report it to my supervisor. How I would comply to environmental requirements: I would comply with the company policies and tool box talk instructions to dispose of waste and reduce dust and other pollutants. Switch off lights and equipment when not in use. Do not play radio loud as this can be distracting and can also stop people hearing if there is an incident.&nbsp;'' '''1.6 State which types of health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area and associated equipment.''' ''1.6 The health, safety and welfare regulations relevant to site work is the construction regulation 2013. warning signs are there to support the mandatory wearing of helmet goggles and safety boots. Some sites require high visibility garments. Others signs that could be seen; Scaffold not in use, moving vehicles or crane in use. Hazard signs include electric cable to avoid trips and falls hazards. Notices to visitors; to sign in usually in main office before site entry.&nbsp;'' '''1.7 State why health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area.''' ''1.7 Ensure workers, visitors and site personnel are kept safe and their health and safety needs are met. Sites should where possible include toilets and clean eating areas.&nbsp;'' '''1.8 State how to comply with control measures that have been identified by risk assessments and safe systems of work.''' ''1.8 Complying with control measures that have been identified by the risk assessments and safe systems of work is required to reduce injury to employees and risk of being sued to the employer. Risk assessments should be available and easily accessed by all involved. They should be discussed with staff on site.&nbsp;'' '''2.2 List typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to resources, substances, asbestos, equipment, obstructions, storage, services and work activities.''' ''2.2 Typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to the following are:&nbsp;'' ''Resources: materials too heavy to lift and lifting equipment not available can cause injury to back. Cuts to hands if gloves not worn whilst cutting or lifting difficult materials, scaffold unsafe causing falls, equipment poorly maintained, canteen not available or dirty.&nbsp;'' ''Work activities: not using correct lifting technique or equipment. Untidy work place leads to trips and falls, Bits going in eye when cutting with saw or tools. Injury to hands from cutting materials, Stubbing toes on stored materials.&nbsp;'' ''Substances: Dust from site or sawdust from wood cutting. Asbestos can be found in older buildings.&nbsp;'' ''Equipment: Noise from circular saw or hammer drills, routers etc.&nbsp;'' ''Obstructions: Obstructions can cause falls, and trips.&nbsp;'' ''Services: when removing materials on site or drilling walls there could be gas or electric piping. When digging out for foundations there are electrical and gas services that are hazards.&nbsp;'' '''2.3 List the current common safety risks.''' ''2.3 Current common safety risks are: For a joiner the biggest risks are injuries to the hands and loss of fingers. Injuries to back is common as there is a lot of heavy materials to lift, correct manual handling is essential. Sawdust in eyes is also common, reduced risk with protective goggles and PPE worn.&nbsp;'' '''2.4 List the current common health risks.''' ''2.4 Current common health risks are: Vibration finger due to machinery, hearing impairment, breathing issues due to dusty environments. Back pains due to position of working if in confined spaces. Skin cracks to hands in winter.'' '''2.5 State how changing circumstances within the workplace could cause hazards.''' ''2.5 Changing circumstances within the workplace can cause hazards due to: Employees on site not being aware of changes and potential risks. Employer not being aware of changes to change risk assessment and inform employees. Hazards may change as work progresses and staff should be updated regularly as should risk assessments.'' '''2.6 State the methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace.''' ''2.6 Methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace are:'' ''Updated risk assessments, toolbox talks, site meetings.&nbsp;'' '''3.6 State the organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare, in relation to:''' '''– dealing with accidents and emergencies associated with the work and environment''' '''– methods of receiving or sourcing information''' '''– reporting&nbsp;''' '''– stopping work''' '''– evacuation''' '''– fire risks and safe exit procedures''' '''– consultation and feedback.''' ''3.6 The organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare in relation to dealing with emergencies are to - stop work and contact site foreman immediately, everyone has a responsibility to report any accidents or near misses. If fire alarm starts or lights go out, making it dangerous to work, everyone must stop immediately. Evacuating the site leaving tools and going to nearest fire escape&nbsp;'' ''All men should be aware of fire risks and follow precautions to reduce risks at all times. Be aware of fire exits and plans for each building in case of fire.&nbsp;'' ''Site feedback book should be available to record any incidents Site manager should always be aware of any incidents. Site foreman and employees are responsible for ensuring they are aware of site safety procedures.'' '''3.7 State the appropriate types of fire extinguishers relevant to the work'''. ''3.7 Different types of fire extinguishers used in the workplace: CO2 for electrical fires, Water for wood and cloth. Foam for use on fuel fires'' ''Water extinguishers have a red band and are for wood, paper, textile, solid materials fires.'' ''Blue band extinguishers are for electrical fires and varnishes, flammable liquids. They use dry powder foam. &nbsp;'' ''Black carbon dioxide extinguishers are also used on electrical fires.'' '''3.8 State how and when the different types of fire extinguishers are used in accordance with legislation and official guidance.''' ''3.8 Extinguishers are used by releasing the pin, point at fire and press on the handle. Make sure not to endanger self or colleagues. Always assess fire and ensure feel can extinguish safely if not evacuate and call fire brigade immediately. Only trained people should use them.&nbsp;'' '''4.2 State how personal behaviour demonstrates responsibility for general workplace health, safety and welfare, in relation to:''' '''– recognising when to stop work in the face of serious and imminent danger to self and/or others''' '''– contributing to discussions and providing feedback''' '''– reporting changed circumstances and incidents in the workplace''' '''– complying with the environmental requirements of the workplace.''' ''4.2 You should stop work as soon as you see any sign of fire or concern and raise alarm.&nbsp;'' ''If fire alarm constantly rings go to nearest fire exit. Complete toolbox talk with site employees or attend if requested, If I did not understand anything I would ask questions.&nbsp;'' '''4.3 Give examples of how the behaviour and actions of individuals could affect others within the workplace.''' ''4.3 All employees behaviour on site could affect others, we should use power tools correctly, &nbsp;follow safety regulations and be aware of risk assessments and requirements. No fooling around in the workplace.&nbsp;'' '''5.2 State how security arrangements are implemented in relation to the workplace, the general public, site personnel and resources.''' 5.2 Security arrangements should be in the workplace for the general public they should not have access to a site that is unsafe, they would not have PPE, know the risks or safety requirements. Any site personnel should arrive on site and report to site manager, If unknown or visiting personnel they should give their registration for vehicle and give name, with arrival sign in and ensure aware to sign off site as they leave. Power tools should be stored in a secure container on site.&nbsp; <u>Unit no- QCF642 Conforming to &nbsp;Productive working practices in the workplace.</u> '''1.2 Describe the different methods of communicating with line management, colleagues and customers.''' ''1.2 Communicating with management can be through phone, face to face if urgent or difficult information to pass on, email, and completion of forms. Colleagues can communicate in the same ways. Customers should always be communicated with politely and listened to ensuring their needs understood. Customers can also be communicated through advertising online, posters and phone calls.'' '''1.3 Describe how to use different methods of communication to ensure that the work carried out is productive.''' ''1.3 Productive work relies on good communication with all site staff, employees should be aware of job sheets and expectations. Time lines assist with work to be completed and expectations of customers. Site meetings and method statements assist with communication and achieving productivity.'' &nbsp; '''2.3 Describe how organisational procedures are applied to ensure work is planned and carried out productively, in relation to:&nbsp;''' '''– using resources for own and other’s work requirements''' '''– allocating appropriate work to employees''' '''– organising the work sequence- reducing carbon emissions.''' ''2.3 Always apply organisational procedures to ensure work is planned and carried out productively:&nbsp;'' ''Using resources for own and others work requirements by ensuring job accurately measured to see time that will be required and materials that will be needed. Tools and materials should be made available as required.&nbsp;'' ''Site foreman usually allocates work to employees. They should understand employee’s knowledge and skill to ensure work allocated appropriately. If more men required, this should be communicated to foreman and organised. Waste should be minimised by only ordering necessary materials and not having delays.&nbsp;'' '''2.4 Describe how to contribute to zero/low carbon work outcomes within the built environment.''' ''2.4 Contributing to zero/low carbon work outcomes within the built environment can be achieved by the selection of appropriate raw materials. Always turn off equipment when not in use. Reduce waste always measure twice and cut once!'' '''3.2 Describe how to complete and maintain documentation in accordance with organisational procedures, in relation to:''' '''– job cards''' '''– worksheets&nbsp;''' '''– material/resource lists''' '''- time sheets.''' ''3.2 Job cards assist with complying to organization procedures by telling personnel about what is required and where, setting expectations and requirements. Jobs should be completed on the date assigned, clearly completed and signed appropriately. Time sheets should be completed by employees as they tell managers how many hours worked each week and ensure correct wages paid; they should be completed and handed directly to site foreman.&nbsp;'' '''3.3 Explain the reasons for ensuring documentation is completed clearly and within given timescales.''' ''3.3 Documentation should be completed accurately and within set timescales to ensure the job runs smoothly and safely. The site manager should be aware of progress and any issues.'' '''4.3 Describe how to maintain good working relationships, in relation to:''' '''– individuals.''' '''– customer and operative.''' '''– operative and line management.&nbsp;''' '''- own and other occupations.'''&nbsp; ''4.3 Good working relations are maintained in relation to the following in these ways:'' ''Individuals- knowing expectations and being informed.&nbsp;'' ''Customers can receive Emails, photos/plans/pictures and drawings. &nbsp;Site meetings. Ensuring informed means happy with work or ability to raise concerns timely.'' ''Regular site updates will create good team work as everyone clear of expectations.'' ''Understanding each other’s skills within professions, helps maintain good working relationships.&nbsp;'' '''4.4 Describe why it is important to work effectively with line management, colleagues and customers.''' ''4.4 It is important to work effectively with line managers, colleagues and customers to ensure expectations met, the job is completed within set timescales. Everyone is aware of progress, any issues and completion timescales.&nbsp;'' '''4.5 Describe how working relationships could have an effect on productive working.''' ''4.5 Working relationships have an effect on productivity as poor relationships can hinder progress. Cause slow working inaccurate completion of jobs and unhappy customers. Leads to poor communication amongst employees.'' '''4.6 Describe how to apply principles of equality and diversity when communicating and working with others.''' ''4.6 Principles of equality and diversity, when communicating and working with others can be achieved by knowing site employees, their background, skills, knowledge, and personal requirements. Everyone should be treated fairly.'' <u>Unit QCF643 Moving, Handling and Storing Resources in the workplace.</u> '''1.3 Describe the different types of technical, product and regulatory information, their source and how they are interpreted.''' 1.3 Different products come with their own technical and product information. These must be read and followed at all times. This information lets the user know of anything specific to ensure safe use, moving and storage of product. Technical information is often about the safe use of the product. If information not readily available can also be found on line for most products or gained from seller or manufacturer. &nbsp; '''1.5 Describe how to obtain information relating to using and storing lifting aids and equipment.''' ''1.5 Information related to using and storing lifting aids should come with the manual for the equipment. This is often attached to the equipment or stored in office; Staff should also attend training regularly and not be allowed to use any equipment if they are not trained in its use.&nbsp;'' '''2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working:''' '''– in the workplace, in confined spaces, below ground level, at height, with tools and equipment, with materials and substances, with movement/storage of materials and by manual handling and mechanical lifting.''' ''2.1 Responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working:'' ''In the workplace in confined spaces you should ensure a safe clear working area as possible confined cluttered spaces can often be more dangerous. H&S at work regulations 1999 say that risk assessments should be completed for all work environments, this is important for confined spaces. The task, materials and tools required, suitability of completing the task in this environment and arrangements for emergencies should all be considered. Below ground level workers must use PPE and have breathing apparatus if required. They should have gas meter reading equipment for toxic gasses. Should always be two people and someone at ground level that knows you are there. Risk assessments should be completed prior to commencing. If working in trenches ensure sides are propped safely. Working at height- safety harnesses should be used. Risk assessment carried out as previously. Scaffolds should be used and PASMA qualified staff only to use scaffolding. Cherry picker should be used if appropriate. Method statements should be followed. All employees must be qualified and competent to use any tools. Movement and storage of materials is also managed by correct manual handling and safe storage guidelines.'' ''&nbsp;'' '''2.2 Describe the organisational security procedures for tools, equipment and personal belongings in relation to site, workplace, company and operative.''' ''2.2 Site security should be covered by the company. Night site operatives should be employed if risks remain at night. All tools should be stored safely and securely when not in use with lock boxes available. All personal belongings should be stored safely and out of the way.&nbsp;'' '''2.3 Explain what the accident reporting procedures are and who is responsible for making the reports.''' ''2.3 How to report an accident:'' ''• If injury happens, person must report to site foreman and put in book'' ''• If injuries can be tended on site first aider to support.&nbsp;'' ''• If serious injury ambulance or attendance at A&E may be required.&nbsp;'' ''• Serious injuries must be investigated by the site foreman or the company representative.'' ''• Measures should be put in place to reduce risk of similar injury occurring again.&nbsp;'' 2.4 See Q 3.7 QCF 641 these assessment questions have already been answered. 2.5 As above met in QCF 641 Q 3.8 3.4 See unit QCF641 Q 1.4 question already answered&nbsp; 3.5 This question has already been answered in QCF 641 question 1.5 4.2 Describe the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects associated with the occupational resources in relation to: Lifting and handling aids, Container, Fixing, holding and securing systems&nbsp; Characteristics Quality &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses Sustainability Limitations Defects Lifting and handling aids Buckets/wheel barrows&nbsp; Fork lift Trolley Plaster board lifter.&nbsp; Genie.&nbsp; Must be maintained to keep workable standard. &nbsp; specific uses otherwise quality cannot be guaranteed Lifting of heavy &nbsp;material. Used for transferring materials and equipment/tools etc Made of strong materials that should last a long time. Must be used correctly to secure and maintain safe use and durability Manufacturing instructions must be followed. If any defects found do not use Container Metal materials Strong durable quality Storage of materials/tools for security and safety Long lasting, material reusable Required in different sizes Lock breakages door hinges break Fixings Wall ties, retainers, screws Fixing inner and outer walls Screws are used to fix doors and windows. Retainers hold insulation in place Reusable materials Specific fixings for different tasks Usually strong lasting any defects do not use. 4.3 Describe how the resources should be handled and how any problems associated with the resources are reported. 4.3 Any resources should be used according to manufacturer’s instructions. With any problems reported to site manager and provider of resources. 4.4 Explain why the organisational procedures have been developed and how they are used for the selection of required resources. 4.4 Organisational procedures are in place to ensure material is selected and controlled to prevent theft, over ordering and stocking and to ensure enough materials are available to maintain productivity. It also ensures the correct materials for the job are used. All materials should be handled according to the manufacturer’s instructions and any risk assessments.&nbsp; 4.5 Describe any potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work. 4.5 Potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work include injury from tool use, falls trips and slips from risks on site, manual handling injuries through incorrect manual handling. Exposure to hazardous substances. Environmental risks associated to asbestos, mould and bacteria if not stored correctly prior to use.&nbsp; 5.4 Describe how to protect work from damage and the purpose of protection in relation to general workplace activities, other occupations and adverse weather conditions. &nbsp;5.4 All materials should be stored as recommended to avoid damage. Adverse weather to untreated timber is damaging. This will lead to a less than standard finish. If removing doors and windows of properties that are habited this must be planned around the weather to avoid damage to property and belongings. If unable to avoid weather tarpaulin could be used to protect property.&nbsp; 5.5 Explain why the disposal of waste should be carried safely in accordance with environmental responsibilities, organisational procedures, manufacturers’ information, statutory regulations and official guidance. 5.5 Disposal of waste should be carried out safely, Correct skips for recycling waste should be used, all waste should be stored safely and securely until collected. Ensure waste is moved correctly using PPE and lifting aids as required.&nbsp; 6.2 State the purpose of the work programme and explain why deadlines should be kept in relation to: – progress charts, timetables and estimated times– organisational procedures for reporting circumstances which will affect the work programme. 6.2 Progress charts are to show start and finish times of jobs. The building contractor has a contractual obligation to provide these charts. If there is no progress plan it would be difficult to manage the work as no one would understand the scheduling of events to ensure completion.&nbsp; 7.4 If resources are moved and stored differently I would need to ensure other colleagues aware, prior to me moving them and where they are moved to, this would then not disrupt their working and productivity.&nbsp; QCF628 v2 Setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines. 1.3 Describe the organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources and how they are implemented. 1.3 If there was any information I have that was wrong or inappropriate I would inform my supervisor; he would then refer to site manager. I would then wait instruction on how to proceed. &nbsp;1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: – specifications, current legislation, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturer’s information 1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: Drawings show what is to be built some of it will be very detailed and may be to scale. It will have sizes of rooms and heights and instruct what materials to be used. Usually found in site office. Job specifications, is a written description of the quality of materials and details of any fixing and dimensions of the construction work to be used with drawings when building. Found in site office. Risk assessments, provide a process of identifying any potential risks that may be involved in an activity, referencing the risk assessment helps prevent accidents. Increases the understanding of potential risks. Found in site office. Method statements help manage the work ensuring necessary precautions have been shared with those involved. Method statements help reduce hazards by planning an operation. Found in site office. Schedules are used for listing repetitive items in a construction project, such as doors windows and their ironmongery, manholes, finishing to rooms, etc. Found in site office. A Manufacturer’s information can be found on the product itself and explains how the item should be handled or used. Local council offices regulate building developments and renovations.&nbsp; 2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working: – in the workplace, at height, in confined areas, with tools and equipment, with movement/ storage of materials and by manual handling 2.1 Whenever working on site anything that you think may endanger the health and safety of yourself, other persons or members of the public should be reported to the supervisor/site manager.&nbsp; Correct PPE should always be used as required by health and safety legislation.&nbsp; Manual Handling can be very dangerous when not carried out correctly, should always follow risk assessment as you do not want any trip hazards popping up when carrying heavy objects. Carrying equipment should always be used if weight above recommendations for personal lifting, and should only be used if correctly trained.&nbsp; Working below ground level there's a danger of being buried or crushed if the area working in collapses, there should always be someone working above ground who is able to raise alarm.&nbsp; When working on a scaffold you must be aware of falling over the edge, to reduce the potential risk of falling hand rails should be all around at a height of 950mm to prevent falling over the edge. 2.2 This has previously been answered in questions QCF 643 Q 2.2&nbsp; 2.3 This question has been answered in QCF 643 Q 2.3 2.4This question has been answered in QCF 641 Q 3.8 3.3 This question has been previously answered in QCF 641 Q1.4 3.4 This question has previously been answered in QCF 641 Q 1.5 3.5 This question has been previously answered in QCF 643 Q 3.6 4.2 Tools and equipment –Describing the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects.&nbsp; Characteristics uses Limitations Defects Sustainability Wood products /Doors Windows. Should be made from hardwood or softwood, machined correctly. Separate rooms, insulate/ fit into frames. Have to be correct measured size to fit openings. If not manufactured or stored correctly can bow and twist out of shape. All wood is sustainable. Sustainable sources should be found and used as a priority. Fixings, Screws, bolts, nails etc Made from metals, stainless steel etc. Should be rust proof if used for outside fixings. Used for fixing materials together. Only suitable for particular fixings wrong fixings will not hold as well as they should. Can come damaged and bent should not be used If correctly used should last a long time.&nbsp; Insulation Kingspan, compressed insulation. For insulating spaces usually loft space or wall space. Prevent heat escaping can also assist with sound proofing. Come in different thickness and sizes should be used appropriately No good if cracked or wet Can be made from recycled materials. Power tools Made from steel and plastic, rubber handles. Used for wood working, machining woods. Make machining wood much quicker than by hand, more efficient and if used correctly can be safer. Only as good as the tradesman using them. Often can develop faulty cables, or blades can become less effective. Require maintaining well to ensure long use. Do burn out depending on use. &nbsp;Some products have recyclable properties.&nbsp; 4.3 Describe how the resources should be used correctly, how problems associated with the resources are reported and how the organisational procedures are used 4.3 All resources should only be used in line with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Any defects should be reported immediately and the tools taken out of use and clearly marked as defective do not use.&nbsp; 4.4 Explain why the organisational procedures have been developed and how they are used for the selection of required resources. 4.4 Organisational procedures are used for the selection of required resources to ensure the correct materials are used for the job, the correct amounts are available to prevent over ordering and to monitor use to ensure theft of resources does not occur. All materials should be delivered as close to the area they will be required in as possible to reduce the need for manual handling unnecessarily.&nbsp; 4.5 Describe any potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work. 4.5 If rules and regulations are followed injury from resources and materials could be reduced, such as slips, trips, falls over misplaced materials. Injury from over lifting weights that is outside capability. Health risks apply if PPE is not used correctly as previously stated. &nbsp;Injuries have the potential to be serious, dangers from working with materials and resources of this nature should not be underestimated.&nbsp; 4.6 Describe how to calculate quantity and length associated with the method/procedure to erect and remove specialist access equipment. 4.6 Calculating quantity and length associated with specialist access equipment is achieved by: I would specify to a scaffolding company how high, how long and how many lifts the specialist access equipment would be required to be. This would need to be within building safety requirements for specific task in hand. They would measure the height and length of scaffold required, ensuring steps are built into the scaffolding to comply with health and safety regulations. &nbsp;5.4 Describe how to protect work from damage and the purpose of protection in relation to general workplace activities, other occupations and adverse weather conditions 5.4 We protect timber and other materials to keep as dry as possible, to prevent twisting. When working in joiner’s shops all timber is stacked on metal shelving to keep straight. It must also be stacked safely and not too high so it topples over. Doors must always be stored flat on top of each other to stop twisting. If timber is used for outside purposes, it should always be treated first to prevent damage and make weatherproof.&nbsp; 5.5 Explain why the disposal of waste should be carried out safely in accordance with environmental responsibilities, organisational procedures, manufacturers' information, statutory regulations and official guidance. 5.5 If working on a site there should be different skips to put different waste into, this helps to ensure recycling of materials occurs. Company policy on waste management and recycling should always be adhered to.&nbsp; 6.2 Describe the purpose of the work programme and explain why deadlines should be kept in relation to: organisational procedures for reporting circumstances which will affect the work programme 6.2 The purpose of a progress chart is to show start and completion times of operations. These are contractual obligation and if they are not meet there can be financial penalties to the building contractor. The programme can identify problems or progress. It enables planning of materials plant and personnel and helps plan for remedial actions to get back onto schedule. Should there be a situation with resources that may cause delays to the work then we are to report to my supervisor immediately. 7.5 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – check powered transportable cutting and shaping machines (fuel and electric mains/battery) for serviceability – check voltage requirements, safety cut offs and circuit breakers&nbsp; – set up machines in preparation for use – fix and secure work – select and ensure safety guards are in place in accordance with machine instructions – select accessories for the machine and the work – identify maintenance requirements for accessories. 7.5 Applying safe work practices Follow procedures Report problems Establish authority required to rectify Power tools Follow instructions Ensure trained to use Ensure blades are kept sharp, all leads have no splits. Safety guards are available and in good working order Ensure pat tested To site foreman first. Manufacturer if required Foreman Electrician to get pat tested.&nbsp; Manufacturer Voltage requirements Preferred 110 voltage for all power tools on site Competent to use tools, Ensure new staff aware of regulations As Above As above Set up machines in preparation for use Dust extraction kits to be used if required.&nbsp; Ensure automatic feeds are set correctly. Ensure check in good working order, guards in place, no lose wiring.&nbsp; Staff trained in set up and use. Follow manufacturing set up guidelines for each piece of equipment Ensure all equipment is maintained appropriately as per instructions. As Above As Above Fix and secure work Use G cramps to secure wood to bench. Health and safety procedures Ensure G cramps in working order. And secured properly Inform foreman if any problems.&nbsp; 7.6 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – cut and shape materials to agreed tolerances – change saw blades: circular, chop, mitre, bench, jig, reciprocating, alligator and scroll – change accessories: drill bits, router bits, discs, planner blades, abrasives. – use templates, profiles and jigs – operate fixed machines – use tools, accessories and equipment – work at height – use access equipment. 7.6 Safety work practice is a set guideline to help workers perform tasks that may not require step by step procedure. They must be applied when cutting and shaping materials by ensuring guard rails are kept close to the saw blades, not exposing the saw. If changing blades, router bits etc always ensure power is turned off first. &nbsp;Ensure PPE is worn when handling blades and hazardous tools and material. Ensure trained in safe use of tools and changing accessories. When using templates, profiles and jigs you must make sure they are correctly cramped to work place. If work becomes lose this could be dangerous. When operating fixed machines, the same principles apply, ensure all blades and guards are fixed correctly. Ensure dust extraction is in working order when using fixed machines. Working at height increases risk of injury, use harness and hard hats as required. Make sure correct height adjusting equipment, ladders or scaffolding is set correctly. Problems with all of the above would be reported through site foreman and manager and written in site safety book. Any damaged equipment would be removed and labelled as not working.&nbsp; Site health and safety procedures are there for the safe management of staff on site. The procedures guide employees as they are a series of steps that guide you from start to finish of a job in chronological order. All employees must know site rules, attend tool box talks and understand the reporting procedures. &nbsp; 7.7 Describe the needs of other occupations and how to effectively communicate within a team when setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines. 7.7 When setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines it is important the team know how to effectively communicate and understand the needs of other occupations. This can be achieved by ensuring all aware of site management requirements, plans of completion and deadlines for each part of the job. Training sessions should be made available for all employees, toolbox talks should be held regularly and employees should be encouraged to attend. All machines should be pat tested, and within date. Each occupation has its own hazards, requirements, risks and timescales and all site staff should be made aware of them and updated regularly as situations change. &nbsp;All communication across different occupational teams should be polite and clear. 7.8 Describe how to maintain the tools, accessories and ancillary equipment used when setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines. 7.8 Before setting up and using any tools they should be completely checked to ensure they are in good working order and comply with site regulations. All safety guards should be in place and available, all wires/cords should be checked to ensure not damaged. The tools should be dry and ensured that they have not got wet in storage. Storage and maintenance of tools is important to assist with keeping them in good working order. Some tools require oil spraying and silicone spraying to ensure they run freely. QCF12 v2 Maintaining Non-structural Carpentry Work in the Workplace.&nbsp; 1.3 State the organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources and how they are implemented. 1.3 The organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources are access to site foreman, communication books and tool box talk events for sharing information, incident books. They are implemented across sites by all employees being aware they are available and having the responsibility to read and complete. &nbsp;All staff has good site training on how to comply with site rules and regulations. Ensuring how to access organisational procedures is the individuals and foreman responsibility.&nbsp; 1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: – specifications, current legislation, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturer’s information 1.4 Information to employees are available in many forms job specifications are available to inform employees of what is required to be completed and the tools required to complete. It may also have timescales. This is often given in paper form or can be made available through email. Current legislation for site management should be available to all staff on site in folders; it is also available on line. Every employee has a responsibility to know where to access legislation.&nbsp; Method statements would be made available by email or in paper form on site. They should be made available before job is started and agreed. Method statements identify the method of completing the tasks in hand.&nbsp; Risk assessments should be carried out if any risks are identified, sites will have common risks and specific risks to each site. Risk assessments are to identify risks and put the plan in place to minimise the risk by suggesting ways of minimising risk. Risk assessments are usually kept in site folders. All staff should be aware of how to access.&nbsp; Manufacturer’s information should be available on line if not available on site.&nbsp; 2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working: – in the workplace, at height, in confined areas, with tools and equipment, with movement/ storage of materials and by manual handling 2.1Responsibilities under current legislation whilst working in the workplace at height are that safe procedures should be used, the height should be risk assessed and if meets the needs for scaffolding this should be put in place, with barriers around at suitable height to prevent falls, If ladders used these should always be securely placed and have an extra person supporting at the bottom. I should never over reach of a ladder as this causes risk of falling. If working in confined spaces ensure safe, access and exit routes appropriate and easily achieved. Ensure safe to manoeuvre and use any tools in the confined space. Ensure someone aware you are there. Movement should not be restricted as this could cause manual handling injury or muscle injury due to poor positioning.&nbsp; 2.2 Describe the organisational security procedures for site security procedures for tools, equipment, and personal belongings in relation to site, workplace, company and operative 2.2 Organisational security procedures are there to maintain the security of site, tools, equipment and personal belongings, workplace, company and operative. &nbsp; They are available in many forms. All sites should be safe and locked when not in use, general public should not be able to access. If visitors do need to access in the day they should be seen at the site entrance office and not allowed to just enter unknown. Full PPE should then be provided as required. All tools and equipment should be stored safely and locked away when not in use, storage containers with sturdy locks should be made available. Tools and equipment left out can be very dangerous. Employees should be encouraged not to bring personal belongings on site, as a cluttered site is a dangerous one, however if they do it should be locked up and stored safely and securely. This provision should be available to employees. There should be a sign in and out book for all sites, all procedures should be available and followed, there are often site cabins available for personal storage and van checks can be carried out to ensure theft is not achieved. Each company will have its own procedures and employees should be informed of these as soon as they enter the site.&nbsp; 2.3 Explain what the accident reporting procedures are and who is responsible for making reports. 2.3 Accident reporting procedures are available on all sites; all incidents and accidents should be reported immediately. If injury occurs, injured party should be given first aid as soon as possible by the site first aider, assistance to attend emergency department should be given if required. The incident should be entered into the accident book by the injured party if possible, or the site foreman if not. Site foreman should be informed as soon as possible of all injuries.&nbsp; 2.4 This question has been answered in 3.7 and 3.8 in QCF 641.&nbsp; 3.2 This question has been addressed in QCF 641 Q 1.4, 1.5. Gloves protect fingers from splinters, saw and blade injuries. Ear protectors reduce the damage caused by loud machines and tools. Head protection is used in case anything should fall over and hit head. Dust mask should be used when cutting wood to reduce inhalation of sawdust and fine dust from cutting materials.&nbsp; RPE and LEV should be used on site when working in confined spaces with dust and sawdust specifically to reduce inhalation. Joiner’s shops should have specific ventilation to assist with reduction of air pollutants.&nbsp; Collective PPE should be used at all times as specified.&nbsp; 3.3 Describe how the relevant health and safety control equipment should be used in accordance with the given instructions. 3.3 All health and safety control equipment comes with manufactures use guidelines; these should be followed at all times. Instructions should be available at all times to staff. Staff should have appropriate training to ensure they know how to use correctly.&nbsp; If unsure or instructions not available seek advice.&nbsp; 3.4 State how emergencies should be responded to in accordance with organisational authorisation and personal skills when involved with fires, spillages, injuries and other task-related hazards 3.4 Personal response to hazards and incidences: &nbsp; Fires – Raise alarm first, fire should be tackled with appropriate fire extinguisher if small enough to make a difference and feel can do so. If you hear fire alarm and the alarm is continuous go to nearest fire exit, leave all tools and equipment. Make for the fire assembly point.&nbsp; If spillages found or occur, ensure aware of what the substance is first, if appropriate clean up with appropriate cleaning substances. Make the area safe, if floor wet ensure wet floor warning sign available. Ascertain where spillage is from and reduce further leakage/ Spillage.&nbsp; If accident occurs at work inform first aider. If serious injury stay with injured party and ring ambulance or get colleague to do so. &nbsp;All accidents should be reported in accident/ incident book. Ensure foreman aware and informed.&nbsp; 4.2 Describe the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects associated with the resources in relation to: – timber, manufactured sheet material, prefabricated components, ironmongery, metals, sash cord, adhesives, sealants, guttering, downpipe, fixings and associated ancillary items– hand and/or powered tools and equipment. 4.2&nbsp; Characteristics Quality Uses Sustainability Limitations Defects Timber Comes in Soft wood –Pine. Hard wood – oak, mahogany are the most used. Soft wood is soft and not known to be long lasting unless pressure treated. Both woods can be used for doors, windows, skirting etc hard wood long lasting and better for outdoor uses and durability. Both sustainable Soft wood requires pressure treating to last, both require treating to endure outside weather conditions Knots in wood can weaken the plank. Should be treated if present as they can bleed. Can also twist and bow if not stored correctly. Manufactured sheet materials Known as MDF, internal and external ply, Come in different thicknesses and have different purposes. Boxing pipes in, flat roofs, Over boarding flooring It is sustainable Does not have a very good finish unless veneered. Can be dangerous when cutting as causes dust.&nbsp; Prefabricated components Window frames and door frames, modular buildings Good for speed of completing jobs. Houses and buildings Yes Have to be pre measured and ordered. Twisting Ironmongery Door handles window locks, screws fixings, window stays, door closers, locks etc Come in different metal finishes, stainless steel, brushed aluminium, brass. Different quality according to cost. For closing, locking and decoration of doors and windows. Can be used as scrap if not wanted and recycled. Quality is associated with cost.&nbsp; Finish is personal taste, though if used outdoors and long lasting would be best getting better quality. Check if all working prior to fitting.&nbsp; Metals As Above Sash cord Rope for windows usually waxed finish. Come as standard For box sash windows on pulleys. NA Can snap and frey over time and often require replacing. Ensure no defects prior to fitting Adhesives and sealants Bonding agents, waterproof sealing agents Can come in various qualities, fungal retardant waterproof sealants, Adhesives can come for the use with wood and for use with specific material. Adhesives used for sticking skirting boards in place, glueing sheet veneers.&nbsp; Sealants used for sealing round sinks, baths, windows and door frames. NA Can wear and shrink over time. Can dry if not stored correctly.&nbsp; Once opened need to be used within limited time. &nbsp; Guttering and down pipes Come in plastic, wood or composite. PVC plastic last longer, all come in different qualities. Wood ones are used for conservation and period properties. Assisting with drainage of water Sustainable Only used in specific types on specific properties.&nbsp; Different durability Holes, damaged pipes. Twisted. Fixings and associated ancillary items Screws, nails, bolts, etc Come in different qualities and materials Screwing materials together, nails for holding materials together. Yes Have to use right product for the right job, not necessarily interchangeable uses. Can be bent, not finished correctly, check for defects before use.&nbsp; Hand or power tools Drill, planer, sander, Circular saw etc Come in different makes and qualities. Tools used by skilled tradesman need to be of a better quality for sustained use. For speed of completing work and making the job easier. They have progressed from many hand tools. Some parts are. Can be repaired by having parts added or replaced Batteries run out, leads split, motors burn out, brushes require changing. Ensure no defects pre use, check dry and wires not split. Any guards must be present.&nbsp; 4.3Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.3 4.4 Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.4 4.5Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.5 4.6 Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.6 5.4 Answered in QCF 628 Q 5.4 5.5 Answered in QCF 628 Q 5.5 6.2 Answered in QCF 641 Q 6.2 7.7 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – splice and replace frames and mouldings – repair and replace doors and windows – repair and replace ironmongery – repair or replace guttering, downpipes – replace sash cords – replace architraves, skirting, dado rails and picture rails – form joints associated with repairs – use hand tools, power tools and equipment – work at height – use access equipment. 7.7&nbsp; Safe working practices Follow Procedures Report problems Establish Authority required to rectify. Splice and replace frames PPE should be worn, all collective PPE should be considered if working from heights. Remove damaged piece, cut and remove at 45 degrees cut new splice to fit. Glue and or screw back in place with new piece. Any problems should be reported Site manager would be next in authority to report to.&nbsp; Repair and replace doors and windows As Above Remove door and windows. Replace with new and make good to any surrounding damaged area. Ensure site tidy. Report problem to site manager or customer. If manufacture fault with door or window inform manufacturer. Site mgr/Customer/ manufacturer. Repair and replace ironmongery PPE&nbsp; Follow instructions of what is required. Remove old damaged ironmongery and replace with repaired or replacement Problems should be reported to manufacturer or retailer. Inform site manager or customer As above Repair and replace guttering and downpipes PPE and collective PPE. Ensure safe working height, use harness and hard hat. Scaffold if required. If on ladder ensure tied off at the top. Angle no more than 75%. Remove old materials, replace with new, Ensure securely fastened in place. ensure all waste removed safely. As above As above Replace sash cords Goggles and gloves. Remove box sash and remove staff bead. Remove wooden fillet at bottom window to reveal lead weight. Drop moues down back window, connect to lead weight, Remove any salck and staple sash cord to sash. Connect all back in place As Above As Above Replace architraves, skirting, dado rails and picture rails PPE to be worn. Remove and replace As Above As Above Form joints associated with repairs PPE Remove old material, cut 45 degree mitre glue and nail back on. Pin mitre. As Above As Above Use hand tools, power tools and equipment PPE To be worn at all times Check for any damage pre use. Keep maintained at all times. Ensure trained and competent to use. Inform site manager if any problems, see manufacturer if any problems within warranty. As Above Work at height-Using access equipment PPE head protection, harness, scaffold, tied ladder. Collective PPE should be considered. Look out for overhead cables. &nbsp; Ensure appropriate height lifting equipment used for the height being worked at and securely in place. Must be PASMA trained and competent to use. Inform site manager if any concerns or problems Site manager &nbsp;7.8 Describe the needs of other occupations and how to effectively communicate within a team when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. When setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines it is important the team know how to effectively communicate and understand the needs of other occupations. This can be achieved by ensuring all aware of site management requirements, plans of completion and deadlines for each part of the job. Training sessions should be made available for all employees, toolbox talks should be held regularly and employees should be encouraged to attend. All machines should be pat tested, and within date. Each occupation has its own hazards, requirements, risks and timescales and all site staff should be made aware of them and updated regularly as situations change. &nbsp;All communication across different occupational teams should be polite and clear. 7.9 Describe the methods of sharpening the hand tools used when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. They should be sharpened as per manufacturer’s instructions following the RAMS provided for the purpose. 7.10 Describe how to maintain the tools and equipment used when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. These should only be used for the purpose foe what they were manufacturer for. They should be used as the manufacturer’s recommendations and the RAMS provided. Many tools require training to use effectively. QCF09Av2 Installing First Fixing Components in the Workplace. 09 1.3 met in 12 1.3 09 1.4 met in 12 1.4 09 2.1 met in 12 2.1 09 2.2 met in 12 2.2 09 2.3 met in 12 2.3 09 2.4 met 12 2.4 09 2.3 met in 12 2.3 09 4.2 met in 12 4.2&nbsp; 09 4.3 met in 12 4.3 09 4.4 met in 12 4.4 09 4.5 met in 12 5.5 09 4.6 met in 12 4.6 09 5.4 met in 12 5.4 09 5.5 met in 12 5.5 09 6.1 met in 12 6.2 09 7.6 met in 12 7.6 09 7.7 met in 12 7.7 09 7.8 met in 12 7.8 09 7.9 met in 12 7.9 {{BookCat}} {{booklet}} {{Shelves|Trades}} {{Status|50%}} 8qf6gqskhn6tddq5uhpntryptrgtcdx 0 396396 4095779 4002335 2022-08-24T16:26:02Z 2A02:810B:161F:E8EC:7DF9:C6D5:ED13:1EBD fix typo wikitext text/x-wiki == 4...Nf6?? == {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Petrov's Defence| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | |nd| | |= | | | | |nl| | | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl|ql|pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl| |kl|bl| |rl|= ||moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 4. Qe2 }} This appears to protect the knight, but in reality it loses the queen. Far better is 4...Qe7, 4...d5, or 4...d6, which only lose a pawn. After 5.Nc6+, he loses his queen with a hopeless position. This is known as the Copycat trap and has ensnared countless amateurs.<br> {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Petrov's Defence| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= | | |nl| | |nd| | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl|ql|pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl| |kl|bl| |rl|= ||moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 4. Qe2 }} 5twqr9pcz8edrjbx0hm8lnnwcr4x7z1 0 400506 4095894 3645653 2022-08-25T00:27:53Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Realtivistic Energy.png|thumb|A triangular visualisation of the relativistic energy formula]] The well known formula <math>E^2=(pc)^2+(m_0c^2)^2</math><ref>Physics Part II, Institution of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Fagerstroem, Bengt Sebler, Sven Larsson, 1985</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation</ref> reflects that <math>pc</math> and <math>m_0c^2</math> are catheters in a triangle. By recognizing that <math>pc=mcv</math> it is plain to see that as the velocity (v) approaches c, the alpha angle approaches vertical and thus <math>pc=mc^2</math> which indeed equals E. Calculating alpha may be done by <math>tan(\alpha)=\frac{pc}{m_0c^2}=\frac{mcv}{m_0c^2}=\frac{\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{v}{c})^2}}cv}{m_0c^2}</math> Now we can do some parameter eliminations like <math>\frac{pc}{m_0c^2}=\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{v}{c})^2}}v}{c}</math> simplifying this expression we get <math>\frac{pc}{m_0c^2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\frac{c}{v})^2-1}}</math> and finally we get <math>pc=\frac{m_0c^2}{\sqrt{(\frac{c}{v})^2-1}}</math> where it is quite easy to calculate pc with regard to number of rest energies, knowing only rest mass and velocity. ==Visualisation of relativistic kinetic energy== [[File:Realtivistic Kinetic Energy Visualisation.png|thumb|A graphical visualisation of relativistic kinetic energy, lower mk should read mk0]] Using vectors we may write total energy as <math>E=m_0c^2a_x+pca_y</math> which gives the magnitude of E as <math>|E|=\sqrt{(m_0c^2)^2+(pc)^2}</math> and while using <math>E_k=E-E_0</math> we may write <math>E_0=nm_0c^2a_x+npca_y</math> Ek is then <math>E_k=E-E_0=(1-n)m_0c^2a_x+(1-n)pca_y</math> where n<1 thus <math>E_k=m_{k0}c^2a_x+m_kvca_y</math> where m_k0<m_0 and m_k<m The length of the E_0 vector is <math>E_0=\sqrt{(nm_0c^2)^2+(npc)^2}=n\sqrt{(m_0c^2)^2+(pc)^2}=m_0c^2</math> this means that <math>E_0=nE</math> where it is obvious that E_0 has less energy than the total energy, E. The rather fascinating consequence of this is that Ek seams to have a "rest energy" of less than the actual rest energy, looking at pc the same happens here where it comes to the mass, this must happen because kinetic energy is calculateted by subtracting rest energy from E and the only way this can be done is by keeping the E-vector direction (but reversed) so that the pc-mass has the same proportion as the rest mass, otherwise substraction is impossible. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Booklet}} [[Category:Special relativity]] l9fcab85c5qfllii91ivoe5cljw0hho 0 408553 4095910 3987197 2022-08-25T01:14:04Z Kwamikagami 102171 /* Quarantsixesim capitul (46.esim capitul) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{ listen | filename = Salute Jonathan Capitul 046.ogg | title = Salute, Jonathan! Capitul 46 | description = Audir li quarantsixesim capitul de Salute, Jonathan! }} <small>[[Salute, Jonathan!|Contenete]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 45|Capitul 45]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 46|Capitul 46]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 47|Capitul 47]] </small> ==Quarantsixesim capitul (46.esim capitul)== [[File:Bäume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg|thumb|Li quar sesones: hiverne, verne, estive, autun.]] [[File:Campfire_scar_08319.JPG|thumb|Li '''cindres''' pos un foy.]] [[File:Peace symbol (bold).svg|thumb|Quande on ne lucta, on have '''pace'''.]] Diarium de Doctor Seward. 13 septembre. – Yo trovat Van Helsing in li hotel Berkeley, pret a departer. Il prendet su sac con se. Yo va scrir li evenimentes '''exactmen'''. (exactmen = li tot veritá detalliatmen) Noi arivat a Hillingham ye ott horas. Li tempe del matine esset bellissim; '''autun''' (autun = 21 septembre til 21 decembre) hat comensat. Li color del árbores hat comensat changear se. Madam Westenra videt nos e dit: “Vu va esser felici que Lucy standa plu bon. Li filia dormi.” Li professor subridet e aspectet felici. Il frottat su manus e dit: “Aha! Yo ha videt corect. Li medicament functiona.” Ella respondet: “Ma anc yo ha auxiliat la, doctor.” “Quo vu vole dir, madam?” questionat li professor. “Vi, yo suciat talmen pri mi filia durant li nocte e intrat su chambre. Ella dormit tre bon, ma li aere in li chambre esset horribil pro li strangi flores con li mal odore. Yo videt mem un guirlande de ili circum su col! Un tal aere ne es bon por un debil filia e yo apertet li fenestre por lassar li frisc aere intrar. To va pleser vos, yo es cert.” Ella exeat li coridor por dejunear. Durant que ella parlat yo videt li visage del professor grisijar. Ne volente chocar li madam, il dit nullcos, e mem subridet quande il apertet li porta por la. Ma li moment quande ella desaparit il traet me subitmen e con fortie, ad in li manja-chambre e cludet li porta. E por li unesim vez yo videt li confidentie de Van Helsing cader. Il levat li manus con silent desesperantie (des·espera·nt·ie) e battet un manu contra li altri; finalmen il sedet se sur un stul, e comensat plorar, un grand, vocosi plorada. Il levat su manus denov. “Deo! Deo! Deo! Pro quo li coses es tam desfacil por nos? Esque it es li regules del ancian munde contra queles li hom ne posse luctar? Li povri matre, totmen ne savente, vole auxiliar su filia e noi mem ne posse informar la pri li veritá pro su debil sanitá! Si ella save li veritá ella va morir, o ambi. Pro quo li tot forties del diáboles es contra nos?” Subitmen il levat se sur su pedes. “Veni,” il dit, “noi deve vider e acter. Diáboles o null diáboles, o contra omni diáboles, it ne importa. Noi '''totvez''' (totvez = ma omnicos ne importa) lucta contra le.” Noi intrat li chambre de Lucy. Denov yo levat li persianes, durant que Van Helsing eat vers li lette. Ti vez il ne esset surprisat vider li povri puella con li blancissim, '''ciresc''' (cir·e → cir·esc = quam cire) visage. Li visage de Van Helsing monstrat tristesse e ínfinit bonitá. “Just quam yo expectat”, il dit con li rauc inhalation quel significat tam mult. Sin un parol il serrat li porta, e comensat li preparationes por li transfusion de sangue. Yo hat comensat desmetter mi veston, quande il stoppat me. “No!” il dit. “Hodie tu deve operar. Yo va dar. Tu es ja debil.” Durant que il parlat il desmettet su veston. Denov li operation; denov li narcotic; denov li retorna de un poc color al '''cindresc''' (cindre = li cose pos un foy) guancies, e li '''regulari''' (regul → regul·ari) respiration de san dorme. Ti-ci vez yo observat durant que Van Helsing jacet sur li sofa. Plu tard il dit Madam Westenra que ella deve nequande forportar ti o un altri cose del chambre sin informar le in antey, e que li flores esset medicamentes, tot necessi por devenir '''melior''' (melior = plu bon). Poy il dit me que hodie il va observar Lucy ti-ci nocte. Pos un hor Lucy avigilat se, frisc e sin problemas, e savente nullcos pri li terribil '''incidente'''. (incidente = un mal eveniment) Quo omnicos significa? Yo comensa questionar me ca mi long vive con li dementes ha comensat far anc mi mente dement. ''Diarium de Lucy Westenra.'' 17 septembre. - Quar dies e quar noctes de '''pace'''. (pace = periode sin problemas, sin luctas) Yo ha devenit tam fort. Yo senti me quam si yo ha passat tra un long '''cochemare''' (cochemare = un mal reve) e nu vide li bell luce '''solari''' (sol·e → sol·ari) e senti li frisc aere del matine circum me. Yo memora poc coses: long, íncert témpores de atende e timore; obscuritá u mem li esperantie ne trovat se: poy oblivie (oblivi·e, oblivi·ar), e li retorna al vive. Ma desde quande Dr. Van Helsing ha esset con me, li cochemares ha cessat: li battida contra li fenestres, li '''distant''' (distant ↔ proxim) voces queles semblat tam proxim, li rauc sones venient ex yo ne save u – omnicos ha cessat. Nu yo dormi sin timer dormir. Nu li alie plese me, e un buxe ariva chascun die de Haarlem. Ho-nocte Dr. Van Helsing departe, nam il besona esser in Amsterdam por un die. Ma yo posse esser sol. Mersí a Deo pro matre, Arthur, e omni '''amics''' qui ha esset tam bon. In fact it va esser totvez li sam cose: li nocte passat Dr. Van Helsing dormit mult in su stul. Mem vidente le dormir yo ne timet indormir me, benque li mus-volantes o alquicos battet con colere contra li fenestres. ==Grammatica== ===amic=== Paroles finient in -c o -g usa null vocale vice -e por indicar ne mann, ne fémina. *amic, amica, amico *slovac, slovaca, slovaco Certes prefere li finition ·o, e it es pro to que ·o ne es sempre mannic. Li parol '''loc''' es anc scrit '''loco''', e '''pisc''' es anc scrit '''pisco'''. ===·ari=== Con '''·ari''' on crea adjectives. *sol·e → sol·ari *regul → regul·ari *auxili·e → auxili·ari (to quo auxilia) *témpor → tempor·ari (solmen por un témpor) *prim → prim·ari ===·esc=== Con '''·esc''' on crea adjectives queles significa "simil a", o "far se pensar pri". *cir·e → cir·esc *cindr·e → cindr·esc *infant·e → infant·esc Ti-ci ·esc es tre sovente usat pos nómines e locs. *Li grand horloge es tam londonesc! (= it fa se pensar pri London) ===totvez=== Quande li coses circum se ne importa, on usa '''totvez'''. *Yo es povri, e ella es rich. '''Totvez''', yo va parlar con la. ==Vocabularium== *autun *cindre **cindresc *cire **ciresc *cochemare *distant *exact *incidente *melior *pace *regulari *solari *totvez ===Altri paroles=== *'''autun''': autunal *'''cindre''': cindriere (un loc por cindres) *'''distant''': distantie *'''regul''' + '''regulari''': regulation, regularitá, regulator *'''exact''': exactitá *'''melior''': ameliorar, amelioration [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}|46]] a96vzoovdedgcu9ieneq2gerirbqdug 0 409549 4095937 3993694 2022-08-25T02:00:59Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typos wikitext text/x-wiki This is a critique of research article: [https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/docview/517503550?accountid=28889 Effects of a Physical Training Programme on Cognitive Function and Walking Efficiency in Elderly Persons with Dementia]. by Kemoun G, Thibaud M, Roumagne N, Carette P, Albinet C, Toussaint L, Paccalin M, Dugué B. 2010 Apr 1;29(2):109. == What Is The Background To This Research? == Cognitive function commonly refers to the ability to be able to perform a variety of skills including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension reasoning, attention, learning capacity, imagination, language, calculation, visuospatial abilities and judgement <ref name="REF 1">Minisini A, Atalay G, Bottomley A, Puglisi F, Piccart M, Biganzoli L. What is the effect of systemic anticancer treatment on cognitive function?. The lancet oncology. 2004 May 1;5(5):273-82.</ref>. An impairment in cognitive function can result in a declined ability to perform these skills as well as a deterioration in emotional control, social behaviour or motivation may be present. A decline or deterioration in ones’ cognitive function may be indicative of a diagnosis of chronic or progressive Dementia. Dementia can be associated with a variety of diseases and / or injuries that primarily or secondarily affect the brain, example the onset of [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0896627391900522 Alzheimers’s Disease] or [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:MEBR.0000043966.46964.e6 Stroke] <ref>Dementia [Internet]. Who.int. 2019 [cited 4 August 2019]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia</ref> The progression of Dementia can lead to motor impairments such as balance issues and gait abnormalities and a decline in physical activity<ref>Plooij B, Scherder EJ, Eggermont LH. Physical inactivity in aging and dementia: a review of its relationship to pain. Journal of clinical nursing. 2012 Nov;21(21-22):3002-8.</ref> may arise. There is an underlying risk of fear of falling<ref> Cox C, Vassallo M. Fear of falling assessments in older people with dementia. Reviews in clinical gerontology. 2015 May;25(2):98-106.</ref> in elderly patients. Therefore, participation in physical activity is important in managing and suppressing the progression of dementia. == Where Is The Research From? == This study was completed at [https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers], France and [https://www.reseau-chu.org/france-university-hospitals/poitiers-university-hospital/ University Hospital of Poitiers], France, by lead Author Prof. Gilles Kemoun. Kemoun works as head of Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation within the University Hospital of Poitiers. Kemoun has published many studies and reviews looking at various cognitive impairments in the elderly population as well as a variety of exercise and performance based [https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+Gilles+Kemoun&btnG= studies]. Although this study was conducted in France and examined the cognitive decline in elderly people living in a nursing home, there is a wide variety of international studies that obtained similar results. A systematic review conducted by Blankevoort CG, Van Heuvelen MJ, Boersma F, Luning H, De Jong J and Scherder EJ stated that there is a strong association between higher levels of physical activity reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.<ref>Blankevoort CG, Van Heuvelen MJ, Boersma F, Luning H, De Jong J, Scherder EJ. Review of effects of physical activity on strength, balance, mobility and ADL performance in elderly subjects with dementia. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2010;30(5):392-402.</ref> == What Kind Of Research Was This? == This study was a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial randomised controlled trail] that looked at the effects of physical stimulation based on walking exercises, equilibrium and endurance on cognitive function and walking efficiency in patients with dementia <ref name="REF 1"/> A randomised control trail is a type of study in which participants are randomly assigned to one of two clinical interventions. Randomised controlled trials are the most scientifically rigorous method of hypothesis testing available and therefore there is a minimal risk of confounding factors influencing the results. This trail method is considered to provide the most reliable evidence on the effectiveness of the tested intervention and because of this it is regarded as the gold standard trial.<ref>Akobeng AK. Principles of evidence based medicine. Archives of disease in childhood. 2005 Aug 1;90(8):837-40.</ref> == What Did The Research Involve? == This trail compared 16 subjects who suffer from dementia to a control group of 15 participants who had not been diagnosed with dementia or any other cognitive impairment <ref name="REF 1"/>. All 31 subjects (aged 81 +/-5.3 years) were recruited from the same nursing home and were evaluated with the [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551396/ Rapid Evaluation of Cognitive Functions test] (ERFC French version) as well as undertook a walking analysis before and after the rehabilitation process. The intervention group (n = 16) undertook a 15-week physical activity programme involving three 1-hour supervised sessions per week. The control group (n = 15) did not practice any physical activities<ref name="REF 1"/>. Each session focused on a specific walking parameter to aid in gait efficiency. One session was dedicated to motor route exercises (e.g. walking by striding over boards, going up a step, zigzagging). The second weekly session was devoted to stamina-based exercises, particularly on an ergocycle. The final weekly session involved activities that combined stamina, equilibrium and walking e.g. dance and stepping activities <ref name="REF 1"/>. The inclusion of the participants was based on two criteria: one looked at cognition, a diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia by a neurologist according to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV_codes DSM IV criteria] with a score on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini–Mental_State_Examination Mini Mental State Examination] lower than 23; the other assessed motor-based skill, the ability to walk 10 metres without technical assistance <ref name="REF 1"/>. Each participant walked the 10 metres while the longitudinal movement of each foot and [https://www.apostherapy.co.uk/2017/05/25/spatio-temporal-parameters-mean/ spatiotemporal walking cycle] data was collected. The analysis of their walking efficiency data was measured with a [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/From-locometer-to-lokomat-a-Bessous-locometer-Walkmeter-c-consists-of-two-wired_fig3_265592054 Bessou locometer] and SATEL software. The movement of each foot was transmitted, by means of a thread attached from each of the participants foot, to an optical sensor. Although this study found that physical activity programme can slow the cognitive decline and improve the quality of walking efficiency in elderly persons suffering from dementia<ref name="REF 1"/>, further research in this area is necessary. Whilst the methodology and recruitment of participants in this study was effective in obtaining results, a reasonably low number of participants (a total of 31) were used. The study did not include intensity, frequency, duration or type of activity as a parameter. It was also deemed difficult to standardise the amount of activity each participant partook pre-study intervention<ref name="REF 1"/>. Medications and co-morbidities of the participants were unknown, this may have affected their locomotion abilities. == What Were The Basic Results? == * The study found a strong correlation (p < 0.001) between changes in cognitive score and walking efficiency in dementia patients. * A significant correlation between higher cognitive scores and walking speed ( p = 0.76, p < 0.01), stride length ( p = 0.61, p < 0.01) and double limb support time (p = 0.74, p < 0.01) was also found<ref name="REF 1"/>. == What Conclusions Can We Take From This Research? == The authors of this article conclude that partaking in a regular exercise programme can suppress the effects and slow the progression of cognitive impairments such as Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. The results obtained within this study follow trends reflected in other literature. Authors state that stamina-based physical activity programmes have proven beneficial in slowing cognitive decline and improving [https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/locomotion locomotion] and walking efficiency in patients suffering cognitive impairment<ref name="REF 1"/> The conclusion I draw from this study and other literature in this field, is that, like the authors, regular physical activity and participation in training programmes slows the onset and decreases the effects of cognitive impairments in the elderly. == Practical Advice == This article provides practical advice for the general public, health practitioners and future researchers interested in this area of health. * For those who suffer from cognitive impairments, exercising has been shown to improve cognition whilst slowing the onset of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. As cognitive decline is most prevalent in the elderly population, adopting exercise programmes within nursing homes may encourage more motivation and interest with being active at an older age. Public activities such aqua aerobics and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859212000617 Pilates] has been seen to improve walking efficiency and decreases the risk of falling within this population. * For researchers interested in further developing this area, in-depth research could be undertaken to look at participation frequency, activity intensity and the minimum duration needed to design an optimum intervention. == Further Information / Resources == For interest in more readings regarding exercise and its effect on cognition in the elderly population, the following reviews and websites provide a sufficient overview of the topic: * [https://search.proquest.com/docview/1538875273?accountid=28889 'Does Physical Activity Prevent Cognitive Decline and Dementia?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies'] (Research article) * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-psychogeriatrics/article/effect-of-exercise-interventions-on-cognitive-outcome-in-alzheimers-disease-a-systematic-review/49E5C885C501B58066A024CC114DADDF 'The Effect of Exercise Interventions on Cognitive Outcome in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review'] (Research article) * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551396/ 'Recommended Measures for the Assessment of Cognitive and Physical Performance in Older Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review'] (Research article) * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dementia-prevention Health Direct - Dementia Prevention] (website) * [https://integratedliving.org.au/services/health-services/dementia-care Integrated Living - Dementia Care] (website) == References == And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) hph85g2558j9tfj7szi6zks28inv8bd 110 413201 4095789 3996099 2022-08-24T17:27:10Z 187.19.202.83 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Insect collage.png|center|500px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Insect Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Insect_Alphabet/All pages}} 46dj2wu2t6rtawpli89dm1ca8nujxmd 110 413281 4095784 3996928 2022-08-24T17:08:09Z 187.19.202.83 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Representatives of 32 Neoaves families - journal.pone.0054848.g001.png|center|1000px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Bird Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Bird_Alphabet/All pages}} 998jmze1w7915u0poh1bxwui2f18za5 0 417631 4095792 4089707 2022-08-24T17:34:04Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Alphabetical|M}} {{shelves|Mirad}} {{status|100%}} {{Chapter navigation with TOC||Introduction|}} Welcome to a textbook on the grammar of <big><b>Mirad</b></big>, including a dictionary.&nbsp;&nbsp;Formerly known as '''Unilingua''', Mirad is an artificially-constructed auxiliary language developed originally by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a ''serious'' medium for easy, regular, expressive, and logical international communication. This textbook is a Version II adaptation of the language with many new features, plus an 82,000+ word bilingual dictionary with internally-consistent vocabulary developed systematically from scratch with no relation to existing natural languages. {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="15" style="background:yellow" |+ Table of Contents |- |valign="top" width="33%" align="center"| [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|'''Yubjo, ha mir gonbio yansauna gabyuxea dalzeyn.''' (''Soon, the world will share a common auxiliary language.'')]] |valign="top" width="33%"| * [[/Introduction/]] * [[/Why Mirad?/]] * [[/Alphabet/]] * [[/Pronunciation/]] * [[/Syllabification/]] * [[/Stress/]] * [[/Phonotactics/]] * [[/Parts of Speech/]] * [[/Nouns/]] * [[/Nouns#Articles|Articles]] * [[/Adjectives/]] * [[/Adverbs/]] * [[/Determiners/]] * [[/Determiners#Numerical Determiners|Numerals]] * [[/Pronouns/]] * [[/Verbs/]] * [[/Prepositions/]] * [[/Conjunctions/]] * [[/Interjections/]] * [[/Hybrids/]] * [[/Greetings/]] * [[/Vocabulary Formation/]] * [[/Word Families/]] * [[/Syntax/]] * [[/Sample Texts Analyzed/]] |valign="top" width="33%"| * [[/Lesson 1/]] * [[/Lesson 2/]] * [[/Lesson 3/]] * [[/Lesson 4/]] * [[/Lesson 5/]] * [[/Mirad-English Dictionary/]] {{print version|Mirad Grammar/print version|(No dictionary)|Mirad Grammar}} |} 5x6o3ezjp5dr15qj3s6mq1q00zfdp2v 0 417636 4095791 4089503 2022-08-24T17:32:51Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Nouns = == Types of Nouns == : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 6 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Adjectives}}</noinclude> == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} == Articles == : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." == Proper Nouns == : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. == Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement == : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} == Noun Linkage == : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. == Noun Derivational Suffixes == : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} == Gender == : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives|TOC mini}} i2z1pvo8rsqgazu1oqb8ww8bk22ougl 4095795 4095791 2022-08-24T17:45:59Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Nouns = == Types of Nouns == : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 6 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Adjectives}}</noinclude> == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} == Articles == : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." == Proper Nouns == : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. == Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement == : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} == Noun Linkage == : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. == Noun Derivational Suffixes == : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} == Gender == : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> nf27yy3h9z5glincewwi16s40dw6sfw 4095804 4095795 2022-08-24T18:37:20Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Nouns = == Types of Nouns == : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 6 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Adjectives}}</noinclude> == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} == Articles == : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." == Proper Nouns == : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. == Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement == : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} == Noun Linkage == : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. == Noun Derivational Suffixes == : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} == Gender == : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> fd5paw13a08b7v482t7phwb4c1zgevo 4095805 4095804 2022-08-24T18:40:04Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Types of Nouns = : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 6 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Adjectives}}</noinclude> == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} = Articles = : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." = Proper Nouns = : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. = Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement = : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} = Noun Linkage = : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. = Noun Derivational Suffixes = : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} = Gender = : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> izjt6g0nor3977tb7u5tyva7mqxstvr 4095807 4095805 2022-08-24T18:47:54Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Types of Nouns = : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 6 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} = Articles = : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." = Proper Nouns = : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. = Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement = : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} = Noun Linkage = : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. = Noun Derivational Suffixes = : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} = Gender = : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> nmkuac49gi4d1h7utmbg1pv5n4wv3ld 4095808 4095807 2022-08-24T18:50:02Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Types of Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Types of Nouns = : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' ::# '''''full form''''' vs. '''''abbreviation or acronym''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayeb'''....''feather'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''meg'''....''rock'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} = Articles = : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." = Proper Nouns = : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. = Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement = : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} = Noun Linkage = : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. = Noun Derivational Suffixes = : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} = Gender = : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> 41wcn6leuri7iuw9d8p7253nb8694c3 4095809 4095808 2022-08-24T18:57:02Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Types of Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Types of Nouns = : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' ::# '''''full form''''' vs. '''''abbreviation or acronym''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayebi'''....''feathers'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''megi'''....''rocks'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Full form vs. Abbreviation/Acronym ! FULL FORM !! ABBREVIATION/ACRONYM |- | '''Anxwa Doebi bi Amerikam'''....''United States of America'' || '''ADA'''....''USA'' |- | '''be hyua duni'''....''in other words'' || '''b.h.d.'''....''i.e.'' |} : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} = Articles = : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." = Proper Nouns = : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. = Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement = : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} = Noun Linkage = : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. = Noun Derivational Suffixes = : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} = Gender = : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> rmz7jalgmxqcuu776igk371sx8e6622 4095810 4095809 2022-08-24T19:00:18Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Noun Derivational Suffixes */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Types of Nouns = : Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways: ::# '''''common''''' vs. '''''proper''''' ::# '''''concrete''''' vs. '''''abstract''''' ::# '''''countable''''' vs. '''''mass''''' ::# '''''gender-neutral''''' vs. '''''masculine/feminine''''' ::# '''''singular''''' vs. '''''plural''''' ::# '''''animate''''' vs. '''''inanimate''''' ::# '''''full form''''' vs. '''''abbreviation or acronym''''' :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! COMMON !! PROPER |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''yagsim'''....''bench'' || '''Fransam'''....''France'' |- | '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''Notre Dame'''...''Notre Dame'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''Tot'''....''God'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''ifon'''....''love'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''oyman'''....''coolness'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzen'''....''singing'' |} : Abstract nouns include '''''gerunds''''', i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like '''deuzen'''....''singing'' < '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' or '''osexen'''....''destruction'' < '''osexer'''....''to destroy''. Infinitives like ''deuzer''....'''to sing''' are also considered abstract nouns. :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! COUNTABLE !! MASS |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattel'''....''bird food'' |- | '''patayebi'''....''feathers'' || '''patayebyan'''....''plumage'' |- | '''megi'''....''rocks'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |} : In native Mirad, all '''''common''''' nouns in their '''''singular''''' dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as '''Roma'''....''Rome''. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel ''i'' ('''pat'''....''bird'' ⇒ '''pat<u>i</u>'''....''birds''). :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''twob'''....''man'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' || '''twed'''....''father'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''domi'''....''cities'' |- | '''gon'''....''part'' || '''goni'''....''parts'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''jubi'''....''days'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || '''aot'''....''person'' |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''tobet'''....''child'' |} :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Full form vs. Abbreviation/Acronym ! FULL FORM !! ABBREVIATION/ACRONYM |- | '''Anxwa Doebi bi Amerikam'''....''United States of America'' || '''ADA'''....''USA'' |- | '''be hyua duni'''....''in other words'' || '''b.h.d.'''....''i.e.'' |} : The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. == Pluralization of Common Nouns == : A '''''singular countable common noun''''' always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the plural suffix marker '''-i'''. So, the plural of '''pur'''....''car'' is '''pur<u>i</u>'''....''cars''. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages ('''la belle fleur''' <big>→</big>'''les belles fleurs'''). : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! SINGULAR !! PLURAL |- | '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- | '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>i</u>'''....''women'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>i</u>'''....''lives'' |- | '''ha via dom'''....''the beautiful city'' || '''ha via dom<u>i</u>'''....''the beautiful cities'' |} = Articles = : In Mirad, there is only a '''''definite article''''', the invariable word '''ha''' (''the''). There is no '''''indefinite article''''' like English ''a / an''. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article '''ha''' (which in reality is a '''''definite deictic determiner''''', discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners]]). The definite article '''ha''' is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: : {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY |- | '''tam''' || ''a house'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tam''' || ''<u>the</u> house'' || definite |- | '''<u>ha</u> tami''' || ''<u>the</u> houses'' || definite, plural |- | '''tej''' || ''life'' || general, no article |- | '''fitejawa <u>tej</u>''' || ''<u>a life</u> well-lived'' || indefinite, no article |- | '''<u>ha</u> tej (...hu at ayse)''' || ''<u>the</u> life (... that I have)'' || specific |- | '''Fransad''' || ''French'' || language name, already specific, no article |- | '''Ivan''' || ''Ivan'' || person's name, no article |- | '''Ifliu yivan!''' || ''Cherish freedom'' || abstraction, no article |- | '''<u>Ha</u> yivani hu yat ifie.''' || ''<u>The</u> freedoms that we enjoy.'' || abstraction specified |- | '''Yata yivani...''' || ''Our freedoms...'' || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} : Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like ''love'', ''life'', ''freedom'' do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases ''the love that dare not speak its name'' or ''the life well-lived'' or ''the freedoms we possess''. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." = Proper Nouns = : Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in '''-am'''; the inhabitants of those places end in '''-at''' or pl. '''-yat'''; and the languages they speak end in '''-ad'''. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like '''<u>ha</u> Anxwa Doebi'''....''<u>the</u> United States,'' which is really composed of common nouns. Otherwise, a country name like '''Fransam''' does not take a definite article, just as it does not in English. Unlike in some languages, language names are capitalized, eg. '''At tixe Fransad.''' (''I study French.''). In fact, this is the case for all words built on a proper name, eg. '''Amerikama tel Fransamxweye.''' ''American food is being Frenchified.''. = Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement = : Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as '''ewa'''....''two'' naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''ha ewa aga tami''' || ''the two big houses'' |- | '''gla ifxea taxi''' || ''many pleasant memories'' |- | '''hya fia tob''' || ''every good man'' |- | '''ha yaga via mepi''' || ''the long, beautiful roads'' |- | '''gra vua sexen''' || ''too much ugly construction'' |- | '''ata aja teji''' || ''My past lives'' |} = Noun Linkage = : Nouns can be ::# linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or ::# juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or ::# compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or ::# hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION |- | '''Ivan <u>ay Maria</u>'''....''Ivan <u>and Maria</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ay''' (''and'') |- | '''ha tam <u>ey ha par</u>'''....''the house <u>or the car</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''ey''' (''or'') |- | '''hyati <u>oy ha toybi</u>'''....''all <u>but the women</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction '''or''' (''but'') |- | '''nyandras <u>boy eta dyun</u>'''....''a list <u>without your name</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''boy''' (''without'') |- |'''tej <u>bi nasuk</u>'''....''a life <u>of poverty</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''ha tam <u>bi Maria</u>''' ....''Mary&apos;s house (the house <u>of Mary</u>''|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''job <u>bi aga ivan</u>'''....''a time <u>of great joy</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''bi''' (''of'') |- | '''dyes <u>ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek</u>'''....''a book <u>about the Second World War</u>'' || nouns linked associatively by the preposition '''ayv''' (''about'') |- | '''dropek <u>jwabeni</u>'''....''war <u>preparations</u>'' || modifier noun '''dropek''' (''war'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''jwabeni'''</u> (''preparations'') |- | '''dom <u>yaotpur</u>'''....''a city <u>bus</u>'' || modifier noun '''dom''' (''city'') juxtaposed with the head noun <u>'''yaotpur'''</u> (''bus'') |- | '''toj<u>ojfon</u>'''....''a death <u>wish</u>'' || modifier noun '''toj''' (''death'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>ojfon</u>''' (''wish'') |- | '''jogat<u>anyaf</u>'''....''youth <u>league</u>'' || modifier noun '''jogat''' (''youth'') compounded with the head noun '''<u>anyaf</u>''' (''league'') |- | '''maj-moj'''....''a day-and-night'' || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} : The '''X bi Y''' prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a '''''named''''' person, eg. '''ha tam <u>bi</u> Sam''' (Sam's house = the house <u>of</u> Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as ''his car'' is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition '''bi'''....''of'' is used in partitive expressions like '''tilzyeb <u>bi</u> vafil'''....''a glass <u>of</u> wine'' (but: '''vafil tilzeb'''....''wine glass'', where ''wine'' modifies ''the glass'' associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Prepositions]] or [[Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions]]. : Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation]]. = Noun Derivational Suffixes = : Nouns can be divided into: ::* '''''simple nouns''''' such as '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''compound nouns''''' such as '''naadpur'''....''train'' < '''naad'''....''rail'' + '''pur'''....''vehicle'' ::* '''''derived nouns''''' such as '''fabyan'''....''forest'' < '''fab'''....''tree'' + '''-yan''', a suffix meaning ''collection'' : Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. <small> :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH<br>SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES |- | '''-ag''' || big || noun || '''tam''' house → '''tam<u>ag</u>'''....''mansion''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>ag</u>'''....''banquet''<br>'''tilar'''....''spoon'' → '''tilar<u>ag</u>'''....''ladle'' |- | -'''an''' || abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||'''vi<s>a</s>'''....''beautiful'' → '''vi<u>a</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yev<s>a</s>'''....''fair'' → '''yev<u>an</u>'''....''fairness, equity''<br>'''tob<s>a</s>'''....''human'' → '''tob<u>an</u>'''....''humanity, humanness, manhood'' |- | -'''ayg''' || big and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>ayg</u>'''....''cozy mansion''<br>'''epet'''....''dog'' → '''epet<u>ayg</u>'''....''wolfie'' |- | -'''d''' || language, speech, sound || adjective and other stems|| '''Angla'''....''English'' → '''Angla<u>d</u>'''....''English (language)''<br>'''Mira'''....''of the world'' → '''Mirad'''....''Mirad (world speech)''<br>'''ape<s>t</s>'''....''horse'' → '''ape<u>d</u>'''....''neigh, whinny'' |- | -'''ef''' || need of || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>ef</u>'''....''hunger''<br>'''ig<s>a</s>'''....''fast'' → '''ig<u>ef</u>'''....''emergency''<br>'''til'''....''drink'' → '''til<u>ef</u>'''....''thirst'' |- | -'''en''' || present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment || verb stem ||'''ifi<s>er</s>'''....''enjoy'' → '''ifi<u>en</u>'''....''enjoyment''<br>'''deuz<s>er</s>'''....''sing'' → '''deuz<u>en</u>'''....''singing''<br>'''ax<s>er</s>'''....'''act''' → '''ax<u>en</u>'''....''action, acting'' |- | -'''es''' || smaller counterpart thing || noun || '''tom'''....''building'' → '''tom<u>es</u>''' apartment<br>'''saun'''....''kind'' → '''saun<u>es</u>'''....''sample''<br>'''dreuz'''....''poem'' → '''deuz<u>es</u>'''....''stanza''<br>'''mek'''....''dust, powder'' → '''mek<u>es</u>'''....''speck, gain'' |- | -'''et''' || smaller counterpart person || noun || '''twob'''....''man'' → '''twob<u>et</u>'''....''boy''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl'' |- | -'''if''' || love of, -philia || noun || '''tel'''....''food'' → '''tel<u>if</u>'''....''gourmandise''<br>'''doab'''....''homeland'' → '''doab<u>if</u>'''....''patriotism''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>if</u>'''....''bibliophilia, love of books'' |- | -'''ig''' || sudden || noun and verb stem || '''man'''....''light'' → '''man<u>ig</u>'''....''flash''<br>'''pyex'''....''stroke'' → '''pyexig'''....''swat''<br>'''yopap<s>er</s>'''....''dive, fly down'' → '''yopap<u>ig</u>'''....''swoop'' |- | -'''im''' || room, chamber || various stems || '''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''faydil<u>im</u>'''....''chapel''<br>'''magel<s>er</s>'''....''to cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen''<br>'''tof<s>er</s>'''....''to dress'' → '''tof<u>im</u>'''....''dressing room'' |- | -'''in''' || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''totin'''....''religion, theism''<br>'''otof<s>a</s>'''....''nude'' → '''otof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''<br>'''yufr-'''....'''terror''' → '''yufr<u>in</u>'''....''terrorism'' |- | -'''n''' || abstract noun || various stems || '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' → '''zen'''....''center''<br>'''za'''....''in front of'' → '''za<u>n</u>'''....''face''<br>'''byi'''....''since, starting with'' → '''byi<u>n</u>'''....''source''<br>'''go'''....''less'' → '''go<u>n</u>'''....''part'' |- | -'''am''' || house, building || various stems || '''nun-''' merchandise → '''nun<u>am</u>'''....''store''<br>'''til''' drink → '''til<u>am</u>'''....''bar, tavern''<br>'''fyadil<s>er</s>'''....''to pray'' → '''fyadil<u>am</u>'''....''church'' |- | -'''(e)m''' || place || various stems || '''ho-?''' what-? → '''ho<u>m</u>?'''....''where''?<br>'''yex'''....''work'' → '''yex<u>em</u>'''....''worksite''<br>'''ab'''....''on, above'' → '''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''<br>'''ku<s>a</s>'''....''lateral'' → '''ku<u>m</u>'''....''side'' |- | -'''im''' || room || various stems || '''magel-'''....''cook'' → '''magel<u>im</u>'''....''kitchen'' |- | -'''um''' || compartment, booth || various stems || '''teuzibar'''....''telephone'' → '''teuzibar<u>um</u>'''....''telephone booth'' |- | -'''yem''' || enclosure, box || various stems || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>yem</u>'''....''corral''<br>'''b-'''....''put'' → '''b<u>yem</u>'''....''position'' |- | -'''ud''' || offspring, baby of || noun || '''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>ud</u>'''....''foal'' |- | -'''og''' || little || noun || '''tab''' body → '''tab<u>og</u>''' ''corpuscle''<br>'''apet'''....''horse'' → '''apet<u>og</u>'''....''pony''<br>'''tyal'''....''meal'' → '''tyal<u>og</u>'''....''snack''<br>'''golbun'''....''cut'' → '''golbun<u>og</u>'''....''cutlet'' |- | -'''oyg''' || little and cute || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>oyg</u>'''....''cottage''<br>'''apayt'''....''chicken'' → '''apayt<u>oyg</u>'''....''chickadee''<br>'''mimpar'''....''boat'' → '''mirpar<u>oyg</u>'''....''dingy'' |- | -'''ar'''<br>'''-ir'''<br>'''-ur''' || instrument, tool, machine, etc. || usu. verb stem || '''p<s>er</s>'''....''to go'' → '''p<u>ur</u>'''....''car''<br>'''dr<s>er</s>'''....''to write'' → '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''gobl<s>er</s>'''....''to cut'' → '''gobl<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''<br>'''yaobl<s>er</s>'''....''to lift up and down'' → '''yaobl<u>ur</u>'''....''elevator, lift''<br>'''yaobl<u>ir</u>'''....''lift, crane''<br>'''dop'''....''military'' → '''dop<u>ar</u>'''....''gun''<br>'''dop<u>ur</u>'''....''machine gun''<br>'''dop<u>ir</u>'''....''artillery, cannon''<br> |- | -'''s''' || thing, something, object, the X one || adjective || '''aa''' first → '''aa<u>s</u>'''....''first one, first thing''<br>'''otwa'''....''unknown'' → '''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery, an unknown''<br>'''tejea'''....''living'' → '''tejea<u>s</u>'''....''living thing'' |- | -'''(s)on''' || abstract thing, issue || various stems || '''if<s>er</s>'''....''to love'' → '''if<u>on</u>'''....''love''<br>'''ov against''' → '''ov<u>on</u>'''....''obstacle''<br> '''az<s>a</s>''' strong → '''az<u>on</u>'''....''force''<br>'''yik<s>a</s>'''....''difficult'' → '''yik<u>son</u>'''....''problem'' |- | -'''(s)un''' || object, thing, result of an action || various stems || '''vyu<s>a</s>'''....''dirty'' → '''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''<br>'''tamb<s>er</s>'''....''settle'' → '''tambi<u>un</u>'''....''settlement''<br>'''gofr<s>er</s>''' ''shred'' → '''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''scrap, shred''<br>'''hyo'''....''not a single'' → '''hyo<u>sun</u>'''....''not a single thing'' |- | -'''t''' || person || adjective || '''ea''' second → '''eat'''....''second one, second person''<br>'''fya-'''....''holy'' → '''fya<u>t</u>'''....''holy one, saint''<br>'''ujna'''....''last'' → '''uja<u>t</u>'''....''last one, last person''<br>'''Amerika'''....''American'' → '''Amerika<u>t</u>'''....''an American'' |- | -'''tun''' || science of, -ology || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tun</u>'''....''theology''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tun</u>'''....''anthropology''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tun</u>'''....''botany'' |- | -'''tuyn''' || mythical lore || noun || '''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>tuyn</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | -'''tuin''' || theory || noun || '''vyelan'''....''relativity'' → '''vyelan<u>tuin</u>'''....''theory of relativity'' |- | -'''tyen''' || skill, craft || noun || '''sur'''....''engine'' → '''sur<u>tyen</u>'''....''engineering'' |- | -'''tut''' || scientist, -ologist, -ist || noun || '''tot'''....''god'' → '''tot<u>tut</u>'''....''theologist''<br>'''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>tut</u>'''....''anthropologist''<br>'''vob'''....''plant'' → '''vob<u>tut</u>'''....''botanist'' |- | -'''uf''' || hate of, -phobia || noun || '''mil''' water → '''mil<u>uf</u>'''....''hydrophobia''<br>'''totin'''....''religion'' → '''totin<u>uf</u>'''....''hatred of religion''<br> '''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>uf</u>'''....''misogyny'' |- | -'''ud''' || child of || noun || '''apat'''....''chicken'' → '''apat<u>ud</u>'''....''chick'' |- | -'''ut''', -'''uyt''' (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || '''bek<s>er</s>'''....''treat'' → '''bek<u>uyt</u>'''....''nurse''<br>'''pop<s>er</s>'''....''travel'' → '''pop<u>ut</u>'''....''traveler''<br>'''ak<s>er</s>'''....''win'' → '''ak<u>ut</u>'''....''winner'' |- | -'''yaf''' (or) -'''yafan'''|| ability to, power, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yaf</u>'''....''ability to see''<br>'''tex<s>er</s>'''....''to think'' → '''tex<u>yaf</u>'''....''cognition''<br>'''test<s>er</s>'''....''to understand'' → '''test<u>yaf</u>'''....''comprehension''<br>'''nos<s>er</s>'''....''to spend'' → '''nos<u>yaf</u>'''....''spending power''<br>'''t<s>er</s>'''....''to know'' → '''t<u>yaf</u>'''....''conscience'' |- | -'''yafwan''' || possibility, -ability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yafwan</u>'''....''visibility'' |- | -'''yof''' || inability to, disability || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yof</u>'''....''blindness''<br>'''teet<s>er</s>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yof</u>'''....''deafness''<br>'''pas<s>er</s>'''....''to move'' → '''pas<u>yof</u>'''....''paralysis''<br>'''tuj<s>er</s>'''....''to sleep'' → '''tuj<u>yof</u>'''....''insomnia'' |- | -'''yofwan''' || impossibility || verb stem || '''teat<s>er</s>'''....''to see'' → '''teat<u>yofwan</u>'''....''invisibility'' |- | -'''yag''' || big and ugly || noun || '''tetwid'''....''uncle'' → '''tetwid<u>yag</u>'''....''dirty old uncle''<br>'''toyb'''....''woman'' → '''toyb<u>yag</u>'''....''hag'' |- | -'''yan''' || collection, grouping, -ary || noun || '''tob'''....''man'' → '''tob<u>yan</u>'''....''mankind''<br>'''mar'''....''star'' → '''mar<u>yan</u>'''....''constellation''<br>'''fab'''....''tree'' → '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest''<br>'''dyes'''....''book'' → '''dyes<u>yan</u>'''....''library'' |- | -'''yef''' || duty to || verb stem || '''dud<s>er</s>'''....''to answer'' → '''dud<u>yef</u>'''....''responsibility''<br>'''byok<s>er</s>'''....''to ache'' → '''byok<u>yef</u>'''....''punishment'' |- | -'''yik''' || difficulty to || verb stem || '''teet<u>er</u>'''....''to hear'' → '''teet<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty hearing''<br>'''tiex<s>er</s>'''....''to breathe'' → '''tiex<u>yik</u>'''....''difficulty breathing, asthma''<br> |- | -'''yog''' || little and ugly || noun || '''tam'''....''house'' → '''tam<u>yog</u>'''....''shack''<br>'''epat'''....''duck'' → '''epat<u>yog</u>'''....''ugly duckling''<br>'''kod'''....''secret'' → '''kod<u>yog</u>'''....''little dirty secret'' |- | -'''yuf''' || fear of, -phobia || noun || '''lopyet'''....''snake'' → '''lopyet<u>yuf</u>'''....''fear of snakes''<br>'''mil'''....''water'' → '''mil<u>yuf</u>'''....''hyrophobia'' |- | -'''yuk''' || ease of || verb stem || '''pes<s>er</s>''' ''to wait'' → '''pes<u>yuk</u>'''....''patience''<br>'''kovyox<s>er</s>''' ''to fool'' → '''kovyox<u>yuk</u>'''....''gullibility, foolhardiness''<br> |} </small> = Gender = : Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter '''w'''. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with '''y'''. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix '''-ut''', that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending '''-ut''' is changed to '''-uyt''' for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a '''w''' to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker '''w''' (see the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs]]. The chart below shows how this works: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED |- | '''tob'''....''human being, person'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''child'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ejtad'''....''step spouse'' || '''ejtwad'''....''step-husband'' || '''ejtayd'''....''step-wife'' |- | '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' || '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''datif'''....''sweetheart'' || '''dwatif'''....''boyfriend'' || '''daytif'''....''girlfriend'' |- | '''yapet'''....''pig''|| '''yapwet'''....''boar'' || '''yapeyt'''....''sow'' |- | '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''apat'''....''fowl'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''tiuv'''....''underwear'' || '''tiwuv'''....''briefs'' || '''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''vapet'''....''antelope'' || '''vapwet'''....''deer'' || '''vapeyt'''....''doe'' |- | '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' || '''deuzuyt'''....''songstress'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |} : For gender specification in pronouns, see [[Mirad Grammar/Pronouns]], below). <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Parts of Speech|Adjectives}}</noinclude> e1yg1ybnomye37mz1638p4at5x4kwg4 0 417650 4095848 4087411 2022-08-24T20:48:11Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Separable Verb Prefixes */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- | || '''yez'''....''along, flush with'' || |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''At tyoyapu <u>zey</u> ha domep bay gla bik.'''....''I would walk <u>across</u> the street with great care.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Aat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha toboti sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Aat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpar popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpar popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} j13xs7fthtiu991arfcat3jm4gbn0pv 4095849 4095848 2022-08-24T20:52:07Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- | || '''yez'''....''along, flush with'' || |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''At tyoyapu <u>zey</u> ha domep bay gla bik.'''....''I would walk <u>across</u> the street with great care.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Yat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha toboti sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Yat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpar popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpar popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} ltqy3d6okqo4nnz6jyeoigauza97srt 4095850 4095849 2022-08-24T20:54:01Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- | || '''yez'''....''along, flush with'' || |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''At tyoyapu <u>zey</u> ha domep bay gla bik.'''....''I would walk <u>across</u> the street with great care.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Yat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha tudi sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Yat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpur popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpur popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} gkbncjou3i1as5awsmjf935pik34le3 4095852 4095850 2022-08-24T20:56:29Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Simple Prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''At tyoyapu <u>zey</u> ha domep bay gla bik.'''....''I would walk <u>across</u> the street with great care.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Yat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha tudi sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Yat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpur popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpur popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} 1e9ka7lk3sbk2e9s6th2m2yyamqvcaq 4095855 4095852 2022-08-24T20:59:09Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''At tyoyapu <u>zey</u> ha domep bay gla bik.'''....''I would walk <u>across</u> the street with great care.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' ||'''yez'''....''along, flush'' || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Yat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha tudi sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Yat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''yez bi'''....''along'' || '''Yat pepo <u>yez bi</u> ha mimkum.'''....''We will ride <u>along</u> the shore.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpur popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpur popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} ehsikuiojn38tozd7p7ouw3kmhti5j1 4095857 4095855 2022-08-24T21:02:00Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Simple Prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Prepositions = : Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect. == Simple Prepositions == : In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called '''''simple propositions'''''. : Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Simple Prepositions |- ! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE |- ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL |- | '''ab'''....''on, upon'' || '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ob'''....''off, off of'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over, above'' || '''eyb'''....''among, amid'' || '''oyb'''....''under, below'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''be'''....''at'' || '''bi'''....''from, of'' |- | '''byu'''....''as far as, up to'' || &nbsp; || '''byi'''....''since, starting with'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || &nbsp; || '''ib'''....''away from'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''ze'''....''at the middle of'' || '''zo'''....''behind, in back of'' |- | '''zu'''....''(to the) left (of)'' || || '''zi'''....''(to the) right (of)'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zye'''....''through'' || &nbsp; |- ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''je'''....''during, while'' || '''jo'''....''after'' |- | '''ju'''....''until'' || &nbsp; || '''ji'''....''since'' |- ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bey'''....''by, via'' || '''boy'''....''without'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''vyel'''....''than, as, compared to, about'' || '''ov'''....''against'' |- | '''ayv'''....''about'' || || '''oyv'''....''despite'' |- | '''ay'''....''and'' || '''ey'''....''or'' || '''oy'''....''but, except'' |- ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL |- | '''gab'''....''plus, <big>+</big>'' || &nbsp; || '''gob'''....''minus, <big>-</big>'' |- | '''gal'''....''times, <big>×</big>'' || '''gel'''....''like''<br>'''ogel'''....''unlike'' || '''gol'''....''divided by, <big>÷</big>'' |- | '''gar'''....''to the power of, <big>&circ;</big>'' || || '''gor'''....''to the minus power of, <big>√</big>'' |} : Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used: ::* '''Ha dyes se <u>ab</u> ha sem.'''....''The book is <u>on</u> the table.'' ::* '''Von pyosu <u>ob</u> ha abtamas!'''....''Don't fall <u>off</u> the roof!'' ::* '''Ha pati papa <u>ayb</u> ata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>over</u> my house.'' ::* '''It kosa <u>oyb</u> ha yagsim.'''....''He hid <u>under</u> the bench.'' ::* '''Simbiu <u>eb</u> hut ay at.'''....''Take a seat <u>between</u> that person and me.'' ::* '''Yat teje <u>eyb</u> fiati.'''....''We live <u>among</u> good people.'' ::* '''Duhas se nax <u>bi</u> pop <u>bu</u> ay <u>bi</u> Boston?'''....''What is the cost <u>of</u> a trip <u>to</u> and <u>from</u> Boston?'' ::* '''His se ifek <u>bi</u> kyen.'''....''This is a game <u>of</u> luck.'' ::* '''Duven et sa <u>be</u> hua duzun zomoj?'''....''Were you <u>at</u> that concert last night?'' ::* '''Yit se embwa <u>be</u> ha zenod bi ha mapil.'''....''We are positioned <u>at</u> the hub of this storm.'' ::* '''Iyt tyoyapa <u>byu</u> ha mis.'''....''She walked <u>up to/as far as</u> the door.'' ::* '''Ha twob tojbwa <u>bey</u> goblar.'''....''The man was killed <u>with/by</u> a knife.'' ::* '''Et xu ga fiay ser <u>bay</u> at vyel <u>boy</u> at.'''....''You would do better to be <u>with</u> me than <u>without</u> me.'' ::* '''Teaxu <u>ib</u> ha amar.'''....''Look <u>away</u> from the sun.'' ::* '''Von teaxu iz <u>ub</u> ha man.'''....''Don't look directly <u>toward</u> the light.'' ::* '''Iyt simpa <u>za</u> at.''' ....''She sat <u>in front of</u> me.'' ::* '''Et yeyfe simbier <u>zo</u> hua toyb.'''....''You should sit <u>in back of</u> that woman.'' ::* '''Embu has <u>zu</u> ha mis.'''....''Put it <u>to the left of</u> the door.'' ::* '''At simpo <u>zi</u> et.'''....''I will sit <u>to the right of</u> you.'' ::* '''Ha pat besa <u>ze</u> ha tim.'''....''The bird stayed <u>in the middle of</u> the room.'' ::* '''Mil upeye <u>zye</u> ha mes.'''....''Water is coming <u>through</u> the door.'' ::* '''His xwo <u>ja</u> zajub.''' ....''This will happen <u>before</u> tomorrow.'' ::* '''Esa mapil <u>je</u> ha moj.'''....''There was a storm <u>during</u> the night.'' ::* '''<u>Ju</u> zamaj.'''....''<u>Until</u> tomorrow morning.'' ::* '''At voy teataye et <u>ji</u> zoyejub.'''....''I have not seen you <u>since</u> last week.'' ::* '''Diwe xu hes <u>av</u> at.'''....''Please do something <u>for</u> me.'' ::* '''Hia dyen se din <u>vyel</u> ewa fiuti.'''....''This book is a story <u>about</u> two lovers.'' ::* '''Datan se ga fia <u>vyel</u> nas.'''....''Friendship is better <u>than</u> money.'' ::* '''Hos se ge fua <u>vyel</u> has hu yat soa zojab.'''....''Nothing is as bad <u>as</u> what we underwent last year.'' ::* '''Yit yexeya <u>ov</u> yat.'''....''They were working <u>against</u> us.'' ::* '''Et <u>ay</u> Bob yeyfe ser dati.'''....''You <u>and</u> Bob should be friends.'' ::* '''Duhat ako, et <u>ey</u> at?'''....''Who will win, you <u>or</u> I?'' ::* '''Hyat <u>oy</u> hwut ta ha dud.'''....''Everyone <u>but</u> that guy knew the answer.'' ::* '''Et voy se <u>gel</u> at.'''....''You are not <u>like</u> me.'' ::* '''Et se hyagla <u>ogel</u> at.'''....''You are totally <u>unlike</u> me.'' ::* '''E <u>gab</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''U <u>gob</u> e gese e.'''....''Four <u>minus</u> two equals two.'' ::* '''E <u>gal</u> e gese u.'''....''Two <u>times</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''E <u>gol</u> e gese a.'''....''Two <u>divided by</u> two equals one.'' ::* '''U <u>gar</u> e gese asya.'''....''Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four <u>to the power of</u> two...)'' ::* '''Alya <u>gor</u> e gese u.'''....''The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen <u>to the minus power of</u> two...)'' == Phrasal Prepositions == === Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs === : There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions | '''yub'''....''near'' || || '''yib'''....''far'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' ||'''yez'''....''along, flush'' || '''yiz'''....''beyond'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' || || '''uz'''....''indirectly, roundabout'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yob'''....''down'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward, ahead'' || '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zoy'''....''back'' |} : The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs |- ! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE |- | '''yub bi'''....''near to, close to'' || '''At fe tujer <u>yub bi</u> et.'''....''I want to sleep <u>close to</u> you.'' |- | '''yib bi'''....''far from'' || '''Ha amar se <u>yib bi</u> ha imer.'''....''The sun is <u>far from</u> the earth.'' |- | '''yab bu'''....''up to'' || '''It fu paper <u>yab bu</u> ha mam.'''....''He would like to fly <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yab bi'''....''up from'' || '''Su <u>yab bi</u> ha sim.'''....''Get <u>up from</u> the bed.'' |- | '''yab bey'''....''up (by way of)'' || '''Yat tyoyapo <u>yab bey</u> ha meab.'''....''We will walk <u>up</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yab be'''....''up on'' || '''Ha yipet kaxwa <u>yab be</u> ha abtammmas.'''....''The cat was found <u>up on</u> the roof.'' |- | '''yob bu'''....''down to'' || '''Igpu <u>yob bu</u> ha obmos.'''....''Run <u>down to</u> the cellar.'' |- | '''yob bi'''....''down from'' || '''Ha tat upa <u>yob bi</u> ha mam.'''....''The angel came <u>down from</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob bey'''....''down (by way of)'' || '''Iyt igtyoyapa <u>yob bey</u> ha meab.'''....''She ran <u>down</u> the hill.'' |- | '''yob be'''....''down on'' || '''Ha dyes kase <u>yob be</u> ha oybmas.'''....''The book is <u>down on</u> the floor.'' |- | '''yob ab'''....''down on'' || '''Has kaxwa <u>yob ab</u> eta oybmos.'''....''It was found <u>down on</u> your floor.'' |- | '''yeb be'''....''in, inside'' || '''Eta teyd se <u>yeb be</u> ha tam.'''....''Your mother is <u>in(side)</u> the house.'' |- | '''yeb bu'''....''into'' || '''It pyasa <u>yeb bu</u> ha mip.'''....''He jumped <u>into</u> the river.'' |- | '''yeb bi'''....''in from'' || '''Upu <u>yeb bi</u> ha oma oyebem.'''....''Come <u>in from</u> the cold outdoors.'' |- | '''oyeb be'''....''out in/at'' || '''Ha tudi sa <u>oyeb be</u> ha zodeym.'''....''The children were <u>out in</u> the backyard.'' |- | '''oyeb bi'''....''out from'' || '''Yepu <u>oyeb bi</u> ha om.'''....''Come in <u>out from</u> the cold.'' |- | '''oyeb bu'''....''out to'' || '''Yat fu peper <u>oyeb bu</u> ha meim.'''....''We&apos;d like to ride <u>out to</u> the countryside.'' |- | '''yuz bi'''....''around'' || '''Ha pati papa <u>yuz bi</u> yata tam.'''....''The birds flew <u>around</u> our house.'' |- | '''yiz bi'''....''beyond, past'' || '''Et paye <u>yiz bi</u> ha yuznad.'''....''You have gone <u>beyond</u> the perimeter.'' |- | '''yez bi'''....''along'' || '''Yat pepo <u>yez bi</u> ha mimkum.'''....''We will ride <u>along</u> the shore.'' |- | '''iz bu'''....''straight to'' || '''Pu <u>iz</u> bu fyomir!''' ....''Go <u>straight to</u> hell!'' |- | '''iz zoy bi'''....''right back from'' || '''It upu <u>iz zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''He came <u>right back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zay bu'''....''on to, forth to, ahead to'' || '''Ha bixpur popa <u>zay bu</u> zona doym.'''....''The train traveled <u>on to</u> the next town.'' |- | '''zey bi'''....''across'' || '''Ha bixpur popo <u>zey bi</u> ha mem.'''....''The train will travel <u>across</u> the country.'' |- | '''zoy bi'''....''back from'' || '''At se <u>zoy bi</u> ha yexim.'''....''I am <u>back from</u> the office.'' |- | '''zoy bu'''....''back to'' || '''Pu <u>zoy bu</u> ha nam.'''....''Go <u>back to</u> the store.'' |} === Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns === : The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending '''-(e)m''' meaning ''place'' (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs |- ! PREPOSITION OR ADVERB !! SPATIAL NOUN |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abem'''....''top''<br>'''abned'''....''upper surface''<br>'''abmas'''....''roof'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebem'''....''interstice''<br>'''ebjob'''....''interval''<br>'''ebnod'''....''intersection''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''obned'''....''lower surface''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation'' |- | '''ayb'''....''above'' || '''aybem'''....''area above''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling'' |- | '''oyb'''....''below'' || '''oybem'''....''area below''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yabem'''....''upstairs, upper area''<br>'''yabneg'''....''top level'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobem'''....''downstairs, lower area''<br>'''yobneg'''....''bottom level'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yebem'''....''inside, interior, indoors''<br>'''yebnig'''....''inner space'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yobem'''....''outside, exterior, outdoors'' |- | '''za'''....''in front of'' || '''zam'''....''front, foreground''<br>'''zan'''....''face'' |- | '''ze'''....''in the middle of'' || '''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zenod'''....''center, hub''<br>'''zen'''....''center''<br>'''zenad'''....''median'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zom'''....''back, rear, background'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''zim'''....''right area''<br>'''zikum'''....''left side''<br>'''ziizon'''....''right direction''<br>'''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zum'''....''left area''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zuizon'''....''left direction''<br>'''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izmep'''....''direct route''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector''<br>'''izon'''....''direction'' |- | '''uz'''....''indirectly'' || '''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uzon'''....''deviation'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yubem'''....''vicinity''<br>'''yubkum'''....''near side''<br>'''yubaj'''....''recent past'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yibem'''....''distance''<br>'''yibkum'''....''far side''<br>'''yibnod'''....''pole''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzem'''....''perifery''<br>'''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br>'''yuznig'''....''environment'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizem'''....''area beyond''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity'' |} : The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article '''ha''' in front of the noun: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions |- | '''be abem bi'''....''at the top of'' || '''bu abem bi'''....''to the top of'' || '''bi abem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be obem bi'''....''at the bottom of'' || '''bu obem bi'''....''to the bottom of'' || '''bi obem bi'''....''from the top of'' |- | '''be ebem bi'''....''in the area between'' || '''bu ebem bi'''....''to the area between'' || '''bi ebem bi'''....''from the area between'' |- | '''be aybem bi'''....''above, over'' || '''bu aybem bi'''....''to the area above'' || '''bi aybem bi'''....''from the area above'' |- | '''be oybem bi'''....''below, under'' || '''bu oybem bi'''....''to the area below'' || '''bi oybem bi'''....''from the area below'' |- | '''be eybem bi'''....''amid'' || '''zye eybem bi'''....''through the midst of'' || '''bi eybem bi'''....''from the midst of'' |- | '''be zam bi'''....''at the front of'' || '''bu zam bi'''....''to the front of'' || '''bi zam bi'''....''from the front of'' |- | '''be zem bi'''....''at the middle of'' || '''bu zem bi'''....''to the middle of'' || '''bi zem bi'''....''from the middle of'' |- | '''be zom bi'''....''at the back of'' || '''bu zom bi'''....''to the back of'' || '''bi zom bi'''....''from the back of'' |- | '''be zim bi'''....''at the right of'' || '''bu zim bi'''....''to the right of'' || '''bi zim bi'''....''from the right of'' |- | '''be zum bi'''....''at the left of'' || '''bu zum bi'''....''to the left of'' || '''bi zum bi'''....''from the left of'' |- | '''be yubem bi'''....''in the vicinity of'' || '''bu yubem bi'''....''to the vicinity of'' || '''bi yubem bi'''....''from the vicinity of'' |- | '''be yibem bi'''....''at a distance from'' || '''bey azon bi'''....''by dint of'' || '''be avon bi'''....''in favor of'' |- | '''be ubem bi'''....''in the direction of'' || '''bay ux bi'''....''with assistance from'' || '''be byux bay'''....''in touch with'' |- | '''be yabem bi'''....''in the upper reaches of'' || '''be vyen bu'''....''in relation to'' || '''doytaxwa bay'''....''associated with'' |- | '''be yobem bi'''....''in the bottom area of'' || '''be ned bi'''....''on the level of'' || '''be mep bu'''....''on the way to, en route'' |- | '''be yebem bi'''....''on the inside of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''on the outside of, outside'' || '''bu oyebem bi'''....''to the exterior of'' |- | '''bey mep bi'''....''by way of, via'' || '''be kum bi'''....''beside, at the side of'' || '''be ij bi'''....''at the start of'' |- | '''be uj bi'''....''at the end of'' || '''bey uxun bi'''....''by means of'' || '''be kunad bi'''....''at the edge of'' |- | '''be nod bi'''....''at the point of'' || '''be yebem bi'''....''at the interior of, inside'' || '''be oyebem bi'''....''at the exterior of, outside'' |- | '''be nad bay'''....''in line with'' || '''be uznod bi'''....''alongside'' || '''be tes bi'''....''in the sense of'' |- | '''be teas bi'''....''in the guise of'' || '''be san bi'''....''in the form of'' || '''be yanx bi'''....''in conjunction with'' |- | '''be bol bi'''....''in support of'' || '''be gab bu'''....''in addition to'' || '''be dyun bi'''....''in the name of'' |- | '''be avson bi'''....''on behalf of'' || '''be vyeson bi'''....''on the subject of'' || '''bay yux bi'''....''with the aid of'' |} == Separable Verb Prefixes == : Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Separable Verb Prefixes |- | '''yuzper''' = '''per <u>yuz</u>'''....''go <u>around</u>, circle'' || '''Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam.''' = '''Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.'''....''The tornado circled/went around our house.'' |- | '''yobnoger''' = '''noger <u>yob</u>'''....''scale <u>down</u>'' || '''Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer.''' = '''Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogwer yob.'''....''The use of carbon should be downscaled.'' |- | '''zaybuxer''' = '''buxer <u>zay</u>'''....''advance, push <u>forward</u> '' || '''Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren.''' = '''Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.'''....''We shall advance this legislation.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Verbs|Conjunctions}} 2143pvk1uw4gzyovdxubnpe0528xifw 0 422775 4095948 4083232 2022-08-25T05:57:24Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* COVID-19 Response */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} mr447lq0pzls0iw68oktjjeq5tkete9 4095949 4095948 2022-08-25T05:57:47Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} nlo0wms3ruhyan1eydvt0d9ntmh9rq3 4095950 4095949 2022-08-25T06:01:10Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Economy */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> A combination of reduced supply and increased demand over the pandemic caused Inflation to rise sharply.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |title=Consumer Demand Has Been Key Driver of Inflation in the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/business/inflation-demand-prices-us.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} 66qsh92xp2gnjva9vkgg0sq1ugoiir0 4095951 4095950 2022-08-25T06:03:36Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Economy */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Even so, the high oil prices increased the costs of many items.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballentine |first1=Claire |title=It's Not Just Gas: Surging Oil Prices Are Making More Things Expensive |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/oil-inflation-is-raising-costs-for-uber-rides-housing-groceries-and-vacations |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This was made worse, as a combination of general reduced supply and increased demand for consumer goods over the pandemic caused inflation to rise sharply.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |title=Consumer Demand Has Been Key Driver of Inflation in the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/business/inflation-demand-prices-us.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} ee05cye98sfhvl68vlj023355ji37u5 4095952 4095951 2022-08-25T06:07:17Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Economy */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Even so, the high oil prices increased the costs of many items.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballentine |first1=Claire |title=It's Not Just Gas: Surging Oil Prices Are Making More Things Expensive |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/oil-inflation-is-raising-costs-for-uber-rides-housing-groceries-and-vacations |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This was made worse, as a combination of general reduced supply and increased demand for consumer goods over the pandemic caused inflation to rise sharply.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |title=Consumer Demand Has Been Key Driver of Inflation in the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/business/inflation-demand-prices-us.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> In 2022 the ''Inflation Reduction Act'' was passed in order to not only to save money, but also to fight climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newburger |first1=Emma |title=Inflation Reduction Act could curb climate damages by up to $1.9 trillion, White House says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/24/inflation-reduction-act-could-cut-climate-damages-by-1point9-trillion.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=CNBC |date=August 24, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However there was criticism that the bill did not do enough.<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics call Inflation Reduction Act a ‘missed opportunity’ |url=https://www.abc4.com/news/national/critics-call-inflation-reduction-act-a-missed-opportunity/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=ABC4 Utah |date=17 August 2022}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} qbec8ks1kvp2yd1ig3rbe6oo24ruf84 4095953 4095952 2022-08-25T06:10:51Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Economy */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|President Joseph "Joe" Biden in the White House.]] {{TOC}} {{Clear}} ==Early Presidency== On January 20th, 2021 Joseph Biden was sworn in as President of the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden sworn in as 46th president of the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-sworn-in-46th-president-inauguration |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> President Biden inherited a nation in crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic still raged on, where over 400,000 American lives had already been lost before he took office.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/19/957488613/as-death-rate-accelerates-u-s-records-400-000-lives-lost-to-the-coronavirus |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> President Biden also inherited an economy that had lost over 3 million jobs since President Trump had taken office in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |title=Trump leaving office with 3M less jobs than when he entered, worst record since Depression |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-leaving-office-3m-less-jobs-when-he-entered-worst-record-since-depression-1562737 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:210120-Z-NI803-1735 (50885517087).jpg|National Guard soldiers protecting Washington DC on January 20th, 2021. File:Biden oath of office.jpg|Biden taking the oath of office. </gallery> ===COVID-19 Response=== As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, so did hate speech and attacks on Asian Americans,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Jill |title=A Tense Lunar New Year for the Bay Area After Attacks on Asian-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/asian-american-racism.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lazo |first1=Alejandro |title=Violence Against Asian-Americans Raises Concern in Bay Area |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-against-asian-americans-raises-concern-in-bay-area-11613145477 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anger And Fear As Asian American Seniors Targeted In Bay Area Attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/12/966940217/anger-and-fear-as-asian-american-seniors-targeted-in-bay-area-attacks |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> and leading the White House to issue a memorandum condemning such acts on January 26th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Condemning and Combating Racism, Xenophobia, and Intolerance Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/26/memorandum-condemning-and-combating-racism-xenophobia-and-intolerance-against-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-united-states/ |website=The White House |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The vaccine rollout that began under the Trump administration continued into 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaFraniere |first1=Sharon |title=Biden Got the Vaccine Rollout Humming, With Trump’s Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The Delta strain created a surge of infections in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delta COVID variant now dominant strain worldwide, U.S. deaths surge -officials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/delta-covid-variant-now-dominant-worldwide-drives-surge-us-deaths-officials-2021-07-16/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delta Is Now The Dominant Coronavirus Variant In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/06/1013582342/delta-is-now-the-dominant-coronavirus-variant-in-the-u-s |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> By May 17, 2022 the American death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic had reached one million lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug|title=U.S. officially surpasses one million COVID-19 deaths|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/17/one-million-covid-19-deaths/|access-date=25 June 2022|work=The Hub|date=17 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> ===Domestic=== [[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 08.jpg|thumb|Protests over the issue of Abortion in New York City - May 2022.]] The Biden Administration saw the first African American to serve as Defense Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/22/959581977/lloyd-austin-confirmed-as-secretary-of-defense-becomes-first-black-pentagon-chie |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> On February 12th, 2021, Biden halted further construction of the southern border wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican president hails Biden's border wall freeze |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-border-idUSKBN2AC1M2 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Biden cancels funding for Trump border wall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56031481 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Following the second impeachment of President Trump by the House on January 13th, 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote |url=https://time.com/5928988/donald-trump-impeached-second-time/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Time}}</ref> the Senate continued the trial on February 9th, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford’s David Sklansky on the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump |url=https://law.stanford.edu/2021/02/10/stanfords-david-sklansky-on-the-second-impeachment-of-donald-j-trump/ |website=Stanford Law School |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Despite a bipartisan 57-43 vote in favor of convicting former President Trump, as a 2/3 majority was not reached Trump was acquitted for a second time by the Senate on February 13th, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=7 Senate Republicans vote ‘guilty,’ the most bipartisan margin in favor of conviction in history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/13/us/impeachment-trial/7-senate-republicans-vote-guilty-the-most-bipartisan-margin-in-favor-of-conviction-in-history |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Ballhaus |first2=Rebecca |title=Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-hear-closing-arguments-in-trump-impeachment-11613212204 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> A winter storm created an emergency in Texas in February 2021, as infrastructure buckled under the storm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Texas weather: ‘We’re on day three of no power' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-56106967 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On June 17th, 2021 legislation was signed which made Juneteenth a federal holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |title=Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Juneteenth: What is the newest US holiday and how is it celebrated? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57515192 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> On June 24th, 2022 the Supreme Court overturned their prior decision on ''Roe v. Wade'' when deciding ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> President Biden condemned the decision, and two weeks after the ruling issued an executive order to partially restore limited abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=Under Pressure, Biden Issues Executive Order on Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/biden-abortion-executive-order.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |title=A new executive order aims to preserve abortion access, but its reach is limited |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/08/1110455155/abortion-rights-biden-executive-order |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=NPR |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Economy== In early 2022 gas prices reached very high levels due to global supply issues with crude oil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koeze |first1=Ella |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Why Gas Prices Are So High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/14/business/gas-prices.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A number of measures were employed to control the price of gas, leading to a slow decline in gas prices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonetti |first1=Isabella |title=Gas Prices Have Fallen 57 Straight Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/business/gas-prices-inflation.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |title=Gas prices are finally dropping. Here are 4 things to know |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/06/1115440553/gas-prices-oil-inflation-cost-of-living |date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Even so, the high oil prices increased the costs of many items.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballentine |first1=Claire |title=It's Not Just Gas: Surging Oil Prices Are Making More Things Expensive |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/oil-inflation-is-raising-costs-for-uber-rides-housing-groceries-and-vacations |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This was made worse, as a combination of general reduced supply and increased demand for consumer goods over the pandemic caused inflation to rise sharply.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |title=Consumer Demand Has Been Key Driver of Inflation in the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/business/inflation-demand-prices-us.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> In 2022 the ''Inflation Reduction Act'' was passed in order to not only to save money, but also to fight climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newburger |first1=Emma |title=Inflation Reduction Act could curb climate damages by up to $1.9 trillion, White House says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/24/inflation-reduction-act-could-cut-climate-damages-by-1point9-trillion.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=CNBC |date=August 24, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However there was criticism that the bill did not do enough.<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics call Inflation Reduction Act a ‘missed opportunity’ |url=https://www.abc4.com/news/national/critics-call-inflation-reduction-act-a-missed-opportunity/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=ABC4 Utah |date=17 August 2022}}</ref> In August of 2022, it was announced that holders of federal student loans would have $10,000 to $20,000 dollars of their debt forgiven, and that the student loan pause would end at the conclusion of the year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |last2=Cowley |first2=Stacy |last3=Tankersley |first3=Jim |title=Biden to Cancel $10,000 in Student Debt; Low-Income Students Are Eligible for More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/us/politics/student-loan-forgiveness-biden.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == International relations == === Withdraw from Afghanistan === Honoring a previous commitment made by the Trump administration to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, America began to withdraw Troops from the country, leading the Taliban to quickly overrun much of Afghanistan outside of Kabul in Summer of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This resulted in an evacuation of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani Leaves Country As Taliban Forces Enter Kabul |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/15/1027847038/taliban-forces-sweep-into-kabul-as-talks-underway-on-transfer-of-power |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref>, which ended on August 30th, 2021 with over 122,000 evacuees, many dead, and many Afgan allies left behind.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last U.S. troops depart Afghanistan after massive airlift ending America's longest war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/last-us-forces-leave-afghanistan-after-nearly-20-years-2021-08-30/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=30 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:President Joe Biden with President Ashraf Ghani and Chairman Abdullah Abdullah.jpg|A June meeting between President Biden and then Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. File:Evacuation at Hamid Karzai International Airport 210821-M-AU949-0155.jpg|Evacuation checkpoint in August 2021. File:C-RAM at Kabul Airport August 2021.jpg|Interception of a rocket attack at Kabul Airport during the evacuation. File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|The last American soldier leaves Afghanistan. File:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|Evacuees aboard a C-17 plane. </gallery> === Ukraine === {{Sectstub}} On February 24th, 2022 a war began between Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="NYtimes Ukraine">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=War in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/briefing/ukraine-russia-invasion-putin.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ==Technology and Science== [[File:Perseverance selfie Sol 46.jpg|right|thumb|Perseverance rover.]] 2021 saw the first Science advisor to be appointed to the cabinet level, which was in addition to a number of appointments of notable scientists to leadership positions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biden has assembled a stellar science team — now they must pull together |journal=Nature |date=3 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00184-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00184-y |access-date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Names Science Team, Appoints Science Advisor to Cabinet |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2021/biden-names-science-team-appoints-science-advisor-cabinet |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=www.aip.org |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> On February 18th, 2021 the Perseverance rover successfully landed on Mars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars to Renew Search for Extinct Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/nasa-peseverance-mars-landing.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=mars.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Wikipedia|Presidency of Joe Biden}} {{chapnav|Trump|Hope}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|0%}} {{BookCat}} fb72r6qlirrcttllcx3faalolheuw5s 110 423414 4095898 3822727 2022-08-25T00:42:03Z 187.19.202.83 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Dinosaur Alphabet'''</div> [[File:Apatosaurus33.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} {{BOOKCAT}} </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} {{status|100%}} cf001gz86myu7ailqh8jxf31ypkuce1 0 434612 4095880 4070237 2022-08-24T23:03:35Z 68.8.239.139 wikitext text/x-wiki <big><center>'''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa by the Direct Method'''</big><br />''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa yon Jinji Metode''</center> {{book search}} A Globasa translation of ''[[Salute, Jonathan!]]'', originally written in [[w:Interlingue|Occidental]].<br /> ''Globasali trasbasa fe [[Salute, Jonathan!]], aselli eskrido in [[w:Interlingue|Okcidental]].'' {{print version}} == Chapters (''monolar'') == [[/Mono 1|Chapter 1]] — [[/Mono 2|Chapter 2]] — [[/Mono 3|Chapter 3]] — [[/Mono 4|Chapter 4]] — [[/Mono 5|Chapter 5]] — [[/Mono 6|Chapter 6]] — [[/Mono 7|Chapter 7]] — [[/Mono 8|Chapter 8]] — [[/Mono 9|Chapter 9]] — [[/Mono 10|Chapter 10]] — [[/Mono 11|Chapter 11]] — [[/Mono 12|Chapter 12]] — [[/Mono 13|Chapter 13]] — [[/Mono 14|Chapter 14]] — [[/Mono 15|Chapter 15]] — [[/Mono 16|Chapter 16]] — [[/Mono 17|Chapter 17]] - [[/Mono 18|Chapter 18]] — [[/Mono 19|Chapter 19]] — [[/Mono 20|Chapter 20]] — [[/Mono 21|Chapter 21]] — [[/Mono 22|Chapter 22]] — [[/Mono 23|Chapter 23]] — [[/Mono 24|Chapter 24]] — [[/Mono 25|Chapter 25]] — [[/Mono 26|Chapter 26]] — [[/Mono 27|Chapter 27]] — [[/Mono 28|Chapter 28]] — [[/Mono 29|Chapter 29]] — [[/Mono 30|Chapter 30]] — [[/Mono 31|Chapter 31]] — [[/Mono 32|Chapter 32]] — [[/Mono 33|Chapter 33]] — [[/Mono 34|Chapter 34]] — [[/Mono 35|Chapter 35]] — [[/Mono 36|Chapter 36]] — [[/Mono 37|Chapter 37]] — [[/Mono 38|Chapter 38]] — [[/Mono 39|Chapter 39]] — [[/Mono 40|Chapter 40]] — [[/Mono 41|Chapter 41]] — [[/Mono 42|Chapter 42]] — [[/Mono 43|Chapter 43]] — [[/Mono 44|Chapter 44]] — [[/Mono 45|Chapter 45]] — [[/Mono 46|Chapter 46]] — [[/Mono 47|Chapter 47]] — [[/Mono 48|Chapter 48]] — [[/Mono 49|Chapter 49]] — [[/Mono 50|Chapter 50]] — [[/Mono 51|Chapter 51]] — [[/Mono 52|Chapter 52]] — [[/Mono 53|Chapter 53]] — [[/Mono 54|Chapter 54]] — [[/Mono 55|Chapter 55]] — [[/Mono 56|Chapter 56]] — [[/Mono 57|Chapter 57]] — [[/Mono 58|Chapter 58]] — [[/Mono 59|Chapter 59]] — [[/Mono 60|Chapter 60]] — [[/Mono 61|Chapter 61]] — [[/Mono 62|Chapter 62]] — [[/Mono 63|Chapter 63]] — [[/Mono 64|Chapter 64]] — [[/Mono 65|Chapter 65]] — [[/Mono 66|Chapter 66]] — [[/Mono 67|Chapter 67]] — [[/Mono 68|Chapter 68]] — [[/Mono 69|Chapter 69]] — [[/Mono 70|Chapter 70]] — [[/Mono 71|Chapter 71]] — [[/Mono 72|Chapter 72]] — [[/Mono 73|Chapter 73]] — [[/Mono 74|Chapter 74]] — [[/Mono 75|Chapter 75]] — [[/Mono 76|Chapter 76]] — [[/Mono 77|Chapter 77]] — [[/Mono 78|Chapter 78]] — [[/Mono 79|Chapter 79]] — [[/Mono 80|Chapter 80]] — [[/Mono 81|Chapter 81]] — [[/Mono 82|Chapter 82]] — [[/Mono 83|Chapter 83]] — [[/Mono 84|Chapter 84]] — [[/Mono 85|Chapter 85]] — [[/Mono 86|Chapter 86]] — [[/Mono 87|Chapter 87]] — [[/Mono 88|Chapter 88]] — [[/Mono 89|Chapter 89]] — [[/Mono 90|Chapter 90]] — [[/Mono 91|Chapter 91]] — [[/Mono 92|Chapter 92]] — [[/Mono 93|Chapter 93]] — [[/Mono 94|Chapter 94]] — [[/Mono 95|Chapter 95]] — [[/Mono 96|Chapter 96]] — [[/Mono 97|Chapter 97]] — [[/Mono 98|Chapter 98]] — [[/Mono 99|Chapter 99]] — [[/Mono 100|Chapter 100]] {{Shelves|Hello, Jonathan!|Constructed languages}}{{Status|0%}} 0a9msawtzphh6xh5afloz9l9bqr9yhs 4095881 4095880 2022-08-24T23:08:29Z 68.8.239.139 /* Chapters (monlari) */ wikitext text/x-wiki <big><center>'''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa by the Direct Method'''</big><br />''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa yon Jinji Metode''</center> {{book search}} A Globasa translation of ''[[Salute, Jonathan!]]'', originally written in [[w:Interlingue|Occidental]].<br /> ''Globasali trasbasa fe [[Salute, Jonathan!]], aselli eskrido in [[w:Interlingue|Okcidental]].'' {{print version}} == Chapters (''monlari'') == [[/Mon 1|Chapter 1]] — [[/Mon 2|Chapter 2]] — [[/Mon 3|Chapter 3]] — [[/Mon 4|Chapter 4]] — [[/Mon 5|Chapter 5]] — [[/Mon 6|Chapter 6]] — [[/Mon 7|Chapter 7]] — [[/Mon 8|Chapter 8]] — [[/Mon 9|Chapter 9]] — [[/Mon 10|Chapter 10]] — [[/Mon 11|Chapter 11]] — [[/Mon 12|Chapter 12]] — [[/Mon 13|Chapter 13]] — [[/Mon 14|Chapter 14]] — [[/Mon 15|Chapter 15]] — [[/Mon 16|Chapter 16]] — [[/Mon 17|Chapter 17]] - [[/Mon 18|Chapter 18]] — [[/Mon 19|Chapter 19]] — [[/Mon 20|Chapter 20]] — [[/Mon 21|Chapter 21]] — [[/Mon 22|Chapter 22]] — [[/Mon 23|Chapter 23]] — [[/Mon 24|Chapter 24]] — [[/Mon 25|Chapter 25]] — [[/Mon 26|Chapter 26]] — [[/Mon 27|Chapter 27]] — [[/Mon 28|Chapter 28]] — [[/Mon 29|Chapter 29]] — [[/Mon 30|Chapter 30]] — [[/Mon 31|Chapter 31]] — [[/Mon 32|Chapter 32]] — [[/Mon 33|Chapter 33]] — [[/Mon 34|Chapter 34]] — [[/Mon 35|Chapter 35]] — [[/Mon 36|Chapter 36]] — [[/Mon 37|Chapter 37]] — [[/Mon 38|Chapter 38]] — [[/Mon 39|Chapter 39]] — [[/Mon 40|Chapter 40]] — [[/Mon 41|Chapter 41]] — [[/Mon 42|Chapter 42]] — [[/Mon 43|Chapter 43]] — [[/Mon 44|Chapter 44]] — [[/Mon 45|Chapter 45]] — [[/Mon 46|Chapter 46]] — [[/Mon 47|Chapter 47]] — [[/Mon 48|Chapter 48]] — [[/Mon 49|Chapter 49]] — [[/Mon 50|Chapter 50]] — [[/Mon 51|Chapter 51]] — [[/Mon 52|Chapter 52]] — [[/Mon 53|Chapter 53]] — [[/Mon 54|Chapter 54]] — [[/Mon 55|Chapter 55]] — [[/Mon 56|Chapter 56]] — [[/Mon 57|Chapter 57]] — [[/Mon 58|Chapter 58]] — [[/Mon 59|Chapter 59]] — [[/Mon 60|Chapter 60]] — [[/Mon 61|Chapter 61]] — [[/Mon 62|Chapter 62]] — [[/Mon 63|Chapter 63]] — [[/Mon 64|Chapter 64]] — [[/Mon 65|Chapter 65]] — [[/Mon 66|Chapter 66]] — [[/Mon 67|Chapter 67]] — [[/Mon 68|Chapter 68]] — [[/Mon 69|Chapter 69]] — [[/Mon 70|Chapter 70]] — [[/Mon 71|Chapter 71]] — [[/Mon 72|Chapter 72]] — [[/Mon 73|Chapter 73]] — [[/Mon 74|Chapter 74]] — [[/Mon 75|Chapter 75]] — [[/Mon 76|Chapter 76]] — [[/Mon 77|Chapter 77]] — [[/Mon 78|Chapter 78]] — [[/Mon 79|Chapter 79]] — [[/Mon 80|Chapter 80]] — [[/Mon 81|Chapter 81]] — [[/Mon 82|Chapter 82]] — [[/Mon 83|Chapter 83]] — [[/Mon 84|Chapter 84]] — [[/Mon 85|Chapter 85]] — [[/Mon 86|Chapter 86]] — [[/Mon 87|Chapter 87]] — [[/Mon 88|Chapter 88]] — [[/Mon 89|Chapter 89]] — [[/Mon 90|Chapter 90]] — [[/Mon 91|Chapter 91]] — [[/Mon 92|Chapter 92]] — [[/Mon 93|Chapter 93]] — [[/Mon 94|Chapter 94]] — [[/Mon 95|Chapter 95]] — [[/Mon 96|Chapter 96]] — [[/Mon 97|Chapter 97]] — [[/Mon 98|Chapter 98]] — [[/Mon 99|Chapter 99]] — [[/Mon 100|Chapter 100]] {{Shelves|Hello, Jonathan!|Constructed languages}}{{Status|0%}} od3kl8s3pewqjdqkuccuqcih8dn2lev 0 437535 4095997 3991133 2022-08-25T09:18:42Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Basic common sense hygiene may prevent the spread of disease or otherwise improve the health and growth rate of snails. For example, remove and replace food daily to prevent spoilage. Earthworms added to the soil will help keep the pen clean. Snails have many natural predators, including members of all major vertebrate groups, carnivorous snails, ground beetles, leeches and even predatory caterpillars.Parasites, nematodes, trematodes, fungi, and microarthropods may attack snails, and such problems can spread rapidly when snail populations are dense. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes intestinal infections that can spread rapidly in a crowded snail pen. Watch for predators such as: rats, mice, moles, skunks, weasels, birds, frogs and toads, lizards, walking insects (e.g., some beetle and cricket varieties), some types of flies, centipedes, and even certain cannibalistic snail varieties (such as Strangesta capillacea). {{Bookcat}} cckw8eld76b1rkfe2u4n1ja304bz94r 4095998 4095997 2022-08-25T09:20:16Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Basic common sense hygiene may prevent the spread of disease or otherwise improve the health and growth rate of snails. For example, remove and replace food daily to prevent spoilage. Earthworms added to the soil will help keep the pen clean. Snails have many natural predators, including members of all major vertebrate groups, carnivorous snails, ground beetles, leeches and even predatory caterpillars.Parasites, nematodes, trematodes, fungi, and microarthropods may attack snails, and such problems can spread rapidly when snail populations are dense. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes intestinal infections that can spread rapidly in a crowded snail pen. The second disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium, which parasitises their eggs of Helix aspersa. Watch for predators such as: rats, mice, moles, skunks, weasels, birds, frogs and toads, lizards, walking insects (e.g., some beetle and cricket varieties), some types of flies, centipedes, and even certain cannibalistic snail varieties (such as Strangesta capillacea). {{Bookcat}} m4wbm8uvkekgwuc6h3sq6zoq8aepi2n 4095999 4095998 2022-08-25T09:20:57Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Basic common sense hygiene may prevent the spread of disease or otherwise improve the health and growth rate of snails. For example, remove and replace food daily to prevent spoilage. Earthworms added to the soil will help keep the pen clean. Snails have many natural predators, including members of all major vertebrate groups, carnivorous snails, ground beetles, leeches and even predatory caterpillars.Parasites, nematodes, trematodes, fungi, and microarthropods may attack snails, and such problems can spread rapidly when snail populations are dense. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes intestinal infections that can spread rapidly in a crowded snail pen. The second disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium, which parasitises their eggs of Helix aspersa. The affected eggs turn reddish-brown and development stops. This disease is commonly referred to as 'rosy eggs disease'. Watch for predators such as: rats, mice, moles, skunks, weasels, birds, frogs and toads, lizards, walking insects (e.g., some beetle and cricket varieties), some types of flies, centipedes, and even certain cannibalistic snail varieties (such as Strangesta capillacea). {{Bookcat}} 1zeutvw8xg9hda43orb85mag5paohlf 102 446028 4095762 4056189 2022-08-24T13:51:47Z Kingaustin07 3388213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian meat pies''' are tasty pastries stuffed with minced beef, potatoes, and carrots. The filling is moist and tasty, and the dough is somewhat flaky and rich in flavor. These meat pies are quite popular in Nigeria and West Africa. If you haven't tried Nigerian meat pie yet, you must do it immediately; it is the ultimate comfort food! == Ingredients == The number of meat pies you can make with the components below is determined by the size of the meat pie cutter you use. With the following ingredients and an 8-inch (20-cm) round cutter, you can make 10 meat pies. ==== Filling ==== * Vegetable oil * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]], cleaned and chopped * Minced meat * 1 [[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|seasoning cube]] * [[Cookbook:Thyme|Thyme]] * 1 Irish [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]], peeled and chopped * [[Cookbook:Carrot|Carrot]], peeled and chopped * 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|plain flour]] * ¼ cup cold water * Salt ==== Dough ==== * 1 kg [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|plain flour]] * [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|Baking powder]] * Salt * [[Cookbook:Margarine|Margarine]], cut into small pieces * ½ cup cold water ==== Other ingredients ==== * 1 [[Cookbook:Egg|egg]] == Procedures == ==== Filling ==== # Heat the vegetable oil in a pot over medium heat. # Add the diced onions, and stir for a bit until softened. # Add the minced meat, and stir vigorously until the meat turns pale. Add the stock cube and thyme. # Add enough water to just cover the minced beef. Cover the pot, and bring to a boil. # Add the diced carrots and potatoes, and cook until tender. # Combine flour and cold water. When the filling is cooked, mix in the flour paste. This keeps the filling moist and prevents it from drying up during baking. # Season the filling with salt to taste. Stir the contents and turn off the heat. # Set the filling aside to cool down completely. ==== Dough ==== # Sift the flour into a sizeable bowl; add the baking powder and salt. You do not need a lot of salt for the dough because the meat pie gets most of its taste from the filling. Mix these dry ingredients very well. # Add the margarine to the flour. The smaller you make the bits of margarine, the easier it will be for you to rub them into the flour. # Use your finger tips to rub the margarine into the flour until the mixture resembles crumbs. # Add cold water in bits, and mix by hand until a stiff ball of dough is formed. At most, you should only need ½ cup of water for this amount of flour. # Place the dough on a flat surface and knead until smooth. # Put the dough back in the bowl. Cover, and leave it to rest for about 10 minutes. This gives the dough a softer texture and makes it easier to work with. ==== Assembly ==== # Break the egg, beat it, and set aside; you will use it for glazing. # Rub margarine on the insides of an oven tray and set aside. This is so that the undersides of the meat pies do not burn or stick to the tray during baking. # Set your oven to 170°C (335°F) and leave to preheat while you continue with the meat pie. For fan ovens, set to 150°C (300°F) or gas mark 3 or 4. # Knead the dough again. Roll out the dough with a rolling pin to a 5-mm thickness. If well mixed, the dough should not stick to the surface. # Use a round cutter to cut circles in the rolled-out dough. # Remove the excess dough, leaving behind the circles. # Scoop some filling into the centre of the dough circles—the quantity should be such that you can comfortably close the dough without overflow. # Rub some beaten egg on the inside edge of the dough circle. This helps to seal in the filling while baking. # Fold one half of the dough circle over the other half, enclosing the filling inside. # Press the two edges of the pastry together with a fork to seal it, making sure that the top and bottom dough are combined. This is so that the pie does not open during baking. # Transfer the pies to the greased baking tray. # Bake the pies in the preheated oven until golden brown. # Remove and cool slightly before serving. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Whatever type of oven you have, the important thing to note is that the best meat pies are the ones baked at medium heat. You can confirm that the meat pie is done when it starts browning. It is alright to open the oven to check this. * Do not substitute butter for the margarine. * You can use the cover of a small pot or pastry cutter to cut out the dough circles. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] a0sag5hc48t1bspbr84gg7zxquyule7 4095763 4095762 2022-08-24T13:54:00Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian meat pies''' are tasty pastries stuffed with minced beef, potatoes, and carrots. The filling is moist and tasty, and the dough is somewhat flaky and rich in flavor. These meat pies are quite popular in Nigeria and West Africa. If you haven't tried Nigerian meat pie yet, you must do it immediately; it is the ultimate comfort food! == Ingredients == The number of meat pies you can make with the components below is determined by the size of the meat pie cutter you use. With the following ingredients and an 8-inch (20-cm) round cutter, you can make 10 meat pies. ==== Filling ==== * Vegetable oil * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]], cleaned and chopped * Minced meat * 1 [[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|seasoning cube]] * [[Cookbook:Thyme|Thyme]] * 1 Irish [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]], peeled and chopped * [[Cookbook:Carrot|Carrot]], peeled and chopped * 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|plain flour]] * ¼ cup cold water * Salt ==== Dough ==== * 1 kg [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|plain flour]] * [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|Baking powder]] * Salt * [[Cookbook:Margarine|Margarine]], cut into small pieces * ½ cup cold water ==== Other ingredients ==== * 1 [[Cookbook:Egg|egg]] == Procedures == ==== Filling ==== # Heat the vegetable oil in a pot over medium heat. # Add the diced onions, and stir for a bit until softened. # Add the minced meat, and stir vigorously until the meat turns pale. Add the stock cube and thyme. # Add enough water to just cover the minced beef. Cover the pot, and bring to a boil. # Add the diced carrots and potatoes, and cook until tender. # Combine flour and cold water. When the filling is cooked, mix in the flour paste. This keeps the filling moist and prevents it from drying up during baking. # Season the filling with salt to taste. Stir the contents and turn off the heat. # Set the filling aside to cool down completely. ==== Dough ==== # Sift the flour into a sizeable bowl; add the baking powder and salt. You do not need a lot of salt for the dough because the meat pie gets most of its taste from the filling. Mix these dry ingredients very well. # Add the margarine to the flour. The smaller you make the bits of margarine, the easier it will be for you to rub them into the flour. # Use your finger tips to rub the margarine into the flour until the mixture resembles crumbs. # Add cold water in bits, and mix by hand until a stiff ball of dough is formed. At most, you should only need ½ cup of water for this amount of flour. # Place the dough on a flat surface and knead until smooth. # Put the dough back in the bowl. Cover, and leave it to rest for about 10 minutes. This gives the dough a softer texture and makes it easier to work with. ==== Assembly ==== # Break the egg, beat it, and set aside; you will use it for glazing. # Rub margarine on the insides of an oven tray and set aside. This is so that the undersides of the meat pies do not burn or stick to the tray during baking. # Set your oven to 170°C (335°F) and leave to preheat while you continue with the meat pie. For fan ovens, set to 150°C (300°F) or gas mark 3 or 4. # Knead the dough again. Roll out the dough with a rolling pin to a 5-mm thickness. If well mixed, the dough should not stick to the surface. # Use a round cutter to cut circles in the rolled-out dough. # Remove the excess dough, leaving behind the circles. # Scoop some filling into the centre of the dough circles—the quantity should be such that you can comfortably close the dough without overflow. # Rub some beaten egg on the inside edge of the dough circle. This helps to seal in the filling while baking. # Fold one half of the dough circle over the other half, enclosing the filling inside. # Press the two edges of the pastry together with a fork to seal it, making sure that the top and bottom dough are combined. This is so that the pie does not open during baking. # Transfer the pies to the greased baking tray. # Bake the pies in the preheated oven until golden brown. # Remove and cool slightly before serving. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Whatever type of oven you have, the important thing to note is that the best meat pies are the ones baked at medium heat. You can confirm that the meat pie is done when it starts browning. It is alright to open the oven to check this. * Do not substitute butter for the margarine. * You can use the cover of a small pot or pastry cutter to cut out the dough circles. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Snacks recipes]] qi4xnacwcvo8ws2o4486usvq1hbiiwl 102 446095 4095764 4058640 2022-08-24T13:55:00Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Nigeria|Cuisine of Nigeria]] [[File: Catfish Pepper Soup.jpg|thumb|Catfish Pepper Soup]] '''Catfish pepper soup''', also called '''point and kill''', is a rich Nigerian soup enjoyed for its peppery and distinct taste. == Ingredients == * Fresh [[Cookbook:Catfish|catfish]] or conger [[Cookbook:Eel|eel]] * [[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|Seasoning cubes]] * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]], quartered * [[Cookbook:Habanero|Habanero]] pepper, chopped * [[Cookbook:Calabash Nutmeg|Ehu]] seeds, peeled and ground * [[Cookbook:Scent Leaf|Scent leaves]] or [[Cookbook:Parsley|parsley]], washed and torn into pieces * Salt == Procedure == # Clean the catfish, and slice it into 1-inch thick pieces. # Boil some water and pour it over the fish chunks, stirring constantly. The hot water toughens the fish skin, preventing it from falling apart during cooking. # Place the fish pieces in a pot with just enough water to cover them. Add the seasoning cubes, onion chunks, and habanero pepper. Bring to a boil. # Add the ground ehu and scent leaves, and continue to simmer until the fish is done. # Season with salt and pepper, and leave to simmer for 5 minutes. # Remove the onion pieces, and serve hot. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] jqlgvklglll8e7bnoyybtwu1aiu3wjw 4095765 4095764 2022-08-24T13:56:05Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Nigeria|Cuisine of Nigeria]] [[File: Catfish Pepper Soup.jpg|thumb|Catfish Pepper Soup]] '''Catfish pepper soup''', also called '''point and kill''', is a rich Nigerian soup enjoyed for its peppery and distinct taste. == Ingredients == * Fresh [[Cookbook:Catfish|catfish]] or conger [[Cookbook:Eel|eel]] * [[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|Seasoning cubes]] * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]], quartered * [[Cookbook:Habanero|Habanero]] pepper, chopped * [[Cookbook:Calabash Nutmeg|Ehu]] seeds, peeled and ground * [[Cookbook:Scent Leaf|Scent leaves]] or [[Cookbook:Parsley|parsley]], washed and torn into pieces * Salt == Procedure == # Clean the catfish, and slice it into 1-inch thick pieces. # Boil some water and pour it over the fish chunks, stirring constantly. The hot water toughens the fish skin, preventing it from falling apart during cooking. # Place the fish pieces in a pot with just enough water to cover them. Add the seasoning cubes, onion chunks, and habanero pepper. Bring to a boil. # Add the ground ehu and scent leaves, and continue to simmer until the fish is done. # Season with salt and pepper, and leave to simmer for 5 minutes. # Remove the onion pieces, and serve hot. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Soup recipes]] 6db4xtzdc1689qoxr7l4cg3h3h4jd8j 102 446159 4095766 4056878 2022-08-24T13:59:49Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}}[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|Boli]]'''Nigerian roasted plantain''', also called '''boli''', is a street food popular in Nigeria. It can be eaten with groundnut or pepper stew, and it is best eaten hot. == Ingredients == * Unripe [[Cookbook:Plantain|plantains]], peeled * [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] * Pepper stew == Equipment == * Matches * Grill rack * Large sauce pan * Oven == Procedure == # Heat the oven to 400˚F. Place a rack on a baking sheet. # Place the plantains and fish on the rack. # Roast the plantains and fish in the preheated oven until they are cooked through. For an even roast, turn the plantains from time to time. # Heat the pepper stew, and serve it with the plantains and fish. == Nutritional benefits == * This dish contains vitamins A and C, as well as ribloflavin and fibre. It is equally a good source of starch and energy. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 0rx22o5soigal95rgvw971u6x5eey8k 4095767 4095766 2022-08-24T14:00:30Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}}[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|Boli]]'''Nigerian roasted plantain''', also called '''boli''', is a street food popular in Nigeria. It can be eaten with groundnut or pepper stew, and it is best eaten hot. == Ingredients == * Unripe [[Cookbook:Plantain|plantains]], peeled * [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] * Pepper stew == Equipment == * Matches * Grill rack * Large sauce pan * Oven == Procedure == # Heat the oven to 400˚F. Place a rack on a baking sheet. # Place the plantains and fish on the rack. # Roast the plantains and fish in the preheated oven until they are cooked through. For an even roast, turn the plantains from time to time. # Heat the pepper stew, and serve it with the plantains and fish. == Nutritional benefits == * This dish contains vitamins A and C, as well as ribloflavin and fibre. It is equally a good source of starch and energy. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Plantain recipes]] nffl02cwtdbli2f16ax37mwlgbcmmm4 102 446227 4095768 4068947 2022-08-24T14:01:54Z Kingaustin07 3388213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian fried yam''' is usually eaten with a pepper sauce. [[File:Fried Yam Slices.jpg|thumb|Fried yam slices]] == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], peeled and sliced into sticks * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|Vegetable oil]] == Equipment == * Cooking gas or electric cooker * Frying pan * Sieve * Bowl == Procedure == # Rinse the cut yam and place in a bowl. Season with salt. # Heat oil in a pan or pot. Add the cut yam little by little to avoid overcrowding. # Stir, and cook until the yam is golden. Flip and cook until golden on all sides. # Remove fried yam from pan, and drain away any excess oil. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] d05462ejqeflbcfpvbwxy1c8g0n0is2 4095769 4095768 2022-08-24T14:02:45Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian fried yam''' is usually eaten with a pepper sauce. [[File:Fried Yam Slices.jpg|thumb|Fried yam slices]] == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], peeled and sliced into sticks * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|Vegetable oil]] == Equipment == * Cooking gas or electric cooker * Frying pan * Sieve * Bowl == Procedure == # Rinse the cut yam and place in a bowl. Season with salt. # Heat oil in a pan or pot. Add the cut yam little by little to avoid overcrowding. # Stir, and cook until the yam is golden. Flip and cook until golden on all sides. # Remove fried yam from pan, and drain away any excess oil. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] d5f1ywil8jtge3nerkwk9oa3s9zpyz1 4095770 4095769 2022-08-24T14:03:38Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian fried yam''' is usually eaten with a pepper sauce. [[File:Fried Yam Slices.jpg|thumb|Fried yam slices]] == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], peeled and sliced into sticks * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|Vegetable oil]] == Equipment == * Cooking gas or electric cooker * Frying pan * Sieve * Bowl == Procedure == # Rinse the cut yam and place in a bowl. Season with salt. # Heat oil in a pan or pot. Add the cut yam little by little to avoid overcrowding. # Stir, and cook until the yam is golden. Flip and cook until golden on all sides. # Remove fried yam from pan, and drain away any excess oil. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Yam recipes]] 9g69mgl1b8pdi4esebno4xd18q8r8bu 0 446630 4095964 4083910 2022-08-25T06:20:55Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Contents */ wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode=packed-overlay heights=300px> File:Lagoon Beach (25152057091).jpg|{{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|}} </gallery> The [[:en:wikipedia:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] (''Pulu Kokos (Keeling)'') are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean administered by Australia. People like to travel to the islands all the time. With unique wildlife, beaches and culture, it's a popular tourist destination. But when travelling to the islands, you may find that English is not everyone's first language. The main language is Cocos Malay. While the locals do speak English, it's always good to learn a few basic phrases before visiting. So, I've compiled a multilingual phrasebook of Cocos Malay phrases useful for travel. Enjoy! Inspired by the [[Tok Pisin]] dictionary on Wikibooks. ==Contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} * [[/English/]] * [[/Finnish/]] * [[/French/]] * [[/Indonesian/]] * [[/Malay/]] * [[/Russian/]] {{Status|100%}} {{Alphabetical|Cocos}} {{shelves|Languages of Asia|Languages of Oceania|Tourism}} mm1xfpadhrpzdotwqhhzamnx8hmccj0 0 446631 4095962 4067511 2022-08-25T06:19:52Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for English speakers. {| class="wikitable" ! Cocos Malay ! English |- | Hai | Hey |- | Selamat datang | Welcome |- | Selamat pagi | Good morning |- | Selamat tenggah hari | Good afternoon |- | Selamat sore | Good evening |- | Selamat malam | Good night |- | Apa kabar? | How are you? |- | Terima kasih | Thank you |- | Jumpa lagi | See you later |} {{Bookcat}} s0u79suxa3ba4zjiqhpwrchhfrucr2b 0 446632 4095956 4067507 2022-08-25T06:18:14Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Finnish speakers. * '''FI''': Alla on Cocos Malaiji-sanakirja suomenkielisille. {| class="wikitable" ! Kookossaarten malaiji ! Suomi |- | Hai | Moi |- | Selamat pagi | Hyvää huomenta |- | Apa kabar? | Kuinka voit? |- | Terima kasih | Kiitos |} [[Category:Cocos Malay travel phrasebook|Finnish]] {{Bookcat}} gendlkuf4c3sgmy1m3as5kungorg721 4095957 4095956 2022-08-25T06:18:38Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Finnish speakers. * '''FI''': Alla on Cocos Malaiji-sanakirja suomenkielisille. {| class="wikitable" ! Kookossaarten malaiji ! Suomi |- | Hai | Moi |- | Selamat pagi | Hyvää huomenta |- | Apa kabar? | Kuinka voit? |- | Terima kasih | Kiitos |} {{Bookcat}} d6sfnrfttud6ipucp2lomce2bzbr33x 0 446635 4095960 4067506 2022-08-25T06:19:14Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Russian speakers. * '''RU''': Ниже представлен разговорник кокос малайский для русскоговорящих. {| class="wikitable" ! Кокос малайский ! Русский |- | Hai | Привет |- | Selamat pagi | Доброе утро |- | Selamat tenggah hari | Добрый день |- | Selamat sore | Добрый вечер |- | Selamat malam | Спокойной ночи |- | Apa kabar? | Как дела? |- | Jumpa lagi | До встречи |} {{Bookcat}} 3y5dch3ciclhze3jrrjuqksttc8i4l3 0 446636 4095958 4067515 2022-08-25T06:18:53Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Indonesian speakers. * '''ID''': Di bawah ini adalah ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa Melayu Cocos untuk penutur bahasa Indonesia. {| class="wikitable" ! Bahasa Melayu Cocos ! Bahasa Indonesia |- | Hai | Hai |- | Selamat datang | Selamat datang |- | Selamat pagi | Selamat pagi |- | Selamat tenggah hari | Selamat siang |- | Selamat malam | Selamat malam |- | Apa kabar? | Apa kabar? |- | Terima kasih | Terima kasih |- | Jumpa lagi | Sampai jumpa |} {{Bookcat}} j7k6eqhkvo87ozqpt7su481r1vkkxnp 0 446637 4095959 4067514 2022-08-25T06:19:03Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Malay speakers. * '''MS''': Di bawah ialah buku frasa bahasa Melayu Cocos untuk penutur bahasa Melayu. {| class="wikitable" ! Bahasa Melayu Cocos ! Bahasa Melayu |- | Hai | Hai |- | Selamat datang | Selamat datang |- | Selamat pagi | Selamat pagi |- | Selamat tenggah hari | Selamat tengah hari |- | Selamat sore | Selamat petang |- | Selamat malam | Selamat malam |- | Apa kabar? | Apa khabar? |- | Terima kasih | Terima kasih |- | Jumpa lagi | Jumpa lagi |} {{Bookcat}} 3wsr6utynivtp1w09z58opta2h0fibb 0 446642 4095961 4067539 2022-08-25T06:19:36Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''EN''': Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for French speakers. * '''FR''': Vous trouverez ci-dessous un guide de conversation le cocos malais pour les francophones. {| class="wikitable" ! Cocos malais ! Français |- | Hai | Salut |- | Apa kabar? | Ça va? |- | Terima kasih | Merci |- | Jumpa lagi | À plus tard |} {{Bookcat}} b4k8zvjjnt2bd93gkhz9zym2e6sx1q0 102 447133 4095771 4089259 2022-08-24T14:05:37Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}}[[File:Fufu 1.jpg|thumb|Fufu]] '''Fufu''' is a staple cuisine in Africa, especially in Nigeria, where it is widely consumed and considered a variety of [[Cookbook:Swallow|swallow]]. Potato, yam, plantain, and cassava are just a few of the starchy foods that can be made into fufu. Cassava fufu, which is prepared from processed cassava, is the most prevalent type of fufu in Nigeria. Fufu can be made in a variety of ways, the most common of which is by pounding cassava purée. To create a smooth consistency, the technique normally entails thoroughly combining and pounding various parts of boiling cassava with water. The pounding process is time-consuming because it requires the use of a mortar and pestle. This recipe saves time by preparing the fufu from pre-processed cassava flour, which does not need to be pounded. == Ingredients == * Water * [[Cookbook:Cassava Flour|Cassava flour]] == Equipment == * Wooden spatula * Mortar and pestle * Pot * Spoon == Procedure == # Bring the water to a boil in a large pot. Stir in the cassava flour, working out any lumps. # Once the lumps are completely dissolved, add a small amount of water just above the cassava. Place the contents over a high to medium heat and stir intermittently. # The water will dry out after 10 minutes or longer of stirring, and the paste will thicken. Stir thoroughly until all of the whitish paste has combined and turned into a thick creamy tint. # Sprinkle water over it to keep it from becoming too thick, and flip it over to cook the other side. Scrape the edges of the pot and the wooden turner with a spoon if they appear hard and sticky. # Wwhen the fufu has softened and turned from a bright white to a creamy texture, remove it from the pot. # Place the cooked fufu on a flat surface or tray and set aside for 5 minutes to cool. # Hand-mix the fufu and roll it into balls like dough. == Note == * Fufu is not sweet on it's own, and the best way to enjoy it is eating it with stews and soups. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] k6omwiha6buid2uv1blj2yfd8ua42se 4095772 4095771 2022-08-24T14:07:53Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}}[[File:Fufu 1.jpg|thumb|Fufu]] '''Fufu''' is a staple cuisine in Africa, especially in Nigeria, where it is widely consumed and considered a variety of [[Cookbook:Swallow|swallow]]. Potato, yam, plantain, and cassava are just a few of the starchy foods that can be made into fufu. Cassava fufu, which is prepared from processed cassava, is the most prevalent type of fufu in Nigeria. Fufu can be made in a variety of ways, the most common of which is by pounding cassava purée. To create a smooth consistency, the technique normally entails thoroughly combining and pounding various parts of boiling cassava with water. The pounding process is time-consuming because it requires the use of a mortar and pestle. This recipe saves time by preparing the fufu from pre-processed cassava flour, which does not need to be pounded. == Ingredients == * Water * [[Cookbook:Cassava Flour|Cassava flour]] == Equipment == * Wooden spatula * Mortar and pestle * Pot * Spoon == Procedure == # Bring the water to a boil in a large pot. Stir in the cassava flour, working out any lumps. # Once the lumps are completely dissolved, add a small amount of water just above the cassava. Place the contents over a high to medium heat and stir intermittently. # The water will dry out after 10 minutes or longer of stirring, and the paste will thicken. Stir thoroughly until all of the whitish paste has combined and turned into a thick creamy tint. # Sprinkle water over it to keep it from becoming too thick, and flip it over to cook the other side. Scrape the edges of the pot and the wooden turner with a spoon if they appear hard and sticky. # Wwhen the fufu has softened and turned from a bright white to a creamy texture, remove it from the pot. # Place the cooked fufu on a flat surface or tray and set aside for 5 minutes to cool. # Hand-mix the fufu and roll it into balls like dough. == Note == * Fufu is not sweet on it's own, and the best way to enjoy it is eating it with stews and soups. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] 60pegtsk5v0rqlhtgrlji15skutec4q 2 447186 4095750 4077894 2022-08-24T13:34:38Z Wikivuyo 3384720 Wikivuyo moved page [[User:Wikivuyo]] to [[User:Wikivayo]]: I am moving it to all the other wiki's wikitext text/x-wiki Hi I am Wikivuyo I this is my first time creating a user page so if there are users who are willing to help me and teach me how to use Wikipedia because I'm just twelve years old. ezpil8608ia70khcz6jhb714ohomypt 3 447187 4095752 4083191 2022-08-24T13:34:38Z Wikivuyo 3384720 Wikivuyo moved page [[User talk:Wikivuyo]] to [[User talk:Wikivayo]]: I am moving it to all the other wiki's wikitext text/x-wiki I am looking for a user who can help and teach me how to use Wikipedia. :Is [[w:Help:Editing]] enough? _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:55, 8 July 2022 (UTC) 8w4y29zouttl9e5hspao33cys814ydf 102 447642 4095742 4095647 2022-08-24T12:19:17Z Nostriker 3371989 not milk; removed cat wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}} '''Coconut milk''' is the liquid extracted from ripe fresh coconuts. When a small amount of water is additionally added to the pressing process, the flavor is very delicious. It supplies substantial amounts of fat, the majority of which is in the form of medium-chain saturated fatty acids, namely the kind known as lauric acid. Coconut milk is a wonderful alternative to cow's milk for those who are lactose intolerant, because it is lactose free. == Ingredients == * Large [[Cookbook:Coconut|coconut]] * Water == Equipment == * Medium sized bowl * Blender * Knife * Fine mesh == Procedures == # Crack open the coconuts and drain out the clear juice. # Use a knife to separate the coconut flesh from the pod. If necessary, rinse the coconut flesh under running water before cutting it into cubes. # Put the coconut flesh in a blender with the water, and process for a full minute at the maximum speed to create a smooth paste. If you don't have a blender, chop up the coconut flesh into manageable pieces, and grate them to a smooth paste. # Put the blended coconut in a bowl, add 1 cup of water, and combine with your hands. # Drain the milk by pouring the blended coconut milk over a very fine sieve. To remove every drop of liquid from the sieve, press with your hand. # The coconut milk will be strained out when you add another cup of water and the coconut flesh back to the dish. # Use the coconut milk right away or store it in the refrigerator. Always shake the coconut milk thoroughly before using. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Coconut recipes]] 0ok9399gv8e3344qh22zvpjyxjvae3e 14 447718 4095954 4083298 2022-08-25T06:16:25Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} ptt9drnitry3svbos36hzjb54f56f99 0 448084 4095790 4088390 2022-08-24T17:30:28Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Phonotactics = : Phonotactics refers to the patterns in which the phonemes of a language may combine to form sequences. The possible syllabic patterns of Mirad are given below in a chart. : For the purposes of this chart: ::* G stands for the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. ::* L stands for the liquids '''r''' and '''l'''. ::* C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids. ::* V stands for single vowels. ::* + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter ::* Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional. ::* Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns. : Syllables in native Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints: :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phonotactics |- ! ALLOWABLE SYLLABIC PATTERNS !! EXAMPLES |- | (C)[LG]V+(G)(L)(C) || '''o, ay, xwa, gyo, gra, toyb, glays, alp, mayr, hyos, va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre, vyaa, lo, wa, yu''' |- | ...V(G)m[psx] || '''m<u>amp</u>, y<u>omx</u>''' |- | ...V(G)n[kgsx] || '''y<u>ank</u>, y<u>ons</u>, <u>anx</u>, <u>Eng</u>lam, eynx''' |} :* Two non-glide/liquid consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words. :* Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Stress|Parts_of_Speech}}</noinclude> = Parts of Speech = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* Substantives :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalizations :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* Verbs (''said'') ::* Adjectives :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* Adverbs (''beautifully'') ::* Connectors :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* Interjections (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> q8tms55sg78jrc1pti1hydo6c4qunvs 4095793 4095790 2022-08-24T17:41:07Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Parts of Speech */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Phonotactics = : Phonotactics refers to the patterns in which the phonemes of a language may combine to form sequences. The possible syllabic patterns of Mirad are given below in a chart. : For the purposes of this chart: ::* G stands for the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. ::* L stands for the liquids '''r''' and '''l'''. ::* C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids. ::* V stands for single vowels. ::* + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter ::* Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional. ::* Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns. : Syllables in native Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints: :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phonotactics |- ! ALLOWABLE SYLLABIC PATTERNS !! EXAMPLES |- | (C)[LG]V+(G)(L)(C) || '''o, ay, xwa, gyo, gra, toyb, glays, alp, mayr, hyos, va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre, vyaa, lo, wa, yu''' |- | ...V(G)m[psx] || '''m<u>amp</u>, y<u>omx</u>''' |- | ...V(G)n[kgsx] || '''y<u>ank</u>, y<u>ons</u>, <u>anx</u>, <u>Eng</u>lam, eynx''' |} :* Two non-glide/liquid consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words. :* Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Stress|Parts_of_Speech}}</noinclude> = Parts of Speech = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* Substantives :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* Verbs (''said'') ::* Adjectives :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* Adverbs (''beautifully'') ::* Connectors :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* Interjections (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> 51j1930vyxcm6mcfstu4i5fb8bxe4tr 4095794 4095793 2022-08-24T17:42:05Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Phonotactics = : Phonotactics refers to the patterns in which the phonemes of a language may combine to form sequences. The possible syllabic patterns of Mirad are given below in a chart. : For the purposes of this chart: ::* G stands for the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. ::* L stands for the liquids '''r''' and '''l'''. ::* C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids. ::* V stands for single vowels. ::* + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter ::* Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional. ::* Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns. : Syllables in native Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints: :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phonotactics |- ! ALLOWABLE SYLLABIC PATTERNS !! EXAMPLES |- | (C)[LG]V+(G)(L)(C) || '''o, ay, xwa, gyo, gra, toyb, glays, alp, mayr, hyos, va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre, vyaa, lo, wa, yu''' |- | ...V(G)m[psx] || '''m<u>amp</u>, y<u>omx</u>''' |- | ...V(G)n[kgsx] || '''y<u>ank</u>, y<u>ons</u>, <u>anx</u>, <u>Eng</u>lam, eynx''' |} :* Two non-glide/liquid consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words. :* Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Stress|Parts of Speech}}</noinclude> = Parts of Speech = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* Substantives :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* Verbs (''said'') ::* Adjectives :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* Adverbs (''beautifully'') ::* Connectors :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* Interjections (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> aecffdj994fcjxz212tnkwbmwqz0nj4 4095796 4095794 2022-08-24T17:49:03Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Phonotactics = : Phonotactics refers to the patterns in which the phonemes of a language may combine to form sequences. The possible syllabic patterns of Mirad are given below in a chart. : For the purposes of this chart: ::* G stands for the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. ::* L stands for the liquids '''r''' and '''l'''. ::* C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids. ::* V stands for single vowels. ::* + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter ::* Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional. ::* Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns. : Syllables in native Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints: :::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Phonotactics |- ! ALLOWABLE SYLLABIC PATTERNS !! EXAMPLES |- | (C)[LG]V+(G)(L)(C) || '''o, ay, xwa, gyo, gra, toyb, glays, alp, mayr, hyos, va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre, vyaa, lo, wa, yu''' |- | ...V(G)m[psx] || '''m<u>amp</u>, y<u>omx</u>''' |- | ...V(G)n[kgsx] || '''y<u>ank</u>, y<u>ons</u>, <u>anx</u>, <u>Eng</u>lam, eynx''' |} :* Two non-glide/liquid consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words. :* Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Stress|Parts of Speech}}</noinclude> pe8h9iq90bz69eqw1riqoysixjiarys 0 448270 4095744 4095197 2022-08-24T12:25:46Z Jamzze 3329473 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:HealthSociologyBannerPNG.png|900px|center]] == Welcome == '''Purpose:''' this Wikibook sets out to create an open, free, and editable introductory e-textbook on the subject of health sociology. '''Audience:''' [[w:International Standard Classification of Education|ISCED]] level 6 (e.g. Bachelor's) or above students seeking an introduction to health sociology, although everyone is welcome to read and participate with this work. '''Scope:''' this work sets out to provide a top-level overview of topics relating to health sociology. As such, this is not an exhaustive text, but a concise presentation of concepts, ideas, and issues related to health sociology. Efforts to include a variety of relevant materials, from case studies to videos, have been utilised throughout to enhance the project as an e-textbook. A number of sections have further readings to explore beyond this work and links to additional wiki resources. '''Format:''' this e-textbook is a dynamic, rather than static, piece of work. Its content, layout, and direction will alter and be expanded upon as contributors come and go. As such, whilst reading and engaging with the material, if there is something you disagree with, want to flag for review, or you find an error on - you are able to contribute. As a community project, all contributions are made freely and voluntarily and decision making on any aspect will take place collectively. Fact checking, layout, and wider editorial responsibilities fall on all contributors to take part in. If there comes a point in the future where a single record of our work would be beneficial, potentially an archived copy of our contributions can be saved and a new edition can be started. Currently, this e-textbook is written in British English and further language editions may be started in the future. But, this project is a long way off from that and welcomes all interested in health sociology to contribute what they can to this in-development project for future generations to engage with. '''Structure:''' this e-textbook is structured in nine parts. '''Part one''' focuses on providing a general overview of what health sociology means, how we "know" health, and key concepts that learners should understand before going into the material. '''Part two''' develops upon overarching themes found throughout health and society, exploring issues such as inequality to class. '''Part three''' then explores the lived experiences of humans and their health throughout various stages and experiences of living and death. '''Part four''' offers insight into the practical considerations of undertaking healthcare activities within society. '''Part five''' builds upon these practical insights and examines the social processes and phenomenon that govern these practices. '''Part six''' moves to a top-level view of our society to explore wider social influences on our health and wellbeing. '''Part seven''' considers the historical social relationships with our health and their ramifications for present and future generations. '''Part eight''' then leans on significant theoretical perspectives to frame and contextualise the various insights provided throughout. '''Part nine''' ends by discussing the future of our health and society, exploring the importance of democratic activism, technology, and societal wellbeing to the continued development and equity of everyone's health. == Contents == <div style="text-align: left-aligned;"> {{center| {{Multicol|50%}} [[Health Sociology/Introduction|Introduction]] Contributors '''Part 1: Understanding health and society''' Health and society Theory and "knowing" health Key concepts '''Part 2: Themes of health and society''' [[Health Sociology/Inequality, Inequity, Injustice, and Liberation|Inequality, Inequity, Injustice, and Liberation]] Intersectionality Class Ethnicity [[Health Sociology/Sex, Sexuality, and Gender|Sex, Sexuality, and Gender]] Age Location Environment Genetics The body and the mind '''Part 3: Living within a human lifespan''' [[Health Sociology/Sex and Reproduction|Sex and Reproduction]] [[Health Sociology/Childhood|Childhood]] Teenhood Adulthood Relationships [[Health Sociology/Bodies|Bodies]] Pain [[Health Sociology/Mental Health|Mental Health]] Anxiety, scares, uncertainty, and the unknown Drugs, usage, and addicition [[Health Sociology/Chronic Illness|Chronic Illness]] Disability Sleep Aging [[Health Sociology/Death and Dying|Death and Dying]] '''Part 4: Doing health in society''' Organising care Institutionalisation Doctoring Nursing Dentistry Allied health professions Public health Health promotion Lay care [[Health Sociology/Complementary and Alternative Medicine|Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] Palliative care Deathcare {{Multicol-break}} '''Part 5: Negotiating health with society''' Social construction of health Medical model [[Health Sociology/The Professional and the Lay Person|The Professional and the Lay Person]] Diagnosis to treatment Cure finding Professionalisation [[Health Sociology/Medicalisation|Medicalisation]] Pharmaceuticalisation [[Health Sociology/Geneticisation|Geneticisation]] Healthcare journeys Natural disasters Human disasters '''Part 6: Setting the agenda in health and society''' Policy Economics [[Health Sociology/Politics|Politics]] Ideology Capitalism Consumerism Neoliberalism Privatisation Lobbying NGOs Think tanks and research groups Sceptics and conspiricy theorists Community groups '''Part 7: Histories of health and society''' [[Health Sociology/Histories of Healing|Histories of Healing]] Westerncentricism Empiricism Mechanical anatomy Colonialisation Industrialisation [[Health Sociology/Globalisation|Globalisation]] '''Part 8: Perspectives of health and society''' Bioethics Feminism Foucault Marxism Political economy Social constructivism Planetary health Queer theory '''Part 9: Bettering health and society''' Activism Democratic innovations Citizenship Digital information Technology Wellbeing '''End matter''' Glossary {{Multicol-end}} }} </div> == References == {{reflist}} {{Shelves|Sociology}} {{status|0%}} 80x3b0d01zk3f4mc0xnf3sbs3ca36ak 0 448331 4095883 4095681 2022-08-24T23:22:50Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative. A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)? Consistent make-up Broad age gaps Is decrease in HRV solely linked to PTSD sufferers, is the change comparable to other studies Variability across exposures and psychological and pharmacological treatments HRV from Exercise vs from adrenalin dump? Relevance of DASS 30 mins after? Study too short? 4 days? == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 4m3u3yjbtdmtumoyql60wiymlougshn 4095885 4095883 2022-08-24T23:48:47Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. An additional question which does not appeared to be considered in the paper is == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 18d3ym1djjcn1zbwwojz4i2m370jyy2 4095887 4095885 2022-08-24T23:58:47Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the paper does not appear to address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise. ==== Limitations ==== Although the current review of the literature is encouraging, the extant studies have limitations. For instance, many of the studies had small sample sizes, restricted age ranges and/or ethnicities (many predominantly white samples), focused on either females or males, and/or relied on convenience sampling for recruitment. In addition, the populations from these studies are quite variable in terms of severity of PTSD symptoms (ranging from inpatient to trauma-exposed without PTSD), veteran status, and whether they are seeking treatment. While these factors limit the generalizability of each study to dissimilar populations, the positive association between exercise and PTSD across these variable samples provides some evidence for the generalizability of the findings. There are also considerable limitations related to the heterogeneity in research methodology. In terms of measurement, PTSD was assessed using many different self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and only select studies reported on time since traumatic event, which could impact the benefits of exercise on PTSD. There is substantial variability in the exercise measures and protocols administered across studies. First, single-item measures of exercise may hinder the detection of significant findings due to the oversimplification of exercise. Second, many of the studies rely on retrospective self-report measures of exercise, which may be prone to bias, inaccuracies, and misunderstanding of questions [e.g., (50–52)], rather than objective measures of exercise or fitness levels. In addition, the majority of the existing intervention studies failed to implement rigorous pre- and post- intervention fitness assessments and few included a control group. Therefore, some of these early studies are not able to demonstrate that alterations in PTSD were specific to alterations in fitness (as opposed to common factors). As more randomized clinical trials of exercise and PTSD appear in the literature, it will be possible to complete a quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of aerobic exercise on PTSD symptoms. However, given the heterogeneity in the study methods outlined above, and in particular the lack of an adequate number of studies that included a control group, we felt a quantitative analysis of the literature was not appropriate at this time. Nevertheless, these early and promising findings as well as the consideration of some of the potential mechanisms by which exercise could exert a positive impact in PTSD provide motivation for further investigation. == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 00nr4aj1g7uvsr2ek70blqj4uvpq73t 4095888 4095887 2022-08-25T00:03:49Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise. Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> ==== Limitations ==== Although the current review of the literature is encouraging, the extant studies have limitations. For instance, many of the studies had small sample sizes, restricted age ranges and/or ethnicities (many predominantly white samples), focused on either females or males, and/or relied on convenience sampling for recruitment. In addition, the populations from these studies are quite variable in terms of severity of PTSD symptoms (ranging from inpatient to trauma-exposed without PTSD), veteran status, and whether they are seeking treatment. While these factors limit the generalizability of each study to dissimilar populations, the positive association between exercise and PTSD across these variable samples provides some evidence for the generalizability of the findings. There are also considerable limitations related to the heterogeneity in research methodology. In terms of measurement, PTSD was assessed using many different self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and only select studies reported on time since traumatic event, which could impact the benefits of exercise on PTSD. There is substantial variability in the exercise measures and protocols administered across studies. First, single-item measures of exercise may hinder the detection of significant findings due to the oversimplification of exercise. Second, many of the studies rely on retrospective self-report measures of exercise, which may be prone to bias, inaccuracies, and misunderstanding of questions [e.g., (50–52)], rather than objective measures of exercise or fitness levels. In addition, the majority of the existing intervention studies failed to implement rigorous pre- and post- intervention fitness assessments and few included a control group. Therefore, some of these early studies are not able to demonstrate that alterations in PTSD were specific to alterations in fitness (as opposed to common factors). As more randomized clinical trials of exercise and PTSD appear in the literature, it will be possible to complete a quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of aerobic exercise on PTSD symptoms. However, given the heterogeneity in the study methods outlined above, and in particular the lack of an adequate number of studies that included a control group, we felt a quantitative analysis of the literature was not appropriate at this time. Nevertheless, these early and promising findings as well as the consideration of some of the potential mechanisms by which exercise could exert a positive impact in PTSD provide motivation for further investigation. == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} lrs8m64xubchp1rt4kbqdqp5dlmyqyg 4095889 4095888 2022-08-25T00:06:16Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg" /> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> ==== Limitations ==== Although the current review of the literature is encouraging, the extant studies have limitations. For instance, many of the studies had small sample sizes, restricted age ranges and/or ethnicities (many predominantly white samples), focused on either females or males, and/or relied on convenience sampling for recruitment. In addition, the populations from these studies are quite variable in terms of severity of PTSD symptoms (ranging from inpatient to trauma-exposed without PTSD), veteran status, and whether they are seeking treatment. While these factors limit the generalizability of each study to dissimilar populations, the positive association between exercise and PTSD across these variable samples provides some evidence for the generalizability of the findings. There are also considerable limitations related to the heterogeneity in research methodology. In terms of measurement, PTSD was assessed using many different self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and only select studies reported on time since traumatic event, which could impact the benefits of exercise on PTSD. There is substantial variability in the exercise measures and protocols administered across studies. First, single-item measures of exercise may hinder the detection of significant findings due to the oversimplification of exercise. Second, many of the studies rely on retrospective self-report measures of exercise, which may be prone to bias, inaccuracies, and misunderstanding of questions [e.g., (50–52)], rather than objective measures of exercise or fitness levels. In addition, the majority of the existing intervention studies failed to implement rigorous pre- and post- intervention fitness assessments and few included a control group. Therefore, some of these early studies are not able to demonstrate that alterations in PTSD were specific to alterations in fitness (as opposed to common factors). As more randomized clinical trials of exercise and PTSD appear in the literature, it will be possible to complete a quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of aerobic exercise on PTSD symptoms. However, given the heterogeneity in the study methods outlined above, and in particular the lack of an adequate number of studies that included a control group, we felt a quantitative analysis of the literature was not appropriate at this time. Nevertheless, these early and promising findings as well as the consideration of some of the potential mechanisms by which exercise could exert a positive impact in PTSD provide motivation for further investigation. == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} rxfgawdeeyu1v7ti5n0ez9hmejzyt3x 4095890 4095889 2022-08-25T00:08:18Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg" /> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 8i5k8q6qyaaiqhlo7cy96o8avn4vx9v 4095891 4095890 2022-08-25T00:22:08Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} r3mgfwbqxemo3pmuwtbh68vcwkzhm7m 4095892 4095891 2022-08-25T00:23:21Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} kafzxzgydcayqgpn7whwjutq8dzp2sm 4095893 4095892 2022-08-25T00:25:55Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} q91hk2w2darzykxgcu8qudljux6bkcp 4095895 4095893 2022-08-25T00:29:14Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 62g0u847r6o9agdw3v2h6ko5elymcf7 4095908 4095895 2022-08-25T01:09:39Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 80ier774oqlf7p5in9ocf2czcx5adqk 4095911 4095908 2022-08-25T01:19:35Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> [[File:Terrorists ISIS.jpg|Terrorists_ISIS]] == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} dxjkug3biqmp4xt8b3qlbv207b4dwfj 4095914 4095911 2022-08-25T01:21:07Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} nlntyux7r6q0ezj6cbuzxjatmaxz0wv 4095915 4095914 2022-08-25T01:23:40Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> [[File:Lace Up Boxing Gloves.jpg|Lace_Up_Boxing_Gloves]] This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} d2srlsitmoos5abbuyxqmldsgqsltay 4095916 4095915 2022-08-25T01:24:13Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} nlntyux7r6q0ezj6cbuzxjatmaxz0wv 4095996 4095916 2022-08-25T09:03:11Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health support services and other agencies including the Australian Defense Force support service. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including renal disease, metal implants and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants were asked to refrain from any exercise in the 24 hours prior to the study commencing until cessation of all sampling sessions. Participants were asked to complete two questionnaire, the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the (DASS) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Participants cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan was conducted.<ref name="Article" /> Three days after control measurements were obtained the participants returned to UC to commence the study. Participants were asked to complete a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity which consisted of a vigorous boxing session. Physiological, saliva samples, along with a further DASS questionnaire, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise. Further samples and questionnaires were obtained 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers are seeking further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. ''International Journal of Qualitative Methods''. January 2019.</ref> A common theme across transition from pilot studies to a full research project is the perception of participants who are allocated to the control group. Control group participants often have a lower retention rate then those who are subject to the proposed intervention/treatment. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays int he research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. ''BMJ Open'' 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> A possible solution to this issue is the use of randomisation. In this instance the use of this method will be dependent upon the structure of the full research project. Additionally participants appear to have been well advised prior to the study and the control group consist of participants with no PTSD diagnosis, thereby their purpose for participation is unrelated to treatment objectives. One of the few question in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the make-up of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels after 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals will almost immediately see a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> The authors validate their findings and theory against several other publications which recorded similar results. while individuals with PTSD appear to display a generally decreased PNS tone compared with that of other types of psychiatric diagnoses and healthy populations [22,58,59]. Our study supported this notion, given that there was still a large reduction in LnRMSSD in the PTSD group at 48 h post-exercise, suggesting inadequate recovery. Previous studies investigating the HRV of individuals with PTSD have indicated that reduced vagal activity may reflect altered behavior characteristic of PTSD and SNS tone dominance (e.g., increased anxiety, inability to recognize safe environments) [59,60]. Alternatively, other research has proposed a loss of vagal myelin sheath with chronic stress [61]. One may speculate that the lower cardiac vagal activity in PTSD may a�ect the e�ciency of catecholamine binding to the vagus nerve and the speed at which the signal is then transmitted back to the brain to indicate that the stressful event has ceased, resulting in SNS dominance and a systemically pro-inflammatory state [62]. Although beyond the scope of the current study, future research investigating the relationship between HRV and catecholamine binding to the vagus nerve may improve our understanding of PTSD. * * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. [Hegberg] For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). [Hegberg] == '''Practical advice''' == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == '''Further information/resources''' == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 9vashxw50vzft44qpkswz2z7mikcg5d 0 448391 4095872 4095565 2022-08-24T21:54:26Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete}} === 6WF Perth === A comprehensive article about 6WF Perth has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation: * [[/Research|Research - 6WF Perth]] - Summary of research to date * [[/Notes|Transcriptions and Notes - 6WF Perth]] - More than 50 transcriptions * [[/Graphics|Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - 6WF Perth]] - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several relevant QSLs held * [[/Wikipedia|Incubator of Wikipedia Article on 6WF Perth]] - Coming real soon now! Key internet links: Maxwell Hull, VK3ZS, Federal Historical Section WIA: biography "Walter Francis Maxwell Howden" in "Amateur Radio" of October 1983<ref>https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-AUSTRALIA/IDX/Amateur-Radio/80s/Amateur-Radio-AU-1983628.pdf</ref> Neville Williams' biography in "When I think Back . . ." section of Electronics Australia of December 1996<ref>http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/valves/NW199612.pdf</ref> Tribute page by Andrew (current 3BQ callsign holder) "A3BQ (VK3BQ) a Very Historic callsign."<ref>https://www.vk3bq.com/2014/10/29/a3bq-vk3bq-callsign/</ref> (includes several other links) Wonderful 41 minute recording of an oral history interview with Max "Maxwell Howden interviewed by Mel Pratt ion 1972 for the Mel Pratt collection" <ref>{{Citation | author1=Howden, Maxwell, 1899-1980 | author2=Pratt, Mel, -1986 | title=Maxwell Howden interviewed by Mel Pratt for the Mel Pratt collection | journal=Mel Pratt collection [sound recording] | publication-date=1972-04-04 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19169227 | access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Another excellent 35 minute recording of speech by Max in 1974 to the Radio Amateur's Old Timer's Club about amateur radio late 1910s through 1930s [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfgofQ-Gu_s&ab_channel=AusRadioHistorian Youtube] Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely article from Melbourne's Table Talk, summarising Max's life to 1927, and accompanied by a wonderful caricature touches briefly on how much Max contributed to the development of wireless in Australia in the 1920s <blockquote>'''Prominent Personalities.''' Written by C. R. Bradish. '''MAX HOWDEN, A RADIO PIONEER.''' Illustrated by L. F. REYNOLDS. WHY Max Howden allowed a good part of his countenance to retire behind a mass of foliage to give zest to the suspicion that he was either learning painting under Max Meldrum or Bolshevism under Zinobiffsky is, of course, his own affair, but the probable explanation is that he was too busy to shave. When a comparative infant in his early twenties cheerfully stays up late, not for the pastimes that keep most of us out of bed, but for the business of experimenting in wireless, shaving is frequently superfluous and may even become a serious interruption to the scientific purposes of life. Anyhow, Max, christened Maxwell by his parents in his baptism, has allowed his beard to grow and is so content with the innovation that he can gaze without any noticeable increase of pulse on the prettiest shaving soap advertisements and all those other subtly-worded communiques offering miraculous safety razors for immaterial prices. Max Howden is an uncommon young man. To the average listener-in who takes his evening fill of talk on beet growing or fowl-raising interspersed with orchestral selections from the works of Professor Whizzbang, the name of Howden is little known, but to the scattered world of experimentalists he is one of the Columbuses of the ether, a fellow of infinite worth and enterprise. What he has done will go down in the records to remind us of an unflinching pioneering spirit in the face of all sorts of difficulties and discouragements. Remember that he took up the problem of long-distance wireless when it was being cradled in the lap of officialdom. Apparatus was crude and expensive, and other conditions governing research were not attractive. At the beginning Max Howden was allowed to experiment under Permit No. 19 issued by the Navy Office. He was keen, and he possessed a patience and perseverance that nothing could affect. At first he employed a double slide tuner and crystal detector and started to pick up the ships and Australian coastal stations — then considered something like an invigorating mental adventure, though it is hardly ten years ago. Howden, a practised reader of Morse, heard the calls going back and forward for several months, all the while developing his apparatus, but never assuaging his consuming thirst for experiment. Soon he was listening to the messages thrown into the void by the V.L.A. station in New Zealand, and with this awoke the ambition to have the whole world of wireless audible and build a machine that would leap oceans and establish two way communication. In 1920 a boon of great price came into his hands. The first shipment of valves, a mean half-dozen in all, was landed in Melbourne, and he was lucky to get one. It may interest the present-day amateur to learn that those valves were 65/ each, which will give some idea of the high cost of wireless to a moderate pocket. With the single valve installed Howden's range of reception was vastly increased. Though he is now hardened to the sensations of discovery and achievement, he can still recall the thrill when he distinctly heard JOC (Japan) on a wave length of 600 metres. After that exploit several other high-powered stations studding the globe practically became next-door neighbors. Among them was POZ, of Nauen, Germany, celebrated be fore and during the war; FL, attached to the Eiffel Tower, Paris; YL, at Lyons, in the South of France; MUU, of Carnarvon, Wales; and NAA, of Arlington, America. By this time Howden was hard at it. To him wireless had attained the proportions of a fashionable vice. Whilst other young men were wearing their feet sore in the company of syncopated dirges, or were sitting up late trying to make four aces grow where one grew before he was among his instruments, experimenting with R valves, Muirhead Amplifying valves and what not, and losing sleep with the stoicism popularly associated with scientific work. Hereabouts he built his own audio frequency transformer to use additional amplication and received his first transmitting licence, he first practising on a wave length of 400 to 440 metres. Shortly after the Government kept that wave length exclusively for commercial purposes, and amateurs were then only permitted to play with a wave length not exceeding 250 metres. That did not deter Master Howden. As he proved afterwards, no arbitrary rules about wave lengths could keep a resourceful expert isolated from the world abroad. As a matter of fact, just about the height of the first trans-Pacific tests his own specially designed simplex receiver picked up 23 American amateur stations on a 200-metre wavelength, which was an unprecedented patch of purple in the history of wireless experiment in this country. Thereafter he settled down to experiments in transmission, and he and others, including the brilliant Maclurcan, of Sydney, collectively developed shortwave apparatus. His first great success, after infinite endeavor, was to signal through to California. This happened on November 2, 1924, with a wave length of only 87 metres, and Howden's elation in the circumstances can be imagined. Two nights later 1SF (Boston) reported that a message from Howden had leapt the Pacific and the American continent and had been picked up intact. But an even finer triumph was to follow. A little after five in the morning of November 13, the same year, Mr Simmonds, a clever English amateur, officially known as G2OD, heard his call, and in a few seconds he was talking to Simmonds — which was the first two-way wireless communication between England and Australia. That is not the full story of his work, but it must suffice. It indicates in some measure the temperament of the man and the cool, relentless striving that has won him his position in this strange new science. A curious man, this, with a face paled by long vigils and with eyes lighted by the fanaticism of one who has dedicated a life to a passion. The technics of wireless slip off his tongue as glibly as the prayers of a Buddhist monk, and I doubt if he has in recent years ever mentioned any other subject with animation. He has that strange gift of concentration on one thing which marks men of high talent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146842335 |title=Prominent Personality MAX HOWDEN |newspaper=[[Table Talk]] |issue=3112 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=29 December 1927 |accessdate=8 February 2021 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> {{BookCat}} mu9u95embt0rdvslvyrzqrlab8w9d0m 0 448392 4095839 4095564 2022-08-24T20:16:13Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 03 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} l8kkl4peofudvxceqwde1xlwjunfcts 4095851 4095846 2022-08-24T20:54:22Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 03 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} h6nhps36uwhc1t19t2nmrauqnen5wnp 4095856 4095851 2022-08-24T21:00:09Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 04 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 9x1jmmuzyoaif8so0jwrd8hvs1o1wj7 4095869 4095865 2022-08-24T21:46:42Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 04 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 8db5y3nzl8lgg5cktj3dk3lherp3acr 4096010 4095871 2022-08-25T10:42:24Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 02 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} dpht42de2qw1v1em5vxptmklunnwqgi 4096011 4096010 2022-08-25T10:49:52Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 04 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A letter to the editor of the Westralian Worker puts a compelling case against sealed sets and monopolistic broadcast groups <blockquote>'''WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? MONOPOLISTS OR THE PEOPLE?''' The rapid growth of wireless telephony in the past few years, together with the many absorbing features of broadcasting, has made Radio the King Hobby in England and America. The comparative ease with which a satisfactory set can be constructed from cheap component parts has given the radio a further impulse, and relegated model building, stamp collecting, and fretwork well into the back ground. Here, the creative instinct, strong in the majority of people, finds free play in a useful direction. And the realization that with a satisfactory outfit the radio fan can listen-in, practically at will, to concert items, lectures, etc., of a variety to suit his taste, has popularised wireless immensely in other countries. And the same will happen in Australia if the Australian is given sympathetic treatment. At present the construction of his own set by the mechanic, or persons mechanically inclined, is futile because of the wavering attitude of a Federal Government, which is always ready to take advice from those sections of the community not actuated by any philanthropic, patriotic, or altruistic motives. In Sydney, recently, we had the sealed set war. Farmer's Ltd., a Sydney rag firm, which, with the tenacity of a stickfast flea clinging to a spring chicken, has hung on to the growing enthusiasm for the ether wave for no reasons that are scientific or beneficent — if the remarks of the firm's delegates at the conference on wireless matters are any indication — want the sealed set to continue. Farmer's Ltd. (not to be confused with Westralian Farmers Ltd. — a firm of another colour) are dabbling in broadcasting and want a virtual monopoly of the New South Wales business, even if they must penalise all other States in the process. The sealed set is a set fixed to tune in on only one wave length. This gives the owner of a set absolutely no discrimination in his selection of a programme, but it means exclusive business for the monopolisers of broadcasting, and hence, bigger profits. The feelings of the owner of a receiving set are not considered. The trade of the legitimate dealer in radio goods, one whose interests rely on the popularity of the new science, is endangered. The aims of the experimenter concern Farmer's Ltd. and their kin not at all. The sealed set must go if wireless is to progress in Australia. An open license, covering the whole business, on the lines of the vehicle license, is all that is needed. What would the car owner of, say, Bunbury, think if it were enacted that all automobiles must have sealed wheels, set to a certain prescribed gauge, and operative only on roads of that gauge for which the license was issued. A phenomenal boom in the boot trade would result. The ether must remain as free for the "radio fan" as the roads are for the vehicle owner. The other delegates to the conference are to be commended for the strenuous opposition they made to Farmer's tactics. But they made a mistake when they recommended that the present so-called experimental license take its place, called an expert experimental license; that the total number issued at any time shall not exceed the following: N.S.W. 300, Victoria 300, S.A. 100, W.A 100, Queensland 150, and Tasmania 30; that such licenses be free of charge, and shall be issued yearly by the Postmaster-General on the recommendation of the Wireless Institute of Australia in each State. This, says the "Sunday Times" (20/4/24) is likely to cause a hard knock. True, it hurts. And everyone with a regard for progress and freedom will be justified in knocking out the "980 clause." This extreme limitation is likely to choke the natural development of wireless in the rapidly-growing Commonwealth. No more than 980, presumably, are allowed to practise out new circuits, new methods of reception and transmission, or new designs in components. Inventions appertaining to wireless are to be left severely alone by all except a few favoured experts; and these experts are not selected in an open competitive examination like Bachelors of Arts, Doctors of Medicine, and Steam Engine Drivers, but are the nominees of a Wireless Institute. The adoption of the "980 clause" will not further the advancement of wireless, but will undoubtedly mean an outbreak of wave thieving among otherwise respectable citizens and a spread of "bootleg" experimenting. The way of the department controlling wireless is clear. There must be no more monopolies or interference with the freedom of the ether. (Amalgamated Wireless is enough.) Unlimited experimenting under license and control will not hamper broadcasting or telegraphy, and will do much to develop the growth of Radio. And a healthy growth of radio will be to the mutual interests of the man outback and the bloke in the street. "Faceplate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148270520 |title=WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=918 |location=Western Australia |date=2 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 7j8lph6pde5nh2i369284em04nf2h2t 4096047 4096035 2022-08-25T11:39:23Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 05 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A letter to the editor of the Westralian Worker puts a compelling case against sealed sets and monopolistic broadcast groups <blockquote>'''WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? MONOPOLISTS OR THE PEOPLE?''' The rapid growth of wireless telephony in the past few years, together with the many absorbing features of broadcasting, has made Radio the King Hobby in England and America. The comparative ease with which a satisfactory set can be constructed from cheap component parts has given the radio a further impulse, and relegated model building, stamp collecting, and fretwork well into the back ground. Here, the creative instinct, strong in the majority of people, finds free play in a useful direction. And the realization that with a satisfactory outfit the radio fan can listen-in, practically at will, to concert items, lectures, etc., of a variety to suit his taste, has popularised wireless immensely in other countries. And the same will happen in Australia if the Australian is given sympathetic treatment. At present the construction of his own set by the mechanic, or persons mechanically inclined, is futile because of the wavering attitude of a Federal Government, which is always ready to take advice from those sections of the community not actuated by any philanthropic, patriotic, or altruistic motives. In Sydney, recently, we had the sealed set war. Farmer's Ltd., a Sydney rag firm, which, with the tenacity of a stickfast flea clinging to a spring chicken, has hung on to the growing enthusiasm for the ether wave for no reasons that are scientific or beneficent — if the remarks of the firm's delegates at the conference on wireless matters are any indication — want the sealed set to continue. Farmer's Ltd. (not to be confused with Westralian Farmers Ltd. — a firm of another colour) are dabbling in broadcasting and want a virtual monopoly of the New South Wales business, even if they must penalise all other States in the process. The sealed set is a set fixed to tune in on only one wave length. This gives the owner of a set absolutely no discrimination in his selection of a programme, but it means exclusive business for the monopolisers of broadcasting, and hence, bigger profits. The feelings of the owner of a receiving set are not considered. The trade of the legitimate dealer in radio goods, one whose interests rely on the popularity of the new science, is endangered. The aims of the experimenter concern Farmer's Ltd. and their kin not at all. The sealed set must go if wireless is to progress in Australia. An open license, covering the whole business, on the lines of the vehicle license, is all that is needed. What would the car owner of, say, Bunbury, think if it were enacted that all automobiles must have sealed wheels, set to a certain prescribed gauge, and operative only on roads of that gauge for which the license was issued. A phenomenal boom in the boot trade would result. The ether must remain as free for the "radio fan" as the roads are for the vehicle owner. The other delegates to the conference are to be commended for the strenuous opposition they made to Farmer's tactics. But they made a mistake when they recommended that the present so-called experimental license take its place, called an expert experimental license; that the total number issued at any time shall not exceed the following: N.S.W. 300, Victoria 300, S.A. 100, W.A 100, Queensland 150, and Tasmania 30; that such licenses be free of charge, and shall be issued yearly by the Postmaster-General on the recommendation of the Wireless Institute of Australia in each State. This, says the "Sunday Times" (20/4/24) is likely to cause a hard knock. True, it hurts. And everyone with a regard for progress and freedom will be justified in knocking out the "980 clause." This extreme limitation is likely to choke the natural development of wireless in the rapidly-growing Commonwealth. No more than 980, presumably, are allowed to practise out new circuits, new methods of reception and transmission, or new designs in components. Inventions appertaining to wireless are to be left severely alone by all except a few favoured experts; and these experts are not selected in an open competitive examination like Bachelors of Arts, Doctors of Medicine, and Steam Engine Drivers, but are the nominees of a Wireless Institute. The adoption of the "980 clause" will not further the advancement of wireless, but will undoubtedly mean an outbreak of wave thieving among otherwise respectable citizens and a spread of "bootleg" experimenting. The way of the department controlling wireless is clear. There must be no more monopolies or interference with the freedom of the ether. (Amalgamated Wireless is enough.) Unlimited experimenting under license and control will not hamper broadcasting or telegraphy, and will do much to develop the growth of Radio. And a healthy growth of radio will be to the mutual interests of the man outback and the bloke in the street. "Faceplate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148270520 |title=WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=918 |location=Western Australia |date=2 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Humorous description of John Thomson in the Perth Leader <blockquote>'''PERSONALIA.''' . . . There is a little man named Thomson, chief officer of the W.A. Wheat Pool, and of the Westralian Farmers broadcasting department, who is well known throughout the golden grain areas, where, in former years, he used to travel extensively in a Ford car. Thomson is the slickest thing, outside the electrical appliances in which he is at present engaged, and there isn't an office boy round in the Wellington-street emporium who could or would try to beat Thomson running up stairs, four at a time, or bolting along passages like Postle. Speed and efficiency appear to be his watchwords, and if his efficiency is equal to his speed he must be 100 per cent. One time, in a very boggy winter, Basil Murray had a problem to face — six of the firm's motor ears were bogged in the wheat belt, and the drivers had come back to Perth. "Look here," said Murray to one of them, "I can't make out how you fellows get bogged and can't get out. Now, there's Thomson—." The driver got angry. "Yes," he snarled back, "Thomson!" Thomson is so light that a car wouldn't bog with his weight, and he's so damn fast that he never touches the ground; and if you expect us to drive like Thomson you can just treble our insurance policies, Mr. Murray, that's all. We are god-fearing men with families — Thomson fears nothing, God, man or the devil."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256964486 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=368 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 28xtz6ohyx2pee5n4dpfbiulc9mp30s 0 448396 4095965 4095223 2022-08-25T06:22:54Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Content */ Added book search function wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Apartments of the Russian traveler.jpg||thumb|500px|Russian backpacking is harsh and merciless]] [[File:Logo (bum tour).gif|left|90px]] {{book title|Hobo tourism|Methodical manual on the theory and practice of long-term low-budget travel}} The textbook is an author's training manual on one of the types of independent tourism for familiarization with the theory of long intercontinental voyages at minimal cost. The concept under consideration — Hobo tourism ([[w:Russian language|Russian]]: [[b:ru:Бомж-туризм|Бомж-туризм]]) also Bum tourism, Vagabond tourism, Tramp tourism; harsh backpacking or Russian backpacking is a format of long trips a-la homeless people life. The origin of the term is based on a combination of the Russian words "[[w: ru:Бомж|бомж]]" and "[[w: ru:Туризм|туризм]]" However term should not be taken literally — homeless + tourism ("voyage of a homeless person"): people who do not have housing don’t travel the planet. The choice of a phrase so strange at first glance as a name explained by the fact that the existence of a traveler (or an independent tourist) following these postulates for some time becomes similar to the life of a homeless person wandering around the world. Anyone who is annoyed by the word displayed in the title, don’t advise to continue reading: it is unlikely that the technique will appeal to you, since the content fully corresponds to the title. This is a typical Russian method; the alternative to it is the well-known (pro-Western method) backpacking. The textbook describes a practical approach, supplementing the text part with an abundance of illustrations, sometimes videos; and also contains the category "Optional material", which presents real events as an example and Russian-language literature on the topic. It is not necessary to read the "elective", in particular, for those users who prefer to act independently. The creator of textbook — Russian traveller [[d:Q104033754|Viktor Pinchuk]]. == Content == {{Book search}} '''Introduction:''' [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format]] ;[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/]]: :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the flophouse (dosshouse)|In the flophouse (dosshouse)]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings|In Aboriginal dwellings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In an abandoned building|In abandoned buildings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the company of homeless people|In the company of homeless people]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In a public toilet|In a public toilet]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|At the police station]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|In halls and stairwells]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the cemetery|At the cemetery]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid|In the ancient pyramid]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction|On objects under construction]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|Under the open sky]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Hostels|In hostels]] '''What to take with you:''' [[/Equipment/]] '''Tips for self-sufficiency in food''': [[/Food/]] '''Who chose this method:''' [[/Subject|Subject of hobo tourism]] ---- ;For additional information: <p><span style="color: #006400;">Survival practice in extreme conditions (specific examples):</span></p> :[[/Visiting Death/]] (about traveler involuntarily staying in an uninhabited territory) :[[/One day in an Afghan prison/]] :[[/African Robbery/]] :[[/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)/|Tropical fever in the bum tour]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Routes traveled by the author:</span></p> :[[/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|First creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Creative trip to India/]] :[[/Creative trip to Mongolia/]] :[[/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|The second creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Afghan Expedition]] :[[/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africaa|Third creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Bum tour of winter Japan/]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to Papua New Guinea|Expedition to Papua New Guinea]] :[[/Latin American Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Latin American Expedition]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's solo Expedition to Africa (2017/18)|Solo expedition to Africa (2017/18)]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania|Expedition to the islands of Oceania]] <p><span style="color:#006400">Travel literature in the bum tour format ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Third African trip/]] :[[/Japan for free/]] :[[/Six months by islands... and countries/]] :[[/Mongolian huyvaldagch/]] :[[/Two hundred days in Latin America/]] :[[/Afghan prisoner/]] :[[/Holiday of wandering mzungu/]] :[[/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars/]] :[[/Indian dreams/]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Some tips for spending high-days (and examples from practice):</span></p> :[[How to celebrate the New Year in bum tours]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Author's TV project, recommended for viewing with the purpose of additional familiarization with the topic ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Around the world with empty pockets/]] {{commons|Category:Illustrations for textbook "Bum tourism"/«Бомж-туризм»}} {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|Tourism}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|25%}} t1jbikiqfjq6d8v55ziv3w1o9fkszcn 4095967 4095965 2022-08-25T06:24:24Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Content */ Added printable version. The web version will dynamically update with the wikibook pages. :) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Apartments of the Russian traveler.jpg||thumb|500px|Russian backpacking is harsh and merciless]] [[File:Logo (bum tour).gif|left|90px]] {{book title|Hobo tourism|Methodical manual on the theory and practice of long-term low-budget travel}} The textbook is an author's training manual on one of the types of independent tourism for familiarization with the theory of long intercontinental voyages at minimal cost. The concept under consideration — Hobo tourism ([[w:Russian language|Russian]]: [[b:ru:Бомж-туризм|Бомж-туризм]]) also Bum tourism, Vagabond tourism, Tramp tourism; harsh backpacking or Russian backpacking is a format of long trips a-la homeless people life. The origin of the term is based on a combination of the Russian words "[[w: ru:Бомж|бомж]]" and "[[w: ru:Туризм|туризм]]" However term should not be taken literally — homeless + tourism ("voyage of a homeless person"): people who do not have housing don’t travel the planet. The choice of a phrase so strange at first glance as a name explained by the fact that the existence of a traveler (or an independent tourist) following these postulates for some time becomes similar to the life of a homeless person wandering around the world. Anyone who is annoyed by the word displayed in the title, don’t advise to continue reading: it is unlikely that the technique will appeal to you, since the content fully corresponds to the title. This is a typical Russian method; the alternative to it is the well-known (pro-Western method) backpacking. The textbook describes a practical approach, supplementing the text part with an abundance of illustrations, sometimes videos; and also contains the category "Optional material", which presents real events as an example and Russian-language literature on the topic. It is not necessary to read the "elective", in particular, for those users who prefer to act independently. The creator of textbook — Russian traveller [[d:Q104033754|Viktor Pinchuk]]. == Content == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} '''Introduction:''' [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format]] ;[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/]]: :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the flophouse (dosshouse)|In the flophouse (dosshouse)]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings|In Aboriginal dwellings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In an abandoned building|In abandoned buildings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the company of homeless people|In the company of homeless people]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In a public toilet|In a public toilet]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|At the police station]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|In halls and stairwells]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the cemetery|At the cemetery]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid|In the ancient pyramid]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction|On objects under construction]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|Under the open sky]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Hostels|In hostels]] '''What to take with you:''' [[/Equipment/]] '''Tips for self-sufficiency in food''': [[/Food/]] '''Who chose this method:''' [[/Subject|Subject of hobo tourism]] ---- ;For additional information: <p><span style="color: #006400;">Survival practice in extreme conditions (specific examples):</span></p> :[[/Visiting Death/]] (about traveler involuntarily staying in an uninhabited territory) :[[/One day in an Afghan prison/]] :[[/African Robbery/]] :[[/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)/|Tropical fever in the bum tour]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Routes traveled by the author:</span></p> :[[/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|First creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Creative trip to India/]] :[[/Creative trip to Mongolia/]] :[[/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|The second creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Afghan Expedition]] :[[/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africaa|Third creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Bum tour of winter Japan/]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to Papua New Guinea|Expedition to Papua New Guinea]] :[[/Latin American Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Latin American Expedition]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's solo Expedition to Africa (2017/18)|Solo expedition to Africa (2017/18)]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania|Expedition to the islands of Oceania]] <p><span style="color:#006400">Travel literature in the bum tour format ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Third African trip/]] :[[/Japan for free/]] :[[/Six months by islands... and countries/]] :[[/Mongolian huyvaldagch/]] :[[/Two hundred days in Latin America/]] :[[/Afghan prisoner/]] :[[/Holiday of wandering mzungu/]] :[[/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars/]] :[[/Indian dreams/]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Some tips for spending high-days (and examples from practice):</span></p> :[[How to celebrate the New Year in bum tours]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Author's TV project, recommended for viewing with the purpose of additional familiarization with the topic ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Around the world with empty pockets/]] {{commons|Category:Illustrations for textbook "Bum tourism"/«Бомж-туризм»}} {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|Tourism}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|25%}} 9geogah2okhouxucv59g8f465wzwxap 0 448412 4095968 4095332 2022-08-25T06:25:37Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Cases from practice */ Added quote template wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:WC (Kasuga-taisha, Japan).webm|thumbtime=00|thumb|380px|Spacious toilet in forest park area near temple complex<br> [[w:Kasuga-taisha|Kasuga-taisha]], [[w:Nara (city)|Nara]] (Japan)]] '''Staying overnight in a public toilet''' — a variant of night rest travelers using the methods of [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format|bum tourism]]. Used in emergencies; for example, if air temperature or precipitation do not allow [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|sleeping outdoors]]. == Equipment == Standard kit of hobo tourist: plastic sheeting (to protect the underside of the sleeping pad from dust), an inflatable pillow, plaid or sleeping bag. == Cases from practice == Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk twice used this method in the fourth solo expedition to Africa: when crossing the border between Lesotho and South Africa; and in the city of [[w:Oudtshoorn|Oudtshoorn]], where he [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|went to the police station]], and was identified by an officer for the night in such an extravagant place<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=138|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref><ref name=book>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=152-153|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. Here is how one of the aforementioned cases is described in the book "[[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu|Holiday of wandering mzungu]]": <blockquote> ''"Another hour of walking, I noticed in the distance several separate sources of light: lanterns, or windows of houses. Even if it is a village — also not bad. When the building of a border checkpoint was visible ahead, the road was blocked by a stream flowing from the mountain. I took out a flashlight. Having crossed the ford, has stumbled into... closed gates. Surprise! What to do? There are three options: climb over the fence; stay on this side until the morning ("sleep" jumping on one leg, or lying — shivering from cold); long time shouting wild cry. I chose the third point as the most sensible. Continuing to yell frantically, noticed a police car approaching the building with glowing windows. I took out a flashlight, adding a sound signal with a light. Soon the car left, and with it the hope. Without paying attention to the details, continued what I had started. A man came out of the luminous building. Approaching the gate, he asked where I had come from. "From Lesotho", said, holding out my passport through the bars. The border guard has opened the lock. We approached the office walls, he fled the door and, putting a stamp with the inscription Sani Pass, returned the document through the window: "You can go". It began to rain. "And how many kilometers to the city?" — "About thirty". — "Can I sleep here?" — "This is the border, impossible". Having inspected the territory of the border guard, I found a toilet: quite clean, cozy and without an unpleasant smell. "Can I stay overnight in the WC?" — asked, returning. "Well. Only passport surrender till morning"'' <ref name=book></ref>. </blockquote> In the Japanese city of Nara near the temple complex Kasuga-taisha, located in a forest park on the outskirts of the city, a suitable option (see video). However, overnight in the WC did not take place because an alternative was found — [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|the vestibule of high-rise]] <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=22-23|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref>. == Aspects of application == This option is presented for theoretical study, the use of the method in practice is low probability. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} l7v7qdjw1uzf9is7a1xnequ3cd1dn08 4095969 4095968 2022-08-25T06:26:30Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Cases from practice */ Shortened ref tag, please revert if this is incorrect wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:WC (Kasuga-taisha, Japan).webm|thumbtime=00|thumb|380px|Spacious toilet in forest park area near temple complex<br> [[w:Kasuga-taisha|Kasuga-taisha]], [[w:Nara (city)|Nara]] (Japan)]] '''Staying overnight in a public toilet''' — a variant of night rest travelers using the methods of [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format|bum tourism]]. Used in emergencies; for example, if air temperature or precipitation do not allow [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|sleeping outdoors]]. == Equipment == Standard kit of hobo tourist: plastic sheeting (to protect the underside of the sleeping pad from dust), an inflatable pillow, plaid or sleeping bag. == Cases from practice == Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk twice used this method in the fourth solo expedition to Africa: when crossing the border between Lesotho and South Africa; and in the city of [[w:Oudtshoorn|Oudtshoorn]], where he [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|went to the police station]], and was identified by an officer for the night in such an extravagant place<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=138|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref><ref name=book>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=152-153|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. Here is how one of the aforementioned cases is described in the book "[[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu|Holiday of wandering mzungu]]": <blockquote> ''"Another hour of walking, I noticed in the distance several separate sources of light: lanterns, or windows of houses. Even if it is a village — also not bad. When the building of a border checkpoint was visible ahead, the road was blocked by a stream flowing from the mountain. I took out a flashlight. Having crossed the ford, has stumbled into... closed gates. Surprise! What to do? There are three options: climb over the fence; stay on this side until the morning ("sleep" jumping on one leg, or lying — shivering from cold); long time shouting wild cry. I chose the third point as the most sensible. Continuing to yell frantically, noticed a police car approaching the building with glowing windows. I took out a flashlight, adding a sound signal with a light. Soon the car left, and with it the hope. Without paying attention to the details, continued what I had started. A man came out of the luminous building. Approaching the gate, he asked where I had come from. "From Lesotho", said, holding out my passport through the bars. The border guard has opened the lock. We approached the office walls, he fled the door and, putting a stamp with the inscription Sani Pass, returned the document through the window: "You can go". It began to rain. "And how many kilometers to the city?" — "About thirty". — "Can I sleep here?" — "This is the border, impossible". Having inspected the territory of the border guard, I found a toilet: quite clean, cozy and without an unpleasant smell. "Can I stay overnight in the WC?" — asked, returning. "Well. Only passport surrender till morning"'' <ref name=book/>. </blockquote> In the Japanese city of Nara near the temple complex Kasuga-taisha, located in a forest park on the outskirts of the city, a suitable option (see video). However, overnight in the WC did not take place because an alternative was found — [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|the vestibule of high-rise]] <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=22-23|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref>. == Aspects of application == This option is presented for theoretical study, the use of the method in practice is low probability. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} mu62cyaiu7jq28ujo4rqc16gpyzsd3a 102 448458 4095879 4095638 2022-08-24T22:37:25Z Nostriker 3371989 style, format, language, links wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian pasta salad''' is a simple cold dish of pasta tossed with meat and vegetables. == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Pasta|Pasta]] * Salt * [[Cookbook:Mayonnaise|Mayonnaise]] * [[Cookbook:Vinegar|Vinegar]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]] or [[Cookbook:Honey|honey]] (optional) * Ground [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|black pepper]] * [[Cookbook:Hard Boiled Eggs|Hard-boiled eggs]], peeled and chopped * [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|Bell pepper]], chopped * [[Cookbook:Carrot|Carrot]], chopped * [[Cookbook:Cucumber|Cucumber]], chopped * Cooked [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]], cut in small pieces == Equipment == * Pot * Bowl * Gas cooker * Knife * Spoon == Procedure == # Cook the pasta in salted boiling water until it's [[Cookbook:Al Dente|firm to the bite]]. Do not overcook, or the pasta will be mushy. # Drain the pasta, and reserve it. # Combine the mayonnaise, vinegar, and sugar in a mixing bowl. Season to taste with salt and pepper. # Add the pasta, egg, peppers, carrots, cucumbers, and chicken. Toss well to coat everything with the dressing. # Serve or keep in the fridge. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Salad recipes]] e7txav3vs80ncecurk8n9qoeni7tuhr 102 448470 4095745 4095733 2022-08-24T12:32:45Z Nostriker 3371989 style (will need to return later to finish) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian chicken suya pizza''' is a type of Nigerian pizza made with chicken and flavored with a mixture of spices. Pizza is a common food in Nigeria—although it is a foreign import, it is now widespread. == Ingredients == === Dough === * Flour * Yeast * Nutmeg * Sugar * Olive oil * Oil for greasing the dough === Pizza sauce === * Red Bell pepper * Tomatoes * Garlic * Onion * Salt * Bouillon * Ara Rido (optional) === Topping === * onion * Maggi * Cheese * Tomatoes * Green pepper (optional) === Chicken === * Chicken breast * Yaji powder * Peanut Oil * Salt * Butter * Chili pepper (optional) == Equipment == * Knife * Oven * Mixture bowl * Slicer * Pot == Procedure == === Dough === #Combine the flour, yeast, nutmeg, and sugar. #Mix in the olive oil and enough water to make a medium-soft dough. If the dough becomes too hard, add a small amount of water to soften. If the dough becomes too soft, knead in a few dustings of flour. #Knead the dough well for a few minutes. #Coat the dough with 1 tsp oil, then place it in a greased bowl. Cover and let it rise in a warm place for about 1 hr until doubled in volume. === Pizza sauce === #Combine tomatoes, red bell pepper, red onion, garlic clove, and ata-rodo.pour the mixed ingredients into the hot oil in a sauce pan after heating one cooking spoon of olive oil. To prevent an oily mess, drain the oil after seasoning and frying until the oil floats to the top. === Chicken === #Clean the chicken, then pat it dry. #Season the chicken with salt, and let it rest for a little while. #Combine the oil, yaji powder, and chili pepper. Add the chicken, and allow it to marinate for 20-60 minutes. #Heat 1 tbsp oil and 1 tbsp butter in a pan. Sear the chicken on all sides until just beginning to turn golden. #Transfer the pan of chicken to a 350˚F oven, and bake until cooked through. If you don't have an oven, you can use your stovetop to sear on medium heat until cooked through. #Let rest for 10 minutes to prevent the cooked chicken from losing its juices when cut. #Cut the chicken into bite-sized pieces. === Assembly === #Punch the dough down after an hour; it should have doubled in size. A 400 degree oven is recommended. For about five minutes, lightly knead the dough on a surface that has been lightly dusted with flour. Use a rolling pin and your hands to flatten the dough. The sides of the now-flattened pizza dough should be brushed with the final 1 tea spoon of olive oil using a brush. Apply the cooked sauce on the pizza dough with a ladle before adding the toppings. For 8 to 15 minutes, or until thoroughly cooked, bake at 400 degrees in the oven. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Alternative to Pizza Sauce is to have an already prepared Nigerian stew [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Chicken recipes]] [[Category:Pizza recipes]] peb63ghb3r6va96b7jucq7qm3jhu8qy 4095878 4095745 2022-08-24T22:30:39Z Nostriker 3371989 style, format, language, links wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian chicken suya pizza''' is a type of Nigerian pizza made with chicken and flavored with a mixture of spices. Pizza is a common food in Nigeria—although it is a foreign import, it is now widespread. == Ingredients == === Dough === * [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|All-purpose flour]] * [[Cookbook:Yeast|Yeast]] * [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|Nutmeg]] * [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]] * [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|Olive oil]] * Oil for greasing the dough === Pizza sauce === * Tomatoes * Red [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|bell pepper]] * [[Cookbook:Red onion|Red onion]] * [[Cookbook:Garlic|Garlic]] * [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|Bouillon powder]] * Ata rodo or [[Cookbook:Habanero|habanero]] chile (optional) === Chicken === * [[Cookbook:Chicken#Breast|Chicken breast]] * [[Cookbook:Yaji|Yaji]] powder * [[Cookbook:Peanut Oil|Peanut oil]] * Salt * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] * [[Cookbook:Chiles|Chili pepper]] (optional) === Topping === * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]], sliced * [[Cookbook:Stock Cube|Maggi]], crushed * [[Cookbook:Cheese|Cheese]], shredded or sliced * [[Cookbook:Tomato|Tomatoes]], sliced * Green bell pepper (optional), sliced == Equipment == * Knife * Oven * Mixture bowl * Slicer * Pot == Procedure == === Dough === #Combine the flour, yeast, nutmeg, and sugar. #Mix in the olive oil and enough water to make a medium-soft dough. If the dough becomes too hard, add a small amount of water to soften. If the dough becomes too soft, knead in a few dustings of flour. #Knead the dough well for a few minutes. #Coat the dough with 1 tsp oil, then place it in a greased bowl. Cover and let it rise in a warm place for about 1 hr until doubled in volume. === Pizza sauce === #Heat oil in a saucepan. Add the tomatoes, peppers, onion, garlic, bouillon, and ata rodo. Cook until softened and saucy. #To prevent an oily mess, drain the oil after seasoning and frying until the oil floats to the top. === Chicken === #Clean the chicken, then pat it dry. #Season the chicken with salt, and let it rest for a little while. #Combine the oil, yaji powder, and chili pepper. Add the chicken, and allow it to marinate for 20-60 minutes. #Heat 1 tbsp oil and 1 tbsp butter in a pan. Sear the chicken on all sides until just beginning to turn golden. #Transfer the pan of chicken to a 350˚F oven, and bake until cooked through. If you don't have an oven, you can use your stovetop to sear on medium heat until cooked through. #Let rest for 10 minutes to prevent the cooked chicken from losing its juices when cut. #Cut the chicken into bite-sized pieces. === Assembly === #Punch down the dough to deflate it, then gently knead for about 5 minutes on a flour-dusted work surface. #Use a rolling pin and your hands to flatten the dough into a thin round pizza crust. #Brush the crust with 1 tsp oil. Spread the sauce over the top, leaving a border about 1 inch wide. Scatter the shredded chicken and the toppings on top of the sauce. #Bake the pizza for 8-15 minutes at 400˚F until done. The crust should be well-browned on the bottom and edges, and the cheese should be melted. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Instead of the pizza sauce, you can use already-prepared Nigerian stew. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Chicken recipes]] [[Category:Pizza recipes]] hw5a644b9h0si5r6u8g1bas5izdl4jy 0 448471 4095743 2022-08-24T12:25:17Z Jamzze 3329473 Created page with " == References == {{reflist}} {{Shelves|Sociology}} {{status|0%}}" wikitext text/x-wiki == References == {{reflist}} {{Shelves|Sociology}} {{status|0%}} 79gxooldjjdpwdklnvtl9rns8gbngq6 102 448472 4095746 2022-08-24T13:20:22Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Created article wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Procedures == 1. 40wn1raqs5qbrl2eetqcjub5cbp9ei6 4095747 4095746 2022-08-24T13:27:02Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. dpwohsy47eogzxtpatppms8oa8lqhti 4095748 4095747 2022-08-24T13:31:02Z Kingaustin07 3388213 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === skzuu326lg3p91n5f36a6itmrzhwb32 4095749 4095748 2022-08-24T13:32:59Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon's skin.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. kl3gws493t7z1xl3io8dpo6av2ci26u 4095754 4095749 2022-08-24T13:37:28Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon's skin.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. p2dffh304m139i0gfiwadoxmcmu3gwn 4095756 4095754 2022-08-24T13:40:34Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Equipments == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater * == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon cover.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. jxh5wbk2pox7e9wbubrck0dw5a80gkg 4095757 4095756 2022-08-24T13:43:59Z Kingaustin07 3388213 wikitext text/x-wiki Umxhanxa is a Zimbabwean food that is made by mixing a yellow watermelon, known as iJodo, sun-dried maize, and sugar.its common consumption of the people. == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Equipments == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater * == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon cover.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. dnvo345dxof0xcgm4wb27wjv7vw4uae 4095759 4095757 2022-08-24T13:47:24Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umxhanxa''' is a Zimbabwean food that is made by mixing a yellow watermelon, known as iJodo, sun-dried maize, and sugar.its common consumption of the people. == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Equipments == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater * == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon cover.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. 8y7hg2g0zr6n2z6w1jyfmss3jgo2b0w 4095760 4095759 2022-08-24T13:48:45Z Kingaustin07 3388213 Added category wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umxhanxa''' is a Zimbabwean food that is made by mixing a yellow watermelon, known as iJodo, sun-dried maize, and sugar.its common consumption of the people. == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Equipments == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater * == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon cover.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. [[Category:Recipe]] j681sxxzbc2qod6p5h5inturj8xufd8 4095761 4095760 2022-08-24T13:50:06Z Kingaustin07 3388213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umxhanxa''' is a Zimbabwean food that is made by mixing a yellow watermelon, known as iJodo, sun-dried maize, and sugar.its common consumption of the people. == Ingredients == * Yellow Watermelon * Sun-dried maize grain * Sugar == Equipments == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater * == Procedures == To prepare this meal you will follow 3 different stages. === Stage One === 1.Depending on the size of the pot you are using, take your sun-dried maize grains and add as much water as you can. Put the pot over the flames and let it to cook. 2.You examine the grain of corn for texture. Add extra water if necessary to make them very soft if they are still hard. === Stage Two === 1.Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Don't forget to remove all of the seeds from the cut food. 2.Peel the yellow watermelon cover.put the large chunks of the melon slices in the kettle with 250 cc of plain water. 3.Allow it to cook for 30 minutes on the stove or over a fire, using an egg beater, mix them until they are completely cooked and soft. === Stage Three === 1.Take the cooked maize, drain the water, and combine it with the cooked yellow melon in a large pot big enough to hold both. 2.Add sugar,re-heat the mixture and stir it for only 15 minutes, or until it is finished. 3.serve hot. 8y7hg2g0zr6n2z6w1jyfmss3jgo2b0w 4095877 4095761 2022-08-24T22:19:31Z Nostriker 3371989 style, format, language, links wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umxhanxa''' is a Zimbabwean food made from a combination of yellow watermelon (ijodo), sun-dried maize, and sugar. It is a common dish. == Ingredients == * Yellow [[Cookbook:Watermelon|watermelon]] * Sun-dried [[Cookbook:Maize|maize]] kernels * [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]] == Equipment == * Pot * Cooking gas * Egg beater == Procedure == ==== Prepare maize ==== # Place the maize in a pot, and cover with a large volume of water. # Bring the pot to a boil. Simmer until the maize is very soft, adding extra water if necessary. # Drain the water, and reserve the cooked maize. ==== Prepare watermelon ==== # Slice the yellow watermelon into thick slices in the same manner as you would a red watermelon. Remove all of the seeds. # Remove and discard the melon rind. Cut the melon into large chunks. # Transfer the melon to a pot, and add 250 ml water. Bring to a boil, and simmer for 30 minutes until soft. # Use an egg beater or blender to process the melon until soft and smooth. ==== Finish ==== # Mix the maize into the melon mixture # Stir in the sugar, and simmer for no more than 15 minutes. # Serve hot. 7d9sjqiywwt6vjz3bslc2pg6mfx8n1r 2 448473 4095751 2022-08-24T13:34:38Z Wikivuyo 3384720 Wikivuyo moved page [[User:Wikivuyo]] to [[User:Wikivayo]]: I am moving it to all the other wiki's wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Wikivayo]] 0l4st6v7tn8lqidvr7hi3c2t98rktnz 3 448474 4095753 2022-08-24T13:34:38Z Wikivuyo 3384720 Wikivuyo moved page [[User talk:Wikivuyo]] to [[User talk:Wikivayo]]: I am moving it to all the other wiki's wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Wikivayo]] l3ymywm0kaqvsar27hpa0js8w883kbu 10 448475 4095781 2022-08-24T17:03:25Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Redirected page to [[Template:Noping]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Noping]] oqdo07q2fvb16kh5jq51b2cfpxyd1l0 110 448476 4095783 2022-08-24T17:04:26Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Z}} </center> 2nmxmmhs1zqddvkmkx7qprrahxgouoc 4095902 4095783 2022-08-25T01:03:07Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/All pages": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Z}} </center> 2nmxmmhs1zqddvkmkx7qprrahxgouoc 110 448477 4095786 2022-08-24T17:12:24Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/M}} {{Wik..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Z}} </center> d8c6hdcgzft5ttcjcez8e4lbu8ivwbp 4095903 4095786 2022-08-25T01:04:27Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/All pages": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Insect Alphabet/Z}} </center> d8c6hdcgzft5ttcjcez8e4lbu8ivwbp 0 448478 4095797 2022-08-24T17:56:56Z Tyoyafud 6233 Created page with "= Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* Substantives :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviat..." wikitext text/x-wiki = Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* Substantives :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* Verbs (''said'') ::* Adjectives :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* Adverbs (''beautifully'') ::* Connectors :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* Interjections (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> 2okfqvigzkmghqvd0j2yv85hg5wguqt 4095801 4095797 2022-08-24T18:14:18Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* '''''Substantives''''' :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* '''''Verbs''''' :::* Tenses ::::* Present (''goes'') ::::* Past (''went'') ::::* Future (''will go'') :::* Aspects ::::* Progressive (''is going'') ::::* Perfect (''has gone'') ::::* Imminent (''is about to go'') ::::* Hypothetical (''would go'') :::* Voices ::::* Active (''does'') :::::* Transitive (''raise'') :::::* Intransitive (''rise'') ::::* Passive (''is done'') ::* '''''Adjectives''''' :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* '''''Adverbs''''' (''beautifully'') ::* '''''Connectors''''' :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* '''''Interjections''''' (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> hj2v70m34pn46ymchei1ozsf5in630m 4095802 4095801 2022-08-24T18:24:30Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Categories */ wikitext text/x-wiki = Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* '''''Substantives''''' :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* '''''Verbs''''' :::* Tenses ::::* Present (''goes'') ::::* Past (''went'') ::::* Future (''will go'') ::::* Non-tensed (''Go!'') :::* Aspects ::::* Progressive (''is going'', ''was going'') ::::* Perfect (''has gone'', ''had gone'') ::::* Imminent (''is about to go'', ''was to go'') ::::* Hypothetical (''would go'', ''[that] it go'') :::* Voices ::::* Active (''He opened the door.'') ::::* Passive (''The door was opened.'') ::::* Medio-passive (''The door opened.'') :::* Transitivities ::::* Transitive (''kills'') ::::* Intransitive( ''dies'') :::* Dynamisms ::::* Static (''becomes'') ::::* Dynamic (''makes'') ::* '''''Adjectives''''' :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* '''''Adverbs''''' (''beautifully'') ::* '''''Connectors''''' :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* '''''Interjections''''' (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> flzmdtdecrjeeoqkrukqi4wxdtlx92n 4095803 4095802 2022-08-24T18:34:34Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* '''''Substantives''''' :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* '''''Verbs''''' :::* Tenses ::::* Present (''goes'') ::::* Past (''went'') ::::* Future (''will go'') ::::* Non-tensed (''Go!'') :::* Aspects ::::* Progressive (''is going'', ''was going'') ::::* Perfect (''has gone'', ''had gone'') ::::* Imminent (''is about to go'', ''was to go'') :::* Moods ::::* Hypothetical (''would go'', ''[that] it go'') ::::* Indicative (''will go'', ''goes'') :::* Voices ::::* Active (''He opened the door.'') ::::* Passive (''The door was opened.'') ::::* Medio-passive (''The door opened.'') :::* Transitivity ::::* Transitive (''kills'') ::::* Intransitive( ''dies'') :::* Dynamicity ::::* Static (''becomes'') ::::* Dynamic (''makes'') :::* Subjectivity ::::* Subject-oriented (''is able'') ::::* Object-oriented (''is possible'') ::* '''''Adjectives''''' :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* '''''Adverbs''''' (''beautifully'') ::* '''''Connectors''''' :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''into'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* '''''Interjections''''' (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> 6ja6fb0exg2mcs2v6bpnbm2tjmrxyod 4095806 4095803 2022-08-24T18:42:45Z Tyoyafud 6233 wikitext text/x-wiki = Categories = : Mirad words can be categorized as the following parts of speech: ::* '''''Substantives''''' :::* Nouns ::::* Common Nouns :::::* Countable Nouns (''house'') ::::::* Animate Nouns (''human'') ::::::* Inanimate Nouns (''car'') ::::::* Gender-Neutral Nouns (''box'') ::::::* Male-Specific Nouns ( ''bull'') ::::::* Female-Specific Nouns ( ''cow'') ::::::* Singular Nouns (''table'') ::::::* Plural Nouns ( ''tables'') :::::* Mass Nouns (''sand'') ::::* Acronyms/Abbreviations (''USA'') ::::* Proper Nouns (''Europe'') :::* Pronouns ::::* Personal Pronouns (''she'') ::::* Reflexive Pronouns (''myself'') ::::* Possessive Pronouns ( ''mine'') ::::* Deictic Pronouns (''this'') ::::* Nominalized Pronouns (''this one'') :::* Infinitives (''to go'') :::* Gerunds (''going'') ::* '''''Verbs''''' :::* Tenses ::::* Present (''goes'') ::::* Past (''went'') ::::* Future (''will go'') ::::* Non-tensed (''Go!'') :::* Aspects ::::* Progressive (''is going'', ''was going'') ::::* Perfect (''has gone'', ''had gone'') ::::* Imminent (''is about to go'', ''was to go'') :::* Moods ::::* Hypothetical (''would go'', ''[that] it go'') ::::* Indicative (''will go'', ''goes'') :::* Voices ::::* Active (''He opened the door.'') ::::* Passive (''The door was opened.'') ::::* Medio-passive (''The door opened.'') :::* Transitivity ::::* Transitive (''kills'') ::::* Intransitive( ''dies'') :::* Dynamicity ::::* Static (''becomes'') ::::* Dynamic (''makes'') :::* Subjectivity ::::* Subject-oriented (''is able'') ::::* Object-oriented (''is possible'') ::* '''''Adjectives''''' :::* Deictic Adjectives (Determiners) (''which?'') :::* Descriptive Adjectives (''beautiful'') :::* Nominal Adjectives (''conditional'') :::* Pronominal (Possessive) Adjectives (''our'') :::* Verbal Adjectives (Participles) ) (''living'') ::* '''''Adverbs''''' (''beautifully'') ::* '''''Connectors''''' :::* Simple Prepositions (''to'') :::* Phrasal Prepositions (''on the way to'') :::* Simple Conjunctions (''and'') :::* Phrasal Conjunctions (''even though'') ::* '''''Interjections''''' (''Wow!'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Phonotactics|Nouns}}</noinclude> kdd8uodw8x23oln9lkttugx0xz1uwh5 0 448479 4095798 2022-08-24T18:03:46Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File:Russian traveler in the Sudanese pyramid.jpg|thumb|500px|Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk have a rest in the pyramid ([[w:Kingdom of Kush|Kingdom of Kush]], Sudan)]] This article of the textbook is of a theoretical nature, due to the narrow possibilities of applying the method described below. == General information == Ancient pyramid-like structures are found in many countries of the world: Indonesian Borobudur ; numerous creations of Maya civilization, preserved..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Russian traveler in the Sudanese pyramid.jpg|thumb|500px|Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk have a rest in the pyramid ([[w:Kingdom of Kush|Kingdom of Kush]], Sudan)]] This article of the textbook is of a theoretical nature, due to the narrow possibilities of applying the method described below. == General information == Ancient pyramid-like structures are found in many countries of the world: Indonesian Borobudur ; numerous creations of Maya civilization, preserved in the territory of present Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador; some of the Khmer temples of Cambodia, etc. The classic version, in the most used sense of the word, is in Egypt and Sudan. The Egyptian pyramids are too large; the conventionally called [[w:Chamber tomb| burial chamber]] is located deep underground, which creates inconvenience for use as a place of the rest for hobo tourists, besides this, entrances to the majority of "last refuges" of pharaohs are сlosed and guarded. This is not the case with the Sudanese pyramids: they are much smaller and have a kind of "front door" — small rectangular annex, a room-corridor leading to nowhere. The pyramids of Sudan are not tombs, but rather «monuments» to the deceased grandees of the ancient kingdom — some historians and researchers are inclined to this version. == Which pyramid to stay in? == Not all pyramids in the Sudan are suitable for rest and sleep: most of them are destroyed by time. If you drive from the border with Egypt towards Khartoum — on both sides of the road there are dozens of pyramid-like structures: on the left — fenced space, where an entrance ticket is required, on the right — objects are not guarded, the passage to them is open. Choosing one of the surviving "tombs", you can lay down in it and relax, following the example of the author this article (see photo). It is preferable to use an ancient building for daytime recreation, when the outside is very hot, but you can also settle down here for the night. == Meals and equipment == It should be remembered that the pyramids are in the desert, where it is impossible to find any food. Therefore, if you plan to stay here for more than one day, should stock up on products in advance. The equipment used is a [[Hobo tourism/Equipment|standard set of hobo tourists]]. == Gallery == <gallery widths="350px" heights="350px" class="center"> File: Children look into the pyramid.jpg|Sudanese children watch sleeping in the pyramid File: One of the pyramids of Meroë.jpg| Pyramid with a «"ntechamber", suitable for recreation File: Pyramids of Meroë.jpg|Broken pyramids, unsuitable for rest and sleep File:Sudanese children on the pyramid.jpg|Same kids on pyramid ruins </gallery> == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Third African trip|Third African trip]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4 {{bookcat}} q52fncotybotiyojumgyrk7bv6j60gs 4095799 4095798 2022-08-24T18:07:16Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Russian traveler in the Sudanese pyramid.jpg|thumb|500px|Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk have a rest in the pyramid ([[w:Kingdom of Kush|Kingdom of Kush]], Sudan)]] This article of the textbook is of a theoretical nature, due to the narrow possibilities of applying the method described below. == General information == Ancient pyramid-like structures are found in many countries of the world: Indonesian Borobudur ; numerous creations of Maya civilization, preserved in the territory of present Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador; some of the Khmer temples of Cambodia, etc. The classic version, in the most used sense of the word, is in Egypt and Sudan. The Egyptian pyramids are too large; the conventionally called [[w:Chamber tomb| burial chamber]] is located deep underground, which creates inconvenience for use as a place of the rest for hobo tourists, besides this, entrances to the majority of "last refuges" of pharaohs are сlosed and guarded. This is not the case with the Sudanese pyramids: they are much smaller and have a kind of "front door" — small rectangular annex, a room-corridor leading to nowhere. The pyramids of Sudan are not tombs, but rather «monuments» to the deceased grandees of the ancient kingdom — some historians and researchers are inclined to this version. == Which pyramid to stay in? == Not all pyramids in the Sudan are suitable for rest and sleep: most of them are destroyed by time. If you drive from the border with Egypt towards Khartoum — on both sides of the road there are dozens of pyramid-like structures: on the left — fenced space, where an entrance ticket is required, on the right — objects are not guarded, the passage to them is open. Choosing one of the surviving "tombs", you can lay down in it and relax, following the example of the author this article (see photo). It is preferable to use an ancient building for daytime recreation, when the outside is very hot, but you can also settle down here for the night. == Meals and equipment == It should be remembered that the pyramids are in the desert, where it is impossible to find any food. Therefore, if you plan to stay here for more than one day, should stock up on products in advance. The equipment used is a [[Hobo tourism/Equipment|standard set of hobo tourists]]. == Gallery == <gallery widths="350px" heights="350px" class="center"> File: Children look into the pyramid.jpg|Sudanese children watch sleeping in the pyramid File: One of the pyramids of Meroë.jpg| Pyramid with a "antechamber", suitable for recreation File: Pyramids of Meroë.jpg|Broken pyramids, unsuitable for rest and sleep File:Sudanese children on the pyramid.jpg|Same kids on pyramid ruins </gallery> == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Third African trip|Third African trip]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4 {{bookcat}} nsh08noiujipjq1a0xbhlm6poggrmhe 4095800 4095799 2022-08-24T18:11:49Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Russian traveler in the Sudanese pyramid.jpg|thumb|500px|Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk have a rest in the pyramid ([[w:Kingdom of Kush|Kingdom of Kush]], Sudan)]] This article of the textbook is of a theoretical nature, due to the narrow possibilities of applying the method described below. == General information == Ancient pyramid-like structures are found in many countries of the world: Indonesian Borobudur ; numerous creations of Maya civilization, preserved in the territory of present Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador; some of the Khmer temples of Cambodia, etc. The classic version, in the most used sense of the word, is in Egypt and Sudan. The Egyptian pyramids are too large; the conventionally called [[w:Chamber tomb| burial chamber]] is located deep underground, which creates inconvenience for use as a place of the rest for hobo tourists, besides this, entrances to the majority of "last refuges" of pharaohs are сlosed and guarded. This is not the case with the Sudanese pyramids: they are much smaller and have a kind of "front door" — small rectangular annex, a room-corridor leading to nowhere. The pyramids of Sudan are not tombs, but rather «monuments» to the deceased grandees of the ancient kingdom — some historians and researchers are inclined to this version. == Which pyramid to stay in? == Not all pyramids in the Sudan are suitable for rest and sleep: most of them are destroyed by time. If you drive from the border with Egypt towards Khartoum — on both sides of the road there are dozens of pyramid-like structures: on the left — fenced space, where an entrance ticket is required, on the right — objects are not guarded, the passage to them is open. Choosing one of the surviving "tombs", you can lay down in it and relax, following the example of the author this article (see photo). It is preferable to use an ancient building for daytime recreation, when the outside is very hot, but you can also settle down here for the night. == Meals and equipment == It should be remembered that the pyramids are in the desert, where it is impossible to find any food. Therefore, if you plan to stay here for more than one day, should stock up on products in advance. The equipment used is a [[Hobo tourism/Equipment|standard set of hobo tourists]]. == Gallery == <gallery widths="350px" heights="350px" class="center"> File: Children look into the pyramid.jpg|Sudanese children watch sleeping in the pyramid File: One of the pyramids of Meroë.jpg| Pyramid with a "antechamber", suitable for recreation File: Pyramids of Meroë.jpg|Broken pyramids, unsuitable for rest and sleep File:Sudanese children on the pyramid.jpg|Same kids on pyramid ruins </gallery> == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Third African trip|Third African trip]]"''. — Simferopol: Phoenix Enterprise, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4 {{bookcat}} mkbcees6eqcdwq2agegtnclpqwvdyjv 110 448480 4095811 2022-08-24T19:36:30Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Anim..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Z}} </center> d5q1krfby4zf7j3793ypb15qjjivmr2 4095904 4095811 2022-08-25T01:06:24Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Animal and Bird Alphabet": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Z}} </center> d5q1krfby4zf7j3793ypb15qjjivmr2 110 448481 4095812 2022-08-24T19:37:53Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Bird..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z}} </center> 4k5tm2uhp32928ab0motp0nu1q6c01z 4095905 4095812 2022-08-25T01:06:58Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Animal and Bird Alphabet 2": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z}} </center> 4k5tm2uhp32928ab0motp0nu1q6c01z 110 448482 4095813 2022-08-24T19:43:05Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''ukuiraptor</div> [[File:Fukuiraptor_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''ukuiraptor</div> [[File:Fukuiraptor_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} cfd7ufoz7bsiiv2g8l7227hdlk5atbm 4095906 4095813 2022-08-25T01:07:37Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/F": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''ukuiraptor</div> [[File:Fukuiraptor_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} cfd7ufoz7bsiiv2g8l7227hdlk5atbm 110 448483 4095814 2022-08-24T19:43:28Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''orgosaurus</div> [[File:Gorgosaurus_BW.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''orgosaurus</div> [[File:Gorgosaurus_BW.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} evg082l1cbz0fc6nnrcnlmgk9inwx6c 4095907 4095814 2022-08-25T01:08:07Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/G": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''orgosaurus</div> [[File:Gorgosaurus_BW.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} evg082l1cbz0fc6nnrcnlmgk9inwx6c 110 448484 4095815 2022-08-24T19:43:49Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ypsilophodon</div> [[File:Hypsilophodon.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ypsilophodon</div> [[File:Hypsilophodon.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 01ci9g7m0amzhbqobtxi2z91f2fg3qk 4095912 4095815 2022-08-25T01:20:11Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/H": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ypsilophodon</div> [[File:Hypsilophodon.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 01ci9g7m0amzhbqobtxi2z91f2fg3qk 110 448485 4095816 2022-08-24T19:44:10Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guanodon</div> [[File:Iguanodon_NT.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guanodon</div> [[File:Iguanodon_NT.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 57vwsbwiz51id9nnkfp2q8xo70szuuq 4095913 4095816 2022-08-25T01:20:32Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/I": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guanodon</div> [[File:Iguanodon_NT.jpg|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 57vwsbwiz51id9nnkfp2q8xo70szuuq 110 448486 4095817 2022-08-24T19:44:33Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''ingshanosaurus</div> [[File:Jingshanosaurus_LHV_500.JPG|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''ingshanosaurus</div> [[File:Jingshanosaurus_LHV_500.JPG|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} b9c1uvc9onapbome25f39rqsnpzrcaf 4095917 4095817 2022-08-25T01:32:31Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/J": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''ingshanosaurus</div> [[File:Jingshanosaurus_LHV_500.JPG|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} b9c1uvc9onapbome25f39rqsnpzrcaf 110 448487 4095818 2022-08-24T19:44:56Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ritosaurus</div> [[File:Kritosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ritosaurus</div> [[File:Kritosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} puft70i6mq8grx7e2av9ldmmdytahpt 4095918 4095818 2022-08-25T01:32:57Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/K": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ritosaurus</div> [[File:Kritosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} puft70i6mq8grx7e2av9ldmmdytahpt 110 448488 4095819 2022-08-24T19:45:41Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''eonerasaurus</div> [[File:Leonerasaurus_NT.jpg|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''eonerasaurus</div> [[File:Leonerasaurus_NT.jpg|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} s0ywl2jz2wbd7ipelasep765wyi38mf 4095920 4095819 2022-08-25T01:51:03Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/L": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''eonerasaurus</div> [[File:Leonerasaurus_NT.jpg|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} s0ywl2jz2wbd7ipelasep765wyi38mf 110 448489 4095820 2022-08-24T19:45:59Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''egalosaurus</div> [[File:Megalosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''egalosaurus</div> [[File:Megalosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 5252162731l9spj18tj5c6aygkxsycx 4095921 4095820 2022-08-25T01:51:13Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/M": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''egalosaurus</div> [[File:Megalosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|550px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 5252162731l9spj18tj5c6aygkxsycx 110 448490 4095821 2022-08-24T19:46:17Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''anyangosaurus</div> [[File:Nanyangosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|400px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''anyangosaurus</div> [[File:Nanyangosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|400px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} g5ttnaz9j1oiduusv7nfd1o5h4liuuq 4095922 4095821 2022-08-25T01:51:20Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/N": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''anyangosaurus</div> [[File:Nanyangosaurus_dinosaur.png|center|400px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} g5ttnaz9j1oiduusv7nfd1o5h4liuuq 110 448491 4095822 2022-08-24T19:46:43Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''thnielosaurus</div> [[File:Othnielosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''thnielosaurus</div> [[File:Othnielosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} goont2zosbqjw4ggjlnpwe036nncwyd 4095923 4095822 2022-08-25T01:51:36Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/O": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''thnielosaurus</div> [[File:Othnielosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} goont2zosbqjw4ggjlnpwe036nncwyd 110 448492 4095823 2022-08-24T19:47:07Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''achycephalosaurus</div> [[File:Pachycephalosaurus.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''achycephalosaurus</div> [[File:Pachycephalosaurus.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 5vy38tpsf055opzn1gyq2ve1sn10jw4 4095924 4095823 2022-08-25T01:51:51Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/P": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''achycephalosaurus</div> [[File:Pachycephalosaurus.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 5vy38tpsf055opzn1gyq2ve1sn10jw4 110 448493 4095824 2022-08-24T19:47:30Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''antassaurus</div> [[File:Qantassaurus_sketch1.jpg|center|300px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''antassaurus</div> [[File:Qantassaurus_sketch1.jpg|center|300px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 0xebxmyyginpkuhgvmvzpqve62mltgq 4095925 4095824 2022-08-25T01:51:59Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Q": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''antassaurus</div> [[File:Qantassaurus_sketch1.jpg|center|300px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 0xebxmyyginpkuhgvmvzpqve62mltgq 110 448494 4095825 2022-08-24T19:47:52Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''ajasaurus</div> [[File:Rajasaurus_narmadensis_DB.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''ajasaurus</div> [[File:Rajasaurus_narmadensis_DB.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 36ybfvehr729odtbimi3z7t4l2amafw 4095926 4095825 2022-08-25T01:52:10Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/R": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''ajasaurus</div> [[File:Rajasaurus_narmadensis_DB.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 36ybfvehr729odtbimi3z7t4l2amafw 110 448495 4095826 2022-08-24T19:48:13Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''tegosaurus</div> [[File:Stegosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''tegosaurus</div> [[File:Stegosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 3uz5lajzs8jg7m34v9k1yfzf3atnf23 4095927 4095826 2022-08-25T01:52:17Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/S": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''tegosaurus</div> [[File:Stegosaurus_BW.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 3uz5lajzs8jg7m34v9k1yfzf3atnf23 110 448496 4095827 2022-08-24T19:48:34Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''yrannosaurus</div> [[File:Tyrannosaurus by Mark P. Witton.png|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''yrannosaurus</div> [[File:Tyrannosaurus by Mark P. Witton.png|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} g6wl9f45188vdpjw8hny1s0r5uvufwq 4095936 4095827 2022-08-25T01:59:45Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/T": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''yrannosaurus</div> [[File:Tyrannosaurus by Mark P. Witton.png|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} g6wl9f45188vdpjw8hny1s0r5uvufwq 110 448497 4095828 2022-08-24T19:48:57Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''naysaurus</div> [[File:Unaysaurus.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''naysaurus</div> [[File:Unaysaurus.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 80en3mbbj4443v59yodydzt6s563d7x 4095935 4095828 2022-08-25T01:59:38Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/U": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''naysaurus</div> [[File:Unaysaurus.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 80en3mbbj4443v59yodydzt6s563d7x 110 448498 4095829 2022-08-24T19:49:14Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''elociraptor</div> [[File:Velociraptor mongoliensis.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''elociraptor</div> [[File:Velociraptor mongoliensis.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} ixg1sglvln4w6277dyr68rbk6qmjtxf 4095934 4095829 2022-08-25T01:57:16Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/V": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''elociraptor</div> [[File:Velociraptor mongoliensis.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} ixg1sglvln4w6277dyr68rbk6qmjtxf 110 448499 4095830 2022-08-24T19:49:33Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''intonotitan</div> [[File:Wintonotitan.png|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''intonotitan</div> [[File:Wintonotitan.png|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} t8a5883or1ihy4w30xbaedr4ifyshdb 4095933 4095830 2022-08-25T01:57:08Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/W": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''intonotitan</div> [[File:Wintonotitan.png|center|600px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} t8a5883or1ihy4w30xbaedr4ifyshdb 110 448500 4095831 2022-08-24T19:49:51Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''uwulong</div> [[File:Xuwulong_NT.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''uwulong</div> [[File:Xuwulong_NT.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} crttyw2z9i75jjpnx6gy8wsehy96yig 4095932 4095831 2022-08-25T01:57:00Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/X": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''uwulong</div> [[File:Xuwulong_NT.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} crttyw2z9i75jjpnx6gy8wsehy96yig 110 448501 4095832 2022-08-24T19:50:07Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''unnanosaurus</div> [[File:Yunnanosaurus_BW.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''unnanosaurus</div> [[File:Yunnanosaurus_BW.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 7ekl0d81k5rxu2mbidxw5bfvpf619r3 4095931 4095832 2022-08-25T01:56:52Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Y": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''unnanosaurus</div> [[File:Yunnanosaurus_BW.jpg|center|450px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 7ekl0d81k5rxu2mbidxw5bfvpf619r3 110 448502 4095833 2022-08-24T19:51:59Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Al..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Z}} </center> 6bvr1j56rglpi61p1hl8y21h4npnfau 4095834 4095833 2022-08-24T19:52:37Z 187.19.202.83 wikitext text/x-wiki </center> Armadillo to Zuniceratops {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Z}} </center> 2fqpp9j3zlvp30s901alp3rsz6030gk 4095930 4095834 2022-08-25T01:56:43Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Animal and Dinosaur Alphabet": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> Armadillo to Zuniceratops {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Z}} </center> 2fqpp9j3zlvp30s901alp3rsz6030gk 110 448503 4095835 2022-08-24T19:55:01Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "</center> Apatosaurus to Zebra {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/M}} {..." wikitext text/x-wiki </center> Apatosaurus to Zebra {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z}} </center> 6ll8i7200odbw0ty59kp7llso4ykk8j 4095929 4095835 2022-08-25T01:56:33Z Xania 40302 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Animal and Dinosaur Alphabet 2": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] wikitext text/x-wiki </center> Apatosaurus to Zebra {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Dinosaur Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z}} </center> 6ll8i7200odbw0ty59kp7llso4ykk8j 102 448509 4095875 2022-08-24T22:12:08Z Sylvesterchukwu04 3386903 How to prepare Egyptian Okra wikitext text/x-wiki In Egyptian Arabic, okra is known as bamya and is a well-liked vegetable. Either a simple veggie side dish or a meat stew are served with it. == Ingredients == # onion # Pepper # Garlic # Butter # Chicken stock # Salt to taste # Fresh okra # Tomato paste == Equipment == # Knife # Medium sized bowl # Pot # Cooker == Procedures == * Onion, bell pepper, and garlic are cooked in butter over high heat for about 2 minutes, or until they start to turn gently browned. Add tomato paste and chicken stock. To blend, stir. heat to a medium setting. Okra should be added and cooked for around 15 minutes or until soft. Your Egyptian Okra is prepared when you season it with salt and pepper. 2tjs6opb5np73y02wd42mzhn3bf6sua 0 448510 4095909 2022-08-25T01:10:40Z 187.19.202.83 Created page with "[[File:Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Antelope</center>]] [[File:Rabbit in montana.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Bunny</center>]] [[File:Bactrian.camel.sideon.arp.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Camel</center>]] [[File:Sympetrum flaveolum - side (aka).jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Dragonfly</center>]] [[File:Bald Eagle Portrait.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Eagle</center>]] File:Litoria caerulea - Darwin NT.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Antelope</center>]] [[File:Rabbit in montana.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Bunny</center>]] [[File:Bactrian.camel.sideon.arp.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Camel</center>]] [[File:Sympetrum flaveolum - side (aka).jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Dragonfly</center>]] [[File:Bald Eagle Portrait.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Eagle</center>]] [[File:Litoria caerulea - Darwin NT.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Frog</center>]] [[File:Grasshopper at Crex Meadows.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Grasshopper</center>]] [[File:Haflinger horse on pasture in the Netherlands.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Horse</center>]] [[File:Iguana mex aca 201905 p6.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Iguana</center>]] [[File:Cyanocitta cristata blue jay.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Jay Bird</center>]] [[File:Blue-winged kookaburra arp.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Kookaburra</center>]] [[File:Lobster.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Lobster</center>]] [[File:Banded mongoose (Mungos mungo).jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Mongoose</center>]] [[File:Нарвал в российской Арктике.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Narwhal</center>]] [[File:Lutra lutra 1 - Otter, Owl, and Wildlife Park.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Otter</center>]] [[File:Pygoscelis papua.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Penguin</center>]] [[File:Female resplendent quetzal eating a wild avocado.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Quetzal</center>]] [[File:Bunny rabbit at Alligator Bay, Beauvoir, France.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Rabbit</center>]] [[File:Common snail.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Snail</center>]] [[File:Triceratops -.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Triceratops</center>]] [[File:Cephalopterus glabricollis 2.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Umbrella Bird</center>]] [[File:The flight of a griffon.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Vulture</center>]] [[File:Odobenus rosmarus 13(js), SVALBARD.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Walrus</center>]] [[File:Xerus rutilus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02787.JPG|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Xerus</center>]] [[File:Bos grunniens - Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen 2017 01.jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Yak</center>]] [[File:Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra zebra) stallion grazing ... (50210611362).jpg|eta|dekstre|200px|<center>Zebra</center>]] 4fmscsazxhazqn963e0wdppaosfwcf4 3 448511 4095928 2022-08-25T01:54:49Z Xania 40302 Recent edits wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/27.147.160.203|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 01:54, 25 August 2022 (UTC) bijnv4dh7djj8z17a8341m8h7403vr7 4095995 4095928 2022-08-25T08:15:30Z Xania 40302 Blocked wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/27.147.160.203|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 01:54, 25 August 2022 (UTC) ==Blocked== <div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5; min-height:40px;">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|link=]] '''[[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|You cannot edit]] for 3 days due to disruptive editing'''. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx" argument. -->{{tlx|unblock|Your reason here}} below. </div><!-- Template:blocked --> --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 08:15, 25 August 2022 (UTC) 8mtj3ormmjm2gm0m27x29m292fczae0 3 448512 4095939 2022-08-25T02:33:51Z Xania 40302 Blocked wikitext text/x-wiki [[Let's Go Luna! (from the StoryBots Classroom Website)]] has been deleted. Please do not create pages like this again. <div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5; min-height:40px;">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|link=]] '''[[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|You cannot edit]] for 2 days due to disruptive editing'''. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx" argument. -->{{tlx|unblock|Your reason here}} below. </div><!-- Template:blocked --> --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 02:33, 25 August 2022 (UTC) 7rekxm1rzmj5exr3uondvdvrj7612df 3 448513 4095941 2022-08-25T03:03:16Z Xania 40302 Blocked wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5; min-height:40px;">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|link=]] '''[[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|You cannot edit]] for 2 days due to disruptive editing'''. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx" argument. -->{{tlx|unblock|Your reason here}} below. </div><!-- Template:blocked --> --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 03:03, 25 August 2022 (UTC) 258u3f9bjbpgef41c38dqhqur9pobl0 0 448515 4095947 2022-08-25T05:40:45Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File:Недострой в Бандар-Сери-Бегаване.webm|thumbtime=00|thumb|390px|Mothballed construction site — place overnight stay of Russian traveller Victor Pinchuk in [[w:Bandar Seri Begawan|Bandar Seri Begawan]]]] '''Overnight on objects under construction''' — one of the options for relaxation in the dark time, used by travelers practising [[Hobo tourism/Long intercontinental trips and expeditions|methods of hobo tourism]]. == Object selecti..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Недострой в Бандар-Сери-Бегаване.webm|thumbtime=00|thumb|390px|Mothballed construction site — place overnight stay of Russian traveller Victor Pinchuk in [[w:Bandar Seri Begawan|Bandar Seri Begawan]]]] '''Overnight on objects under construction''' — one of the options for relaxation in the dark time, used by travelers practising [[Hobo tourism/Long intercontinental trips and expeditions|methods of hobo tourism]]. == Object selection recommendations == Choosing this method, it is preferable to settle down for the night, using the mothballed construction site (i.e., where no work is being done). This will allow you to act on your own, without adjusting to anyone. On the territory of the active construction sites you can be placed only with the permission of the responsible person. Sometimes such sites live workers. == Arguments == One of the advantages of the method is protection against soaking, which is possible when [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|sleeping under the open sky ]] in rainy season. Another advantage is that you will not be bothered by the midnight conversations of the owners of the house, which is likely [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings|in the case of overnight stays in Aboriginal dwellings]]; and nobody will not be lifted you at 5-6 am for wet cleaning — as with [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|a night in the police]]. == Equipment == Polyethylene film, for laying under the [[w:Sleeping pad|ground pad]] (protecting the lower plane of it from dirt), actually the travel mat, inflatable pillow, blanket or sleeping bag.<br> [[w:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] are needed in countries of tropical climates. == Example from practice == In Sudan, there was a case where people living in an unfinished building (apparently homeless) asked a traveller for a small sum of money for the possibility of accommodation <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Third African trip|url= |language= ru|location= Ukraine |publisher= Phoenix Enterprise|page= 13|isbn=978-617-671-039-4}}</ref>. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} a0dre54ceviy9kwnh6c54zbxln7kexp 14 448516 4095955 2022-08-25T06:16:41Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{book category header}} {{BookCat}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} ptt9drnitry3svbos36hzjb54f56f99 0 448517 4095963 2022-08-25T06:20:21Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{Printable}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Printable}} 0xqxhwf5lzgyeji792ie8xl1hwzw7h5 0 448518 4095966 2022-08-25T06:23:34Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{Printable}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Printable}} 0xqxhwf5lzgyeji792ie8xl1hwzw7h5 0 448519 4095979 2022-08-25T06:47:18Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{Printable}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Printable}} 0xqxhwf5lzgyeji792ie8xl1hwzw7h5 102 448521 4095991 2022-08-25T07:30:46Z Sylvesterchukwu04 3386903 How to prepare Algerian Potato Stew wikitext text/x-wiki Dersa, a hot chile and garlic paste, is used to make this traditional Algerian potato stew. It tastes great as a vegan or vegetarian main dish on its own or when served as a side alongside meat or seafood. A simple method for enjoying North African food at home with accessible products == Ingredients == # Dersa # garlic # Pepper # ground cumin # black Pepper # Paprika # Potatoes # Tomato paste # Water # Salt # == Procedures == * Step 1: In a mortar, combine the garlic, cumin, paprika, cayenne, black pepper, and salt. Using a pestle, pound the mixture into a paste. Add olive oil, then thoroughly combine. * Step 2: Dersa should be stir-fried for two to four minutes, until aromatic, in a sizable pot heated to medium. Stir in the potato halves after adding them to the dersa. Add tomato paste and stir. Bring to a boil with just enough water to cover the potatoes. Reduce heat and simmer for about 40 minutes, or until potatoes are soft. * Step 3: Put potatoes in a bowl for serving. the potatoes with any remaining sauce. #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* 676x0xaeys77msq5w16993umab0kzli 3 448524 4095994 2022-08-25T08:09:12Z Xania 40302 Blocked wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5; min-height:40px;">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|link=]] '''[[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|You cannot edit]] for 7 days due to disruptive editing'''. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx" argument. -->{{tlx|unblock|Your reason here}} below. </div><!-- Template:blocked --> --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 08:09, 25 August 2022 (UTC) 6g8usr07s63hkjmlg8l5451h475sqet 0 448525 4096012 2022-08-25T10:54:05Z Sir Amugi 3398021 Created page with "1 CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production." wikitext text/x-wiki 1 CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. l5l7geybuhv9zyxyxb2rzzdi3dwnyjf 4096013 4096012 2022-08-25T10:54:47Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. i1b6o5zd7cm2pwg9gyscvua6ooo8k4c 4096014 4096013 2022-08-25T10:55:20Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. peix8im84r5ig9yi8qhfjvdrhh44xds 4096015 4096014 2022-08-25T10:55:58Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. 1pdoisv4acu7ww3mtosahdcyjg1dp7m 4096016 4096015 2022-08-25T10:56:59Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. q7m7r1x0ohlrhh94vmflxj46gzqxtkl 4096018 4096016 2022-08-25T10:58:18Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. <ref></ref> 13hk3b3lh3kddrwlf6hhzxfxpgjysnr 4096019 4096018 2022-08-25T10:59:00Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. <ref>https://salfordgroup.com/news/5-benefits-of-conservation-tillage</ref> taocnpb7ke3k2xkbhzi4oxdzandvknh 4096020 4096019 2022-08-25T11:00:02Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. # REDUCE OPERATING COSTS o1wbgb8v556hbqtm6a6mhqyvsyg5cu8 4096021 4096020 2022-08-25T11:00:51Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. ## REDUCE OPERATING COSTS 8yr2550p8bu0qdh43xl8icwyep6h13k 4096022 4096021 2022-08-25T11:01:29Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. REDUCE OPERATING COSTS hf5bqyac0xyl5qubevlgazi1h5zeo1m 4096023 4096022 2022-08-25T11:02:06Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki # Numbered list item # CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. REDUCE OPERATING COSTS # Numbered list item cxzgjj0p00nfq79vpp4hw2oat4xdnkd 4096024 4096023 2022-08-25T11:02:59Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS 0lvvkh0qgnr7tmz2bm6k4u47qw9o7uf 4096025 4096024 2022-08-25T11:03:32Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. 9qllmg45y1ylv197m9ut0sh06krfr2f 4096026 4096025 2022-08-25T11:04:10Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE gybp71yn378my2181son3p1g6j0z66v 4096028 4096026 2022-08-25T11:04:55Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. qyovc0mb38q1kg0sqnwtvaz7jc9azzj 4096029 4096028 2022-08-25T11:05:44Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE k084ppe3fc1cc8gnkkfvu9vzrmgjvxb 4096030 4096029 2022-08-25T11:06:30Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. n7smhtx1zqy4nr1vceepma04o8auzg0 4096031 4096030 2022-08-25T11:12:15Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH euk8l3lzu3fn7l7zoyfsu173zlhzgy4 4096032 4096031 2022-08-25T11:13:03Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH Soil is a finite resource, and healthy soil is a premium. While implementing practices like no-till and conservation tillage can help correct and improve soil health, it can take years to reverse problems like compaction and erosion. But every little bit counts. The benefits of conservation tillage, including improved soil quality, increased organic matter, better filtration and reduced soil erosion can all add up to an investment in the future of your fields and yields. 5b38jyk366qnmdl06ht6y287osu4pv5 4096033 4096032 2022-08-25T11:14:11Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH Soil is a finite resource, and healthy soil is a premium. While implementing practices like no-till and conservation tillage can help correct and improve soil health, it can take years to reverse problems like compaction and erosion. But every little bit counts. The benefits of conservation tillage, including improved soil quality, increased organic matter, better filtration and reduced soil erosion can all add up to an investment in the future of your fields and yields. Optimize your soil health by adopting conservation efforts like vertical tillage. Your local Salford Group dealer can assist in selecting the right machine and tools for your farm and soil improvement plan. nbpwnrw9w9ql42dq5jxqwke0a8mfn5w 4096034 4096033 2022-08-25T11:15:53Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added a reference wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH Soil is a finite resource, and healthy soil is a premium. While implementing practices like no-till and conservation tillage can help correct and improve soil health, it can take years to reverse problems like compaction and erosion. But every little bit counts. The benefits of conservation tillage, including improved soil quality, increased organic matter, better filtration and reduced soil erosion can all add up to an investment in the future of your fields and yields. Optimize your soil health by adopting conservation efforts like vertical tillage. Your local Salford Group dealer can assist in selecting the right machine and tools for your farm and soil improvement plan.<ref>https://salfordgroup.com/news/5-benefits-of-conservation-tillage</ref> kazkida8dggdlqgtx1yoy96jbt7luif 4096043 4096034 2022-08-25T11:36:41Z JackPotte 99248 JackPotte moved page [[Benefits]] to [[Agriculture/Benefits]] without leaving a redirect: [[Wikibooks:Naming conventions]] wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH Soil is a finite resource, and healthy soil is a premium. While implementing practices like no-till and conservation tillage can help correct and improve soil health, it can take years to reverse problems like compaction and erosion. But every little bit counts. The benefits of conservation tillage, including improved soil quality, increased organic matter, better filtration and reduced soil erosion can all add up to an investment in the future of your fields and yields. Optimize your soil health by adopting conservation efforts like vertical tillage. Your local Salford Group dealer can assist in selecting the right machine and tools for your farm and soil improvement plan.<ref>https://salfordgroup.com/news/5-benefits-of-conservation-tillage</ref> kazkida8dggdlqgtx1yoy96jbt7luif 4096049 4096043 2022-08-25T11:40:50Z JackPotte 99248 JackPotte moved page [[Agriculture/Benefits]] to [[Agriculture/Tillage/Benefits]] wikitext text/x-wiki * CORRECT COMPACTION Soil compaction can be a farmer’s number one enemy and correcting compaction can be the most basic step a farmer can take to improve crop production. A proper balance of basic soil elements – air, minerals, water and organic matter – are necessary to optimize soil and crop growing conditions. Compaction wreaks havoc on the availability of air and water within the soil, throwing off the balance of these vital elements. In fields with serious compaction issues, root growth can be impaired and plants can become stressed as air and water are ‘squeezed’ from the soil. Compaction makes both wet and dry soil conditions more severe, reducing the water holding capacity of soil which makes drought conditions worse, and inhibiting drainage to make wet conditions more troublesome. The good news is vertical tillage systems like the Salford I-Series can help correct compaction issues while providing the benefits of conservation tillage. * REDUCE OPERATING COSTS Salford’s true vertical tillage and hybrid vertical tillage systems offer farmers the most efficient equipment for the job and help reduce operating costs when compared to conventional tillage. These machines make the management of fall residue and spring seedbed preparation easy, no matter the soil condition, wet or dry. Getting the job done right the first time reduces the number of passes and at an acre per hour, per foot, the I-2100 and I-4100 can get the job done faster, saving you time and money. * MANAGE RESIDUE Maintaining the right amount of residue coverage will prevent moisture evaporation, slow run off and prevent soil erosion. Minimal tillage systems can level and distribute crop residue evenly throughout the field, cut and condition residue to assist with insect and disease habitat destruction and, in some cases, speed up the decay of crop residue by promoting increased microbial activity to improve organic matter. Salford’s I-Series machines are designed to provide a more efficient, less intrusive way to manage residue, increasing the overall benefits of crop residue, while improving the health and productivity of your soil. * BALANCE MOISTURE Incorporating conservation tillage into your field management will reduce soil disturbance, helping to maintain or increase necessary organic matter. Improving organic matter can help with moisture control in dry areas, because the more organic matter, the greater the soil’s capacity to capture and store moisture. Minimal tillage can also increase water filtration by loosening soil bunk density and maintaining sub-soil habitat for soil organisms. In wet areas, farmers can improve moisture evaporation and increase the rate of soil warming and allow for earlier planting. * OPTIMIZE SOIL HEALTH Soil is a finite resource, and healthy soil is a premium. While implementing practices like no-till and conservation tillage can help correct and improve soil health, it can take years to reverse problems like compaction and erosion. But every little bit counts. The benefits of conservation tillage, including improved soil quality, increased organic matter, better filtration and reduced soil erosion can all add up to an investment in the future of your fields and yields. Optimize your soil health by adopting conservation efforts like vertical tillage. Your local Salford Group dealer can assist in selecting the right machine and tools for your farm and soil improvement plan.<ref>https://salfordgroup.com/news/5-benefits-of-conservation-tillage</ref> kazkida8dggdlqgtx1yoy96jbt7luif 0 448526 4096036 2022-08-25T11:26:13Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: • Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), • Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, • direct sowing and • Sound crop rotation 34xt5j1zvczb7hcj6ttvcdte6dfez0a 4096037 4096036 2022-08-25T11:26:56Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation kzj9l3bs2fi7s14oo0mdv5dv1850yvl 4096039 4096037 2022-08-25T11:30:10Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation * No-till and conservation agriculture No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. fp5hbxcay0oikzozp5r32delltu9iub 4096040 4096039 2022-08-25T11:30:29Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation ** No-till and conservation agriculture No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. dccc3kk5a1s9kt4bi86kc7zsbxvswua 4096041 4096040 2022-08-25T11:30:55Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. qx0re82wq02kjiveci6sbpq93vdbllo 4096042 4096041 2022-08-25T11:33:04Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. gdjd3fxsz1yie15yh985zaigxwx395k 4096044 4096042 2022-08-25T11:37:49Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. Implements and Tools for zero tillage: du2clqmuv31z1jfkl01z04a1kztn9q7 4096046 4096044 2022-08-25T11:38:23Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. Implements and Tools for zero tillage: There can be find several equipment’s which are used for no-till farming. Farmers use these implements to facilitate no till farming practices. 8po60oxzht0x9125fgv172ms0wlo8gd 4096052 4096046 2022-08-25T11:41:41Z Sir Amugi 3398021 wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. Implements and Tools for zero tillage: There can be find several equipment’s which are used for no-till farming. Farmers use these implements to facilitate no till farming practices. * No till planter 640djrxr2jy8yklaj9a61368rzd9y3d 4096053 4096052 2022-08-25T11:43:25Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. Implements and Tools for zero tillage: There can be find several equipment’s which are used for no-till farming. Farmers use these implements to facilitate no till farming practices. * No till planter - Planter is arguably one of the most important pieces of equipment for farmers, especially if you are planning on going into no-till farming. - To ensure that crops planted at the same depth and spacing have to use a fine-toothed comb. - This will ensure that every seed is in the exact same soil moisture and temperature environment, allowing for the crops to come out evenly. k0cvrnyfjq73dbx8trtlj21594h1osf 4096055 4096053 2022-08-25T11:51:46Z Sir Amugi 3398021 added content wikitext text/x-wiki Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out. No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.” No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices: * Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing), * Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover, * direct sowing and * Sound crop rotation No-till and conservation agriculture: No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows: “The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes. Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available. In principle, the method always involves the following stages: * Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling; * Application of seeds and fertilizers; * Furrow closing; * Seed/soil compaction. Implements and Tools for zero tillage: There can be find several equipment’s which are used for no-till farming. Farmers use these implements to facilitate no till farming practices. * No till planter - Planter is arguably one of the most important pieces of equipment for farmers, especially if you are planning on going into no-till farming. - To ensure that crops planted at the same depth and spacing have to use a fine-toothed comb. - This will ensure that every seed is in the exact same soil moisture and temperature environment, allowing for the crops to come out evenly. * A roller/crimper - Organic, no-till farming begins successfully with a cover-crop, which turns into mulch once it is killed or has died. - In order to accelerate this process, it is able to ‘kill’ the cover crop by hand with tools if your plot is small enough but for a larger piece of land, it will need farming implements to help you. - It is a large, heavy cylinder with long blades welded onto it in a chevron pattern. As it is rolled over a cover crop, the blades crimp the stems of the plants, killing them in place to make moisture conserving mulch as part of the ground cover for your crops. - This mulch adds organic matter to the soil as it degrades. Because a cover-crop needs to be thick, a roller/crimper is the ideal piece of farm equipment to use. 1olz31pav3tt2azr3owvgsvlw6ng0kr 0 448527 4096050 2022-08-25T11:40:50Z JackPotte 99248 JackPotte moved page [[Agriculture/Benefits]] to [[Agriculture/Tillage/Benefits]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Agriculture/Tillage/Benefits]] dv21grq3ofjqxetmybrf7cb2d5q5ru6